張維紅
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞。它們無人稱和數(shù)的變化??v觀近幾年全國(guó)各地的高考題,對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查隨處可見。如在選擇填空、完形填空、閱讀理解、短文改錯(cuò)中都有所考查。因此它既是重要的考點(diǎn),又是廣大考生為之頭疼的難點(diǎn)。本文結(jié)合例題對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一些命題熱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。
一、邏輯主語(yǔ)要一致
這主要體現(xiàn)在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式可作狀語(yǔ),表示目的、結(jié)果、條件等;分詞作狀語(yǔ)是用來說明主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)次要?jiǎng)幼鳎硎緯r(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等,分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致?,F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,邏輯上為主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過去分詞則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,與句子主語(yǔ)邏輯上為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. “We can't go out in this weather,” said Bob, ____ out of the
window.
A. looking ? B. to look ? C. looked ? D. having looked
解析:此題中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞look與主語(yǔ)Bob邏輯上為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表伴隨狀態(tài)。又因?yàn)槠渌韯?dòng)作和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said 同時(shí)發(fā)生。故選A。
2. When first ____ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing ? B. introduced
C. introduce ? D. being introduced
解析:句中的introduce的邏輯主語(yǔ)是products;且products和introduce之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞。故選B。
3. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ___ a look at the sports stars.
A. had ? B. having ? C. to have ? D. have
解析:本題考查不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)的用法。故選C。
二、分清時(shí)態(tài)很重要,主動(dòng)被動(dòng)要搞清
現(xiàn)在分詞doing有being done (被動(dòng)式); having done (完成式); having been done (完成被動(dòng)式)三種形式。
不定式to do有to be done (被動(dòng)式); to have done (完成式); to be doing (進(jìn)行式)三種形式。
動(dòng)名詞doing有having done (完成式); being done (被動(dòng)式)兩種形式。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. I don't know whether you happen ___, but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard ? B. to be hearing
C. to hear ? D. to have heard
解析: happen to do sth. 意為“碰巧做某事”,又因?yàn)榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在know之前,故應(yīng)用不定式的完成式。故選D。
2. The flu is believed ____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing ? B. being caused
C. to be caused ? D. to have caused
解析: sth. is believed / considered / thought to be / as sth. 是英語(yǔ)中一種常見句式。又由by可知主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。故選C。
3. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait ? B. Have waited
C. Having waited ? D. To have waited
解析:本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)。先排除B,因?yàn)锽項(xiàng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式明顯不符合語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。由于題干中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系十分明確,故選用分詞的完成式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。故選C。
4. ____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated
解析:動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)用完成式;Australia 與separate之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要用完成被動(dòng)式。故選C。
三、否定形式要記牢
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式為:not + 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用時(shí),有很多同學(xué)容易用錯(cuò),尤其是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成形式中,考生易受現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的影響而誤選。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. ____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing
B. Not completed
C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
解析:“他們沒有完成那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,只好再在那兒呆兩周?!边xC。Not having completed相當(dāng)于 Because they haven't completed the programme。本題應(yīng)特別注意not的位置,不要誤選為D。
2. Tony ?was ?very ?unhappy ?for ____ to
the party.
A. having not been invited
B. not having invited
C. having not invited
D. not having been invited
解析:invite與主語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,又發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。故選D。
四、動(dòng)詞用法是重點(diǎn),固定搭配不能忘
因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞是構(gòu)成句子的橋梁和紐帶,考查重要?jiǎng)釉~的用法是高考的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。而這些動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí),又有其特殊性,有的只能跟不定式,有的只能跟動(dòng)名詞,而有的兩者皆可用,但意義大相徑庭?,F(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)要列舉一些:
1. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)往往跟在某些及物動(dòng)詞后面,常見的有:afford, agree, ask, decide,desire, expect, fail, hope, pretend, plan, intend, refuse等等。
2. 以下動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組后接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ):allow, permit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, miss, practise, resist, risk, be used to (習(xí)慣于), can't help (禁不?。?, can't stand, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, devote to, stick to, have difficulty (trouble) in, have a good / wonderful / hard time in等等。
3. 下列動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義不同,須特別注意。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. I really appreciate ____ to relax with you on this nice island.
A. to have had time
B. having time
C. to have time ? D. to having time
解析:本題為固定搭配,appreciate doing sth.。故選B。
2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ____ the exam.
A. pass ? B. to pass
C. passed ? D. passing
解析:have a hard time / difficulty / trouble... (in) doing sth. “做某事很困難”。故選D。
五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice 等動(dòng)詞后,既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可以用省略to的不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),但兩者的含義是有差別的:用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過程中,還沒有結(jié)束);用省略to的不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作全過程結(jié)束了)。在這里大家還應(yīng)注意與分詞作定語(yǔ)形式的區(qū)別。
例題再現(xiàn):
1. a) The __ ?_ boy was last seen _ ?__
near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing
B. missing; play
C. missed; played
D. missed; to play
b) My advisor encouraged ____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking ? B. me taking
C. for me to take ? D. me to take
解析:a)中missing是形容詞作定語(yǔ);see sb. doing,現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。b)中encourage sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。答案為a) A ?b) D。
2. a) He looked around and caught a man
___ his hand into the pocket of a
passenger.
A. put ? B. to be putting
C. to put ? D. putting
b) The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell ? B. smelling
C. smelt ? D. to be smelt
解析:a) 中catch sb. doing sth.“正巧碰到或抓住某人做某事”,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。b) 中smelling sweet 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句which smell sweet。故答案為a) D ?b) B。