任芳 陳毅德 馮麗華 鄭志高 范鑫 林雨標(biāo) 馮水土
摘要:目的? 探討胃癌細(xì)胞系中CD44+胃癌干細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)及其意義。方法? 采用無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基獲得漂浮球,在胃腺癌細(xì)胞系MKN-45中用FACS檢測(cè)腫瘤干細(xì)胞(CSC)表面標(biāo)志物CD44的表達(dá),采用FACS分離CD44+亞群,通過(guò)體外培養(yǎng)鑒定兩種不同細(xì)胞群CD44+和CD44-中的致瘤、自我更新、分化特性,采用實(shí)時(shí)RT-PCR評(píng)估CD44+和CD44-中干細(xì)胞特異性基因的表達(dá)。結(jié)果? MKN-45和NCI-N87在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中形成胃癌微球體,而KATOⅢ和AGS不能形成胃癌微球體,MKN-45細(xì)胞系經(jīng)FACS分選CD44+和CD44-中細(xì)胞,80%MKN-45細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CD44;CD44+細(xì)胞在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中顯示出更高的微球體形成、分化特性;參與Wnt2、Bmi1、Oct3/4、Notch1、Sox2、Nanog和其他基因的“干細(xì)胞”基因的表達(dá)水平在CD44+亞群中高于CD44-亞群。結(jié)論? 人胃癌細(xì)胞中的CD44+亞群可能含有胃癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,可為胃癌的診斷、治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:胃癌;CD44;胃癌干細(xì)胞;基因表達(dá)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R735.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.20.013
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)20-0045-06
Expression and Significance of CD44+ Gastric Cancer Stem Cells in Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
REN Fang,CHEN Yi-de,F(xiàn)ENG Li-hua,ZHENG Zhi-gao,F(xiàn)AN Xin,LIN Yu-biao,F(xiàn)ENG Shui-tu
(Department of Oncology and Hematology,Xiamen Haicang Hospital,Xiamen 361026,F(xiàn)ujian,China)
Abstract:Objective? To investigate the gene expression and significance of CD44+ gastric cancer stem cells in gastric cancer cell lines.Methods? Floating spheres were obtained with serum-free medium. FACS was used to detect the expression of tumor stem cell (CSC) surface marker CD44 in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line MKN-45, CD44+ subgroups were separated by FACS, and two different cell populations were identified by in vitro culture The tumorigenicity, self-renewal, and differentiation characteristics of CD44+ and CD44-. Real-time RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of stem cell-specific genes in CD44+ and CD44-.Results? MKN-45 and NCI-N87 formed gastric cancer microspheres in serum-free medium, while KATOⅢ and AGS could not form gastric cancer microspheres. The MKN-45 cell line was sorted by FACS for CD44+ and CD44- cells, 80% MKN-45 cells highly express CD44; CD44+ cells show higher microsphere formation and differentiation characteristics in serum-free medium; the expression level of "stem cell" genes involved in Wnt2, Bmi1, Oct3/4, Notch1, Sox2, Nanog and other genes CD44+ subgroup was higher than CD44- subgroup.Conclusion? The CD44+ subset of human gastric cancer cells might contain gastric cancer stem cell-like cells, which could provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
Key words:Gastric cancer;CD44;Gastric cancer stem cells;Gene expression
