楊梅 梁士可 何靜怡

摘要 [目的]了解水稻重要害蟲白背飛虱成蟲長(zhǎng)翅型個(gè)體和短翅型個(gè)體在形態(tài)測(cè)量學(xué)方面的具體差異。[方法]利用Nikon體視顯微鏡操作系統(tǒng)（nikon digital sight DS-QilMC）對(duì)白背飛虱長(zhǎng)、短翅型成蟲前翅和后翅進(jìn)行詳細(xì)觀察和測(cè)量。[結(jié)果]短翅型雌蟲的后翅與前翅的比率為0.29±0.03，與長(zhǎng)翅型雌、雄成蟲相應(yīng)的比值（分別為0.83±0.01、0.84±0.02）差異顯著;長(zhǎng)翅型雌蟲前翅與短翅型雌蟲前翅的比率為2.11±0.04，后翅的比率為6.21±0.05，兩者差異達(dá)顯著水平。此外，還發(fā)現(xiàn)短翅型白背飛虱雌成蟲前翅中的橫脈至翅尾長(zhǎng)度與前翅長(zhǎng)度的比值只有0.231+0.024，明顯小于白背飛虱長(zhǎng)翅型雄成蟲和長(zhǎng)翅型雌成蟲的比值（0.387+0.012、0.388+0.012），差異達(dá)顯著水平。[結(jié)論]短翅型雌成蟲的前、后翅并未按同等比例縮小，且短翅型雌成蟲前翅中的橫脈更靠近翅尾。該研究結(jié)果將有助于進(jìn)一步了解稻飛虱翅二型現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)。

關(guān)鍵詞 白背飛虱;長(zhǎng)翅型;短翅型;形態(tài)測(cè)量學(xué)

Abstract [Objective]To understand the morphometric differences between longwinged and shortwinged adults of white back planthopper.[Method]Nikon digital sight DSQilMC was used for the detailed observation and measurement of the forewings and hingwings of the long and shortwinged adults of the white back planthopper.[Result]It was found that the ratio of hindwings to forewings of shortwinged females was 0.29±0.03，which was significantly different from that of longwinged females and males （0.83±0.01，0.84±0.02，respectively）.The ratio of forewings of longwinged females to shortwinged females was 2.11±0.04，while the ratio of hindwings was 6.21±0.05，which reached a significant level.In addition，the ratio of transverse veins wing tail length to forewing length of female shortwinged planthopper was only 0.231+0.024，significantly lower than that of male longwinged planthopper and female longwinged planthopper （0.387+0.012，0.388+0.012，respectively），and the difference reached a significant level.[Conclusion]The forewings and hindwings of the shortwinged female adult were not reduced in the same proportion，and the transverse veins of the forewings of the shortwinged female adult were closer to the wing tail.These results will help to understand the nature of the dimorphism of rice planthopper wings further.

Key words Whitebacked planthopper;Long wing;Short wing;Morphometry

稻飛虱為重要的水稻害蟲，主要包括褐飛虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飛虱Sogatella furcifera 及灰飛虱Laodelphax striatellus，屬半翅目飛虱科。主要分布在南亞、東南亞、太平洋島嶼及日本、朝鮮和澳大利亞，幾乎遍及我國(guó)所有水稻種植區(qū)。稻飛虱成蟲具有長(zhǎng)翅和短翅二型現(xiàn)象。長(zhǎng)翅型成蟲能夠在不良環(huán)境條件下進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)距離飛行遷移，從而成功躲避惡劣的環(huán)境;短翅型成蟲前翅較短，不超過(guò)腹部末端，發(fā)育速度快，繁殖力強(qiáng)，能夠充分利用當(dāng)?shù)厥澄镔Y源快速擴(kuò)大種群數(shù)量。其長(zhǎng)、短翅型比率發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)是該類害蟲數(shù)量預(yù)測(cè)中的一個(gè)重要參數(shù)，如能充分了解翅型轉(zhuǎn)化的機(jī)制，將可及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)該蟲的暴發(fā)、分析蟲源性質(zhì)并及時(shí)有效地控制其為害，因此對(duì)稻飛虱長(zhǎng)、短翅型分化的機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究則顯得非常重要，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直是昆蟲學(xué)中的主要研究熱點(diǎn)之一[1-2]。

在基本弄清影響稻飛虱長(zhǎng)、短翅型發(fā)生比率的主要生態(tài)因子后[3-5]，許多學(xué)者從神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌的角度探討稻飛虱長(zhǎng)、短翅型的調(diào)控機(jī)理[6-7]。已發(fā)現(xiàn)昆蟲體內(nèi)保幼激素與稻飛虱翅二型現(xiàn)象有關(guān)，普遍認(rèn)為各種生態(tài)因子對(duì)稻飛虱長(zhǎng)、短翅型分化產(chǎn)生影響主要是通過(guò)調(diào)控蟲體內(nèi)的保幼激素含量來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)保幼激素超過(guò)一定域值時(shí)，發(fā)育為短翅型，若低于一定域值時(shí)，則發(fā)育為長(zhǎng)翅型[6]。也有許多文獻(xiàn)從分子或其他角度對(duì)白背飛虱翅二型現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了研究[7-13]，其中一個(gè)非常重要的成果，就是發(fā)現(xiàn)胰島素受體在長(zhǎng)、短翅分化中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用[14-15]。目前認(rèn)為參與稻飛虱翅二型分化的調(diào)控信號(hào)通路主要有保幼激素信號(hào)通路、胰島素信號(hào)通路和Jun-N-terminal激酶信號(hào)通路等[5]。

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