奧爾加·卡贊
Stuff has gotten a bad rap1 of late—mostly for its incompatibility with other lifestyle trends. It wont fit in your tiny house. Marie Kondo2 thinks it should be eschewed entirely unless it sparks joy. And there wont be any need for all your whisks and woks once you switch over to Soylent3 for sustenance.
Minimalism is hot, culturally, and for years, science has assured us that it was also the path to maximal bliss. The prevailing wisdom is that people who want the most happiness for their buck should buy experiences, not things. The idea is that the joy of an experience begins before it even starts, and continues when you look back on the fancy dinner/vacation/afternoon of LARPing4 fondly. Experiences provide, in other words, both more anticipatory happiness and afterglow happiness.
But a recent study complicates that picture, suggesting that sweaters and iPhones might make you just as happy, in a way, as cruises and concerts do. There is a third type of happiness—momentary happiness—and it tends to last longer with material goods because people use them for more time than they typically experience their experiences for.
For the study, published in Social Psychology and Personality Science, researchers Aaron Weidman and Elizabeth Dunn from the University of British Columbia gave 67 participants $20 to spend on either an experiential or material purchase of their choice, and then to report one experiential or material gift they had recently received. Then they quizzed them about their happiness levels through text messages and questionnaires.
They found that the study subjects derived more frequent momentary happiness from material goods, but more intense momentary happiness from the experiences. In other words, they enjoyed their material goods on a greater number of occasions than they did their experiences, even though the happiness felt from the experiences was slightly more intense.
“Material purchases have an unsung advantage, in that they provide more frequent bouts of momentary happiness in the weeks after they are acquired,” Weidman and Dunn wrote.
This isnt the only evidence suggesting that material possessions arent as bleak as theyre made out to be. This study somewhat echoes earlier work by Dunn and others finding that lots of small purchases make people happier than one big one. Because we psychologically adapt to the things we have, new things provide a positive jolt—which matters in the short run, if not in the long run. Five trips to H&M serve as tepid5, but nevertheless welcome, distractions from the daily grind.
And another study found that things that help us do activities, like tennis rackets and musical instruments, can also generate happiness. But the difference between tennis rackets and jewelry is slight: Part of the fun of shopping, after all, is imagining the places youll go with the stuff you get.
So should you splurge on6 the latest iThing or on Hamilton tickets? It depends on whether you are “seeking an intense but fleeting form of happiness that is accompanied by a rosy afterglow,” Weidman and Dunn write, “or a more subtle, frequent form of happiness that will endure for weeks or months.”
As someone who had a flip phone for far longer than was hip7, I can only add that my feelings toward my smart phone every day for the first year I owned it were nothing short of the praise-hands emoji.
