毛俊木 劉瀟
[摘要]目的 觀察牙槽嵴頂入路治療牙源性上頜竇炎及缺牙種植修復(fù)的臨床效果。方法 選取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例牙源性上頜竇炎患者作為研究對(duì)象,采取隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分成對(duì)照組(30例)與實(shí)驗(yàn)組(30例)。對(duì)照組患者采取傳統(tǒng)柯陸式手術(shù)治療,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方法,兩組患者術(shù)后均進(jìn)行相應(yīng)缺牙區(qū)域種植修復(fù),并對(duì)兩組患者進(jìn)行有效期為18個(gè)月的隨訪。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)情況、臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率,隨訪期間牙源性上頜竇炎復(fù)發(fā)率,并在18個(gè)月時(shí)對(duì)患者種植修復(fù)牙相關(guān)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行評(píng)分。結(jié)果 實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對(duì)照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對(duì)照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者在隨訪期間并無(wú)復(fù)發(fā),而對(duì)照組患者在12、18個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),各有1例復(fù)發(fā),兩組的牙源性上頜竇炎復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 對(duì)于牙源性上頜竇炎的治療,采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方案并對(duì)相應(yīng)區(qū)域進(jìn)行缺牙種植修復(fù)后,可獲得較好的臨床治療效果,減少二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔與術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
[關(guān)鍵詞]牙槽嵴頂入路;牙源性上頜竇炎;相應(yīng)區(qū)域;缺牙種植;治療修復(fù)效果
[中圖分類號(hào)] R782.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0086-04
Clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration
MAO Jun-mu? ?LIU Xiao
Department of Stomatology, Jiangmen Municipal Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province, Jiangmen? ?529000, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical effect of alveolar crest approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and missing teeth implant restoration. Methods From January 2015 to December 2017, 60 patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis treated in our hospital were selected as research objects. They were divided into control group (30 cases) and experimental group (30 cases) according to the random number table method. The patients in control group were treated with traditional Caldwell-Luc operation, while those in experimental group were treated with alveolar crest approach. After the operation of two groups of patients, missing teeth implant restoration was performed in the corresponding area, and the effective follow-up period was 18 months for two groups of patients. The surgical conditions, total clinical effective rate of treatment, mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation, and the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis during follow-up in the two groups of patients were compared between the two groups, and the problems related to dental implant restoration at 18 months were scored. Results In the experimental group, the bleeding volume was less than that in the control group, the operation time was shorter than that in the control group, the postoperative swelling and pain score was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The total effective rate of treatment in the experimental group was 96.67%, which was higher than that in the control group accounting for 76.67%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The mucosal perforation rate of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation in the experimental group was 0.00%, which was lower than that of the control group (13.33%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no recurrence in the experimental group during the follow-up period, while in the control group, there was one case of recurrence at 12 and 18 months of follow-up respectively; there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis between the two groups (P>0.05). The chewing function and satisfaction scores of the patients in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion For the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, after adopting the treatment method of alveolar crest approach and implanting the missing teeth in the corresponding area, a better clinical treatment effect can be obtained, and reduce the perforation of the maxillary sinus mucosa during the second-stage implant operation and relapse after operation, improve the chewing function of the patients, and the effect is ideal.
[Key words] Alveolar crest approach; Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis; Corresponding areas; Missing teeth implant; Treatment and restoration effect