盡管胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)的發(fā)病率和死亡率一直下降,但它仍然是世界上第5大最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,2012年大約有100萬(wàn)新增病例,尤其普遍在東亞(主要在中國(guó))。同時(shí),胃癌是全球癌癥死亡的第3大原因 [1]。大多數(shù)患者早期無(wú)癥狀或存在非特異性癥狀,確診時(shí)常為晚期,日本和韓國(guó)使用鋇光熒光檢查或內(nèi)窺鏡檢查,更有利于早診斷、早治療[2]。GC被認(rèn)為是一種預(yù)后不良的惡性疾病,5年生存率<30%[3]。目前GC研究的主要焦點(diǎn)是通過(guò)尋找新工具和技術(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療[4]。因此,如何識(shí)別且清除早期胃癌細(xì)胞是胃癌患者早診斷、早治療的關(guān)鍵。癌癥干細(xì)胞(CSC)可以為胃癌診斷和治療提供新方法。研究表明,CSCs是腫瘤起始、侵襲、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和抗癌藥物耐藥的原因[5],胃CSC可能在胃癌早期發(fā)揮重要作用并促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生進(jìn)展。目前有學(xué)者推測(cè)可通過(guò)特定表面標(biāo)志物的鑒定CSC [6],其中CD44首先被確定是乳腺癌的特異性CSC標(biāo)志物[7],也已被證明是其他許多實(shí)體瘤的CSC標(biāo)志物[8],也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為CD44可能也是胃CSC標(biāo)志物[9]。本研究從人MKN-45胃腺癌細(xì)胞系中分離、鑒定、并培養(yǎng)胃CSC細(xì)胞,觀(guān)察CD44+細(xì)胞的特性,評(píng)估其作為胃癌細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志物的價(jià)值。
1材料與方法
1.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)? 人胃癌細(xì)胞系MKN-45、NCI-N87、KATOⅢ、AGS購(gòu)自ATCC公司,置于含10%胎牛血清的1640培養(yǎng)基(HyClone)中培養(yǎng);加入100 U/ml青霉素和100 μg/ml鏈霉素(Gibco);在37 ℃、5%CO2的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中,培養(yǎng)基每2 d更換1次。將細(xì)胞以80%匯合傳代,并以20%匯合接種,保持最佳培養(yǎng)條件。
1.2胃癌微球體細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)? 從貼壁細(xì)胞(1.0×104/ml)中提取胃癌微球體細(xì)胞,置于無(wú)血清的PRMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(HyClone)中,培養(yǎng)基含2%B27、20 ng/ml EGF(R&D)、10 ng/ml人FGF-2(R&D)和10 mM HEPES(Invitrogen)。 7~10 d后觀(guān)察6孔板中的胃癌微球體細(xì)胞,并使用倒置顯微鏡(Olympus)以40和200放大倍數(shù)進(jìn)行定量。胃癌微球體通過(guò)胰蛋白酶-EDTA溶液(GIBCO)消化,40-μm篩(BD Biosciences)過(guò)濾后獲得單細(xì)胞懸液,并再次將單細(xì)胞接種。最后去除生長(zhǎng)因子,添加10%FBS后,從胃癌微球體中獲得分化細(xì)胞。
1.3流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析和分選? CD44可作為原發(fā)性腫瘤和胃癌CSC鑒別標(biāo)記[9,11-13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)使用FACS分析人MKN-45胃腺癌細(xì)胞系的CD44表達(dá)模式。通過(guò)FACS分選培養(yǎng)CD44+胃癌細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤微球體形成。培養(yǎng)基中加入10%FBS代替EGF和FGF-2,觀(guān)測(cè)CD44的表達(dá)及其形態(tài)。步驟如下:蛋白酶消化MKN-45細(xì)胞,用PBS洗滌兩次并離心,將1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞沉淀重懸于含2%FBS的PBS中,使用100倍稀釋的抗人CD44-FITC小鼠單克隆抗體(克隆G44-26,BD Pharmingen)于室溫下,孵育30 min后,在FACS Calibur(Becton-Dickinson)上分析樣品。收集(5~10)×106個(gè)細(xì)胞并染色,并使用FACS Aria(Becton-Dickinson)分選。選染色最顯著的前10%細(xì)胞和最模糊的10%細(xì)胞作為陽(yáng)性和陰性對(duì)照組。FACS分選后,使用臺(tái)盼藍(lán)染色鑒別細(xì)胞活性,分選細(xì)胞含量預(yù)計(jì)高于96%。使用CD44小鼠單克隆抗體分析胃癌微球體細(xì)胞和分化細(xì)胞的CD44表達(dá)。
1.4 RT-PCR分析CD44+和CD44-胃癌細(xì)胞參與干細(xì)胞相關(guān)途徑的基因表達(dá)情況? 按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū),使用Trizol試劑(Invitrogen)從CD44+和CD44-細(xì)胞中提取總細(xì)胞RNA。取1 μg總RNA,通過(guò)oligo(dT)18引物,反轉(zhuǎn)合成cDNA,按照 RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(Fermentas)試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。反應(yīng)體系包含:0.1 μM正向和反向引物以及SYBR Green PCR混合物(Applied Biosystems)進(jìn)行RT-qPCR。