物質(zhì)的東西近來(lái)遭遇苛評(píng),主要是因?yàn)榕c其他生活潮流不相容。那不適合你的小房子。近藤麻理惠認(rèn)為,除非它能帶來(lái)歡樂(lè),否則就該徹底敬而遠(yuǎn)之。而一旦選擇用索利特代餐產(chǎn)品來(lái)續(xù)命,那打蛋器、炒菜鍋什么的就都沒(méi)用了。
從文化角度看,極簡(jiǎn)主義現(xiàn)在很流行,多年來(lái),科學(xué)研究也讓我們相信它還能引領(lǐng)我們達(dá)至極樂(lè)。普遍的觀點(diǎn)是,人們?nèi)粝霃慕疱X中獲得最大快樂(lè),應(yīng)該花錢買體驗(yàn)而不是花錢買東西。該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,體驗(yàn)帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)在體驗(yàn)尚未開始就已產(chǎn)生,并會(huì)持續(xù)到你熱情回首之時(shí),比如那頓豪華晚餐、那個(gè)美妙假期、那一下午網(wǎng)游。換言之,體驗(yàn)帶來(lái)的既有預(yù)期快樂(lè)也有回味快樂(lè)。
但最近一項(xiàng)研究使情況復(fù)雜了,該研究表明,從某種意義上說(shuō),針織衫及蘋果手機(jī)等物件也許跟游輪旅行和聽音樂(lè)會(huì)帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)一樣多。這便是第三種快樂(lè)——瞬間快樂(lè)。這種快樂(lè)往往能隨物品延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,因?yàn)槿藗兪褂梦锲返臅r(shí)間通常要多于各種體驗(yàn)的時(shí)間。
該研究報(bào)告發(fā)表在《社會(huì)心理學(xué)與人格科學(xué)》上。研究中,不列顛哥倫比亞大學(xué)的研究人員亞倫·魏德曼和伊麗莎白·鄧恩給67名參與實(shí)驗(yàn)者每人20美元,讓參與者自己選擇花在體驗(yàn)或物品上,然后描述他們最近收到的一份體驗(yàn)性或物質(zhì)性的禮物。最后,研究人員通過(guò)短信和問(wèn)卷測(cè)試了他們的快樂(lè)等級(jí)。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),參與者從物品中得到的瞬間快樂(lè)次數(shù)更頻繁,從體驗(yàn)中得到的瞬間快樂(lè)感覺更強(qiáng)烈。換言之,比起過(guò)往的體驗(yàn),人們能在更多時(shí)候享受物品帶來(lái)的快樂(lè),雖然從體驗(yàn)中感受到的快樂(lè)略微強(qiáng)烈些。
魏德曼和鄧恩寫道:“購(gòu)物有一種隱含的優(yōu)勢(shì),即購(gòu)買到手后的幾周,這些物品會(huì)更頻繁地帶來(lái)一波波瞬間快樂(lè)。”
物質(zhì)財(cái)富并不像人們以為的那樣不堪,這次實(shí)驗(yàn)并不是唯一的證據(jù)。該研究某種程度上與鄧恩等研究人員早先的研究結(jié)果相呼應(yīng),即多次小量購(gòu)物比一次大量購(gòu)物帶給人的快樂(lè)更多。因?yàn)槲覀儠?huì)從心理上適應(yīng)自己所擁有的,而新的物品會(huì)帶來(lái)積極的沖擊——即便這種沖擊不具長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng),至少具有短期效應(yīng)。逛五次H&M服飾專賣店雖索然寡味但令人愉快,這樣的消遣可讓人暫時(shí)擺脫日常的勞累。
另一項(xiàng)研究表明,那些幫助我們從事各種活動(dòng)的物品,比如網(wǎng)球拍和樂(lè)器,也能帶來(lái)快樂(lè)。不過(guò),網(wǎng)球拍和珠寶之間的差別微乎其微:畢竟,購(gòu)物的樂(lè)趣之一就是想象自己將帶著買到的物品去某些地方做些什么。
那么,你是該在最新款蘋果產(chǎn)品上豪擲千金,還是買張票欣賞音樂(lè)劇《漢密爾頓》呢?魏德曼和鄧恩寫道,這取決于你“追尋的是一種令人回味、強(qiáng)烈但轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的快樂(lè),還是一種更微妙、更頻繁且能持續(xù)數(shù)周或數(shù)月的快樂(lè)”。
作為一個(gè)把翻蓋手機(jī)用到嚴(yán)重過(guò)時(shí)的人,我只能補(bǔ)充一句:在擁有智能手機(jī)的第一年,我每天看到它都喜笑顏開,那個(gè)舉雙手歡呼的表情符號(hào)就是我心情的完美寫照。
(譯者單位:北京化工大學(xué))
1 rap苛評(píng),不公正的判決。? 2近藤麻理惠,日本收納整理達(dá)人,2015年登上《時(shí)代》周刊全球最具影響力100人榜單。? 3索利特,美國(guó)的一家食品科技公司及其開發(fā)的全營(yíng)養(yǎng)代餐品牌。該公司致力于將人體所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)化,然后以各種形式的代餐(能量棒、粉末等)取代普通食品。據(jù)說(shuō)該公司產(chǎn)品不僅造福老人、窮人或營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏者,還很受不愿因花時(shí)間吃飯而影響手頭工作的軟件工程師、華爾街股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人、技術(shù)創(chuàng)業(yè)者等人的歡迎,更是苦于烹煮食物的懶癌患者的福音。
4 = live action role-playing (game) 實(shí)時(shí)在線分角色扮演(網(wǎng)游)。
5 tepid不熱情的,不熱烈的。? 6 splurge on揮霍,在……上一擲千金。
7 hip(衣服、音樂(lè)等方面)趕時(shí)髦的。
·訂 購(gòu) 信 息·
本刊現(xiàn)有《英語(yǔ)世界》單期:2000年2、4-7、11-12期,2001年1-12期,2002年1-3、5-12期,優(yōu)惠價(jià)4元/本;2003年1-5、7-8、11期,2004年5-7、9、11-12期,2005年1-7、10、12期,2006年1、4、6-7、9-12期,2007年3-12期,2008年1-2、4-6、8-12期,定價(jià)5元/本 ;2009年1-12期,2010年1-4、6-9、12期,2011年1-2、4、8、10期,定價(jià)6元/本;2012年1-2、4-7、9-10、12期,2013年2、4-9、11-12期,2014年2、4-7、11-12期,2015年5-12期,2016年1、3-12期,2017年1-12期,定價(jià)8元/本;2018年1-5、7、9-12期,2019年1-12期,2020年1-6期,定價(jià)10元/本?!队⒄Z(yǔ)世界》合訂本:2002年7-12期,2003年1-6期,2006年7-12期,2007年1-6期,2008年7-12期,定價(jià)30元/卷;2009年1-6期,2011年7-12期,定價(jià)32元/卷;2012年7-12期,2013年7-12期,2015年7-12期,2016年7-12期,2017年7-12期,定價(jià)42元/卷;2018年1-6期、7-12期,2019年1-6期、7-12期,定價(jià)58元/卷。
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