王秀鳳

一、until的用法

until與延續(xù)性動詞連用時，動詞用肯定形式，表示“直到……為止”，指主句的動作一直持續(xù)到until后的動作發(fā)生為止;與短暫性動詞連用時，動詞須用否定形式，意為“直到……才……”，指主句的動作一直到until后的動作發(fā)生時才發(fā)生。

1. 作介詞，表示“直到……為止”。

I waited until 3：00， but he didn't come. 我一直等到3點，但他沒來。

—Jack didn't go to bed ___ 12 o'clock last night.

—That's why he was late for school this morning.

A. until B. for C. to D. at

【解析】 A。句意：——杰克昨晚直到十二點才睡?！@就是他今早遲到的原因。not... until為固定搭配，意為“直到……才”。

2. 作連詞，表示“直到……為止;在……以前;不到……（不）”。

① 用于肯定句中。

Please wait here until I come. 請在這里等到我來。

② 用于否定句中。

The noise of the street didn't stop until midnight. 街上的喧鬧聲一直到半夜才停止。

She didn't leave the school ___ she worked out this problem.

A. as long as B. until C. since D. while

【解析】 B。句意“直到解決了這個問題她才離開學(xué)?！薄s long as只要（引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句）;until直到（引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句）;since自從（引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句）;while當(dāng)……時候（引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句）。根據(jù)句意，故選B。

We didn't cut the cake ___ Amy made a wish.

A. because B. until C. if

【解析】 B。because因為，until直到，if如果。根據(jù)句意“直到艾米許了個愿，我們才切蛋糕”可知，其它選項語意不通。

Helen was very rude to me. I refuse to speak to her again ___ she says sorry.

A. until ? ? ? ? B. if

C. because ? ? ? D. since

【解析】 A。句意：海倫對我粗魯，我拒絕跟她再次說話，直到她向我道歉為止。until意為“直到……才”，符合句意。if意為“如果”;because意為“因為”;since意為“自從：既然”。故選A。

二、so that的用法

1. so that意為“目的是/為的是/以便”，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，從句中通常含情態(tài)動詞can， may， might等。

He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus. 他起床很早，為的是能趕上早班公共汽車。

We should take care of the earth ___ we can make a better world to live in.

A. so that ?B. until ?C. even if ?D. while

【解析】 A。句意：我們應(yīng)該關(guān)愛地球，為了我們能創(chuàng)造一個更美好的世界。so that 為了; until 直到;even if 即使;while 當(dāng)……時候;根據(jù)We should take care of the earth 和we can make a better world to live in之間的關(guān)系是表示目的，故選A。

2. so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，當(dāng)主句主語與從句主語一致時，可用“so as to / in order to+動詞原形”轉(zhuǎn)化為簡單句。

He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. 為了趕早班公交車他起床很早。

=He got up early in order to / so as to catch the early bus.

3. so that還可以與in order that互換。

He worked day and night so that / in order that he could succeed. 他夜以繼日地工作為的是成功。

【拓展】

so... that... 表示“如此……以至于……”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。

The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 這個男孩太小還不能去上學(xué)。

三、although的用法

although意為“盡管，雖然”，相當(dāng)于though，用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。句中用了although或though，就不可再用but。若要強調(diào)前后兩部分的對比意義，可在主句前加yet或still。

Although / Though he has a lot of money， yet / still he is unhappy. 他雖然有很多錢，但并不幸福。

1. although較正式，引導(dǎo)的從句放在主句的前后均可。

Henry often helps me with my math although he is quite busy. 盡管亨利很忙，但是他經(jīng)常幫助我學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。

2. although不能與but連用，但可與yet， still連用。

雖然他老了，但是他工作努力。

Although he was old， but he worked hard.（×）

Although he was old， he worked hard.（√）

Although he was old， yet he worked hard.（√）

A recent survey shows that 44 percent of Americans want to use self-driving cars， ___ 34 percent believe that they will make the roads more dangerous.

A. although B. because C. if

【解析】 A。句意：最近的一項調(diào)查顯示，44%的美國人希望使用自動駕駛的汽車，盡管34%的人認為這會使道路變得更危險。although雖然，because因為，if如果。根據(jù)前后句意可知，這里表示讓步，即“雖然，盡管”，故選A。

【趁熱打鐵】

一、單項選擇。

1. We will keep trying ___ our dreams come true.

A. as B. when C. while D. until

2. I really enjoyed your speech， ___ there were some parts I didn't quite understand.

A. because ? B. unless

C. although ? D. after

3. The teacher asked me to read aloud ___ all the students could hear me.

A. so that ? B. for

C. because ? D. in order to

4. Eric arrived on time， ___ it was the rush hour.

A. though ? B. because

C. while ? D. unless

5. ___ we didn't win the basketball game， we were satisfied with our hard work.

A. If ? B. Though

C. Since ? D. Because

二、根據(jù)漢語意思完成下列句子，每空詞數(shù)不限。

1. 盡管它嘗起來很美味，你也不應(yīng)該吃得太多。

_______ delicious， you should not eat too much.

2. 為了讓我有更多的時間學(xué)習(xí)，我父母不讓我看電視。

My parents don't let me watch TV _______ I can have more time to study.

3. 我昨晚在網(wǎng)上看完電影《小時代Ⅱ》才睡覺。

I ___ go to bed ___ I finished watching the movie Tiny Times II on the Internet last night.

4. 雖然史密斯從未去過我們的國家，但他對中國很了解。

Mr. Smith knows a lot about China ___ he has never been to our country.

5. 我反復(fù)瀏覽我的考試卷，以便我不會出現(xiàn)錯誤。

I looked through my test paper again and again ___ I wouldn't make any mistakes.