具體引物序列如下:CD44正向引物:TCCAGGCAACTCCTAGTAGTA,反向引物:CTGTCCCTGTTGTCGAAT;Wnt2正向引物:ACTCTCAGGACATGCTGGCT,反向引物:ACGAGGTCATTTTTCGTTGG;Bmi1正向引物:TGGAGAAGGAATGGTCCACTTC,反向引物:GTGAGGAAACTGTGGATGAGGA;Notch1正向引物:CCTGAGGGCTTCAAAGTGTC,反向引物:CGGAACTTCTTGGTCTCCAG;Oct4正向引物:CTGGAGAAGGAGAAGCTGGA,反向引物:CAAATTGCTCGAGTTCTTTCTG;Sox2正向引物:TGCGAGCGCTGCACAT,反向引物:CGGGCAGCGTGTACTTATCC;Nanog正向引物:CAACCAGACCCAGAACATCC,反向引物:TTCCAAAGCAGCCTCCAAG;C-myc正向引物:TCAAGAGGCGAACACACAAC,反向引物:GGCCTTTTCATTGTTTTCCA;ABCG2正向引物:TGGCTTAGACTCAAGCACAGC,反向引物:TCGTCCCTGCTTAGACATCC;CXCR4正向引物:GAGTGGCCGACCTCCTCTT,反向引物:ACATGGACTGCCTTGCATAGG;GAPDH正向引物:ACCCACTCCTCCACCTTTGA,反向引物:CTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGT。具體操作如下:在95 ℃變性,5 min后,反應(yīng)在95 ℃下進(jìn)行40個(gè)延伸、擴(kuò)增循環(huán)。通過(guò)7900HT快速實(shí)時(shí)PCR系統(tǒng)(Applied Biosystems)進(jìn)行信號(hào)檢測(cè)。以GAPDH基因作為內(nèi)參,根據(jù)2-△△CT法計(jì)算目的基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量。每組重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn) 3 次,使用Microsoft Excel計(jì)算平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0軟件對(duì)所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1胃泌素形成不同的人胃癌細(xì)胞系? MKN-45和NCI-N87細(xì)胞顯示直徑約100μm的經(jīng)典球狀集落,KATOⅢ細(xì)胞形成少量集落,而AGS細(xì)胞系不能形成球狀集落并死亡,見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 CD44+干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)? MKN-45細(xì)胞顯示出高水平的CD44表達(dá),高達(dá)82%細(xì)胞表達(dá)CD44;隨后通過(guò)FACS從MKN-45細(xì)胞系中分選出CD44+和CD44-細(xì)胞,分選的細(xì)胞的純度大于96%,見(jiàn)圖2?!澳[瘤干性”基因包括CD44、Wnt2、Bmi1、Notch1、Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、C-myc、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和運(yùn)動(dòng)基因(ABCG2、CXCR4),在CD44+中表達(dá)高于CD44-細(xì)胞亞群,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖3。相對(duì)于CD44-細(xì)胞,CD44+細(xì)胞形成更多、更大的微球體,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖4、圖5。CD44+ MKN-45細(xì)胞在無(wú)血清細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng),以維持未分化狀態(tài),培養(yǎng)10~14 d后,通過(guò)倒置相差顯微鏡觀(guān)察形成漂浮的微球體,見(jiàn)圖6。此外,胃癌球體在第3次細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)傳代后生長(zhǎng)為更大、更緊湊的微球體,見(jiàn)圖7。培養(yǎng)1 d后,漂浮的胃微球體遷移為貼壁細(xì)胞,貼壁細(xì)胞獲得與其親本MKN-45非常相似的多邊形形態(tài),見(jiàn)圖8。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析胃癌微球體和分化的貼壁細(xì)胞表明,在分化過(guò)程中CD44表達(dá)從98%降低至85%,見(jiàn)圖9。
3討論
癌癥干細(xì)胞為具有無(wú)限增殖、分裂、多向分化潛能的細(xì)胞亞群[14]。最早在急性髓性白血病中發(fā)現(xiàn)了CSC,其中CD34+ CD38-亞群具有干細(xì)胞增殖分化能力[15],越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明CSCs存在于各種實(shí)體腫瘤中,包括乳腺[7]、結(jié)腸直腸[16]、肺[17]、頭頸部[18]、胰腺[19]、肝[20]、胃癌[9]、膠質(zhì)瘤[21]、前列腺[22]等。因此,癌癥干細(xì)胞的檢測(cè)對(duì)癌癥患者的準(zhǔn)確診斷和有效治療具有重要意義。尋找細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志物是鑒定和分離CSC最重要方法,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)或磁性細(xì)胞分選已在許多實(shí)體惡性腫瘤中成功分離CSC。然而,實(shí)體瘤CSC表面識(shí)別標(biāo)志物的確定無(wú)疑是CSC領(lǐng)域最困難的挑戰(zhàn)[6]。大多數(shù)用于分選的標(biāo)記物是經(jīng)驗(yàn)性,且源自正常干細(xì)胞。最近已有報(bào)道分離、鑒定胃CSC的各種技術(shù)和細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志物[13,23-26],其中CD44是用于胃CSC最具有潛力標(biāo)記物之一。CD44是Ⅰ類(lèi)跨膜糖蛋白,可以作為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)如透明質(zhì)酸的受體。CD44因其在介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞-基質(zhì)相互作用以及與惡性過(guò)程相關(guān)的重要功能,尤其是癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移中的重要作用而備受關(guān)注[27]。HA-CD44在細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域中的相互作用激活了多種信號(hào)通路,涉及CSC自我更新、克隆形成、抗凋亡/存活,放化療抗性等[28]。 CD44單獨(dú)或與其他標(biāo)記物組合鑒定CSC已應(yīng)用于許多腫瘤中,如乳腺癌[7]、胰腺[29]、結(jié)腸直腸[30]、肺[31]、肝細(xì)胞[32]、卵巢[33]、頭頸部[34]等。Takaishi等通過(guò)分析一組人類(lèi)GC細(xì)胞系,在CD44+細(xì)胞亞群中鑒定出CSC[9]。與CSC的定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一樣,從5個(gè)GC細(xì)胞系中的3個(gè)細(xì)胞系中分選出CD44+細(xì)胞,在懸浮狀態(tài)下形成球狀集落,以及在SCID小鼠的胃和皮膚中形成異種移植腫瘤。因此,本研究試圖通過(guò)CD44富集MKN45細(xì)胞中收集可能存在的CSC。許多研究人員使用熒光激活細(xì)胞分選來(lái)鑒定和分離CSCs,確定其在特定的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中形成球體。本課題組通過(guò)FACS從MKN-45細(xì)胞系中分選出CD44+和CD44-細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)CD44+細(xì)胞在體外顯示出更高胃癌微球體形成效率,與相關(guān)報(bào)道結(jié)果一致[9]。此外,CD44+細(xì)胞能夠在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中作為胃癌微球體增殖,并在10%FBS存在下分化,表明它們保留了自我更新能力和分化潛能。
目前研究已在多個(gè)癌癥中檢測(cè)到干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因(也稱(chēng)為“腫瘤干性基因”),其可解釋CSCs的自我增殖、分化特性[35]。因此,開(kāi)發(fā)有效的診斷、治療方法首先需確定CSC中有活性、特異的分子標(biāo)志物。據(jù)報(bào)道,這些基因的失調(diào)及其信號(hào)通路的變化參與了胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。通過(guò)RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)技術(shù)可分析CD44+和CD44-胃癌細(xì)胞之間“干性基因”的mRNA表達(dá)差異。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與CD44-亞群相比,CD44+胃癌細(xì)胞群高表達(dá)的“干性基因”包括CD44、Wnt2、Bmi1、Notch1、Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、C-myc、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和運(yùn)動(dòng)基因,如ABCG2和CXCR4[36-39]。研發(fā)能夠特異阻斷這些與CSC增殖、分化和轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因的藥物將增強(qiáng)腫瘤的治療效果并改善預(yù)后。同時(shí)對(duì)這些基因進(jìn)行深入研究,進(jìn)一步闡明它們對(duì)CSCs的確切作用以及其與胃癌的關(guān)系具有重要意義。然而,一些胃癌細(xì)胞系本身含有高比例的CD44+癌細(xì)胞,這與當(dāng)前的CSC模型不一致,可能與CSC尚未完全純化,且標(biāo)志物特異性不足有關(guān)[40]。本研究中,MKN-45細(xì)胞顯示出高水平的CD44表達(dá),高達(dá)80%。此外,腫瘤塊內(nèi)可能存在多個(gè)CSC亞群,可能需要多個(gè)標(biāo)記物的組合來(lái)識(shí)別完整的CSC群體[41]。最近已報(bào)道LGR5 +(GPR49+)干細(xì)胞位于胃竇區(qū)域,持續(xù)分化為所有胃竇細(xì)胞[42]。本研究還分析了干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因LGR5在胃癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá),但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)LGR5在CD44+和CD44-腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的差異。因此,LGR5可能不是胃癌CSC標(biāo)記。
總之,MKN-45細(xì)胞中存在CSC,F(xiàn)ACS是分離和鑒定胃癌CSC的有效手段。然而,由于胃CSC的特異性表面標(biāo)志物未知,異種移植腫瘤模型是鑒定CSCs的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此需要進(jìn)一步的DNA高通量測(cè)序和體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)鑒定潛在的胃癌干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,這可能有助于早期診斷和更有效的胃癌靶向治療。
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收稿日期:2020-09-02;修回日期:2020-09-12
編輯/成森