因上頜竇底部與上頜磨牙的牙根毗鄰,如牙疾未根治,易導(dǎo)致牙源性慢性上頜竇炎。Bauer教授于1943年提出的牙源性上頜竇炎(odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,OMS),以單側(cè)居多,多為慢性炎癥,也可急性發(fā)作,可伴有異常分泌物或鼻腔臭味,也有部分無(wú)明顯癥狀[1-2]。最近研究表明[3-5],OMS在慢性上頜竇炎中占比高達(dá)30%~40%。既往治療OMS多采取柯陸式(Caldwell-Luc)手術(shù),術(shù)野較廣且創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后常有面部腫脹麻木等并發(fā)癥,影響整體療效。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)由牙槽嵴頂入路進(jìn)行治療OMS的效果顯著,且目前臨床相關(guān)研究報(bào)道較少,因此,為明確治療效果,為臨床提供參考資料,將我院收治的OMS患者進(jìn)行由牙槽嵴頂入路治療并在相應(yīng)區(qū)域進(jìn)行缺牙種植修復(fù),獲得較好效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2015年1月~2017年12月我院收治60例OMS患者作為研究對(duì)象,采取隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分成對(duì)照組(30例)與實(shí)驗(yàn)組(30例)。對(duì)照組中,男17例(56.67%),女13例(43.33%);病程3.1~15.7個(gè)月,平均(6.2±0.7)個(gè)月;年齡29~63歲,平均(41.3±4.2)歲;患病部位:左側(cè)11例(36.67%),右側(cè)19例(63.33%)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,男16例(53.33%),女14例(46.67%);病程3.2~15.8個(gè)月,平均(6.5±0.6)個(gè)月;年齡29~65歲,平均(41.6±4.3)歲;患病部位:左側(cè)12例(40.00%),右側(cè)18例(60.00%)。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究在我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)且在其監(jiān)督下實(shí)施。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):因早起后有咸性分泌物,上頜后牙疼痛伴頭部鈍痛,早輕晚重于我院就診;口腔檢查可見(jiàn)患側(cè)有無(wú)法保留的殘冠、殘根;經(jīng)錐形束計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影(CBCT)檢查表現(xiàn)為上頜竇彌漫性陰影,患側(cè)上頜后牙根尖和上頜竇相通或根尖破壞區(qū)累及上頜竇底,診斷為OMS;年齡≥18周歲;病程≥3個(gè)月;依從性較好。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):CT檢查僅為上頜竇黏膜增厚;合并凝血功能障礙或免疫性疾病;無(wú)種植牙修復(fù)需求者。
1.2方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療方法,根據(jù)患者情況,拔除病源牙,徹底搔刮清理拔牙窩,將10 ml注射器通過(guò)拔牙窩插入上頜竇內(nèi),抽出膿液,生理鹽水沖洗上頜竇,最后以鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏(日本Sunstar INC公司,注冊(cè)證號(hào) H20150106,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):20181203,規(guī)格:0.5 g)注入上頜竇內(nèi),根據(jù)患者愈合情況,1周后可再次經(jīng)拔牙窩穿刺、沖洗并注入鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏,直至癥狀消失而治愈。對(duì)照組患者采取柯陸式手術(shù),通過(guò)尖牙窩鑿開(kāi)患側(cè)上頜竇前外側(cè)骨壁,觀察竇腔內(nèi)情況,刮出病變組織,以碘仿紗條填充竇腔,自鼻腔引出。術(shù)后均口服抗生素1周。3~4月個(gè)后根據(jù)患者情況進(jìn)行相應(yīng)區(qū)域缺牙種植并完成修復(fù)。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
比較兩組患者的手術(shù)情況、臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜穿孔發(fā)生率,隨訪期間OMS復(fù)發(fā)率,并在18個(gè)月時(shí)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行種植修復(fù)牙相關(guān)問(wèn)題評(píng)分調(diào)查。手術(shù)情況主要包括術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后腫痛程度,其中術(shù)中出血量采取紗布稱重法;術(shù)后腫痛程度采取我院自制量表,以0~10分評(píng)價(jià),分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表術(shù)后腫痛程度越重。臨床治療效果判斷:臨床癥狀消失,行CBCT檢查見(jiàn)上頜竇口通暢,內(nèi)無(wú)陰影,竇黏膜厚度<2 mm,與對(duì)側(cè)健康側(cè)上頜竇影像接近,無(wú)明顯并發(fā)癥為治愈;臨床癥狀改善,CBCT檢查見(jiàn)上頜竇口通暢,內(nèi)少量陰影,竇黏膜厚度2~10 mm,輕度并發(fā)癥為改善;癥狀稍減輕或基本存在,CBCT檢查與治療前無(wú)差異或差異不明顯為無(wú)效??傆行?治愈+改善。在治療后12、18個(gè)月均進(jìn)行隨訪,統(tǒng)計(jì)期間上頜竇炎復(fù)發(fā)率。并在18個(gè)月時(shí)對(duì)患者種植修復(fù)牙相關(guān)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行評(píng)分調(diào)查,主要針對(duì)咀嚼功能、滿意程度進(jìn)行評(píng)分,每項(xiàng)分值分布0~5分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表患者對(duì)咀嚼功能、滿意程度越高。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者手術(shù)情況的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者臨床治療總有效率、二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對(duì)照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對(duì)照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者隨訪期間OMS復(fù)發(fā)率的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者在隨訪期間并無(wú)復(fù)發(fā),而對(duì)照組患者在12、18個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),各有1例復(fù)發(fā),兩組的OMS復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組患者隨訪18個(gè)月時(shí)種植修復(fù)牙相關(guān)問(wèn)題評(píng)分的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表4)。
3討論
上后牙和上頜竇之間關(guān)系密切,由于上頜竇持續(xù)氣化使得牙根與上頜竇的關(guān)系復(fù)雜,臨床中常遇到以下問(wèn)題:一旦上頜后牙發(fā)生根尖病變,容易波及上頜竇,導(dǎo)致上頜竇的急慢性炎癥;根管超充的材料容易進(jìn)入上頜竇引起異物反應(yīng);拔牙過(guò)程中因操作不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致感染擴(kuò)散,增加了誘發(fā)上頜竇炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等[7-8]。經(jīng)牙槽嵴入路清創(chuàng)并沖洗引流,在手術(shù)過(guò)程中不需要大翻瓣,能夠最大限度地保留上頜竇黏膜、上頜竇內(nèi)神經(jīng)、血管等重要解剖結(jié)構(gòu),有利于竇黏膜恢復(fù)抵御細(xì)菌的能力[9-11]。實(shí)驗(yàn)組使用以二甲胺四環(huán)素為主要成分的鹽酸米諾環(huán)素軟膏,為新型半合成四環(huán)素緩釋劑,具有長(zhǎng)效、抗菌活性強(qiáng)、抗菌譜廣、易滲透、敏感性高、不良反應(yīng)少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),抑制膠原酶活性,預(yù)防組織破壞,且具有較高的骨親和力,使上頜竇黏膜再生及恢復(fù)能力增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞附著與生長(zhǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的柯陸手術(shù)須切除上頜竇部分前壁,并清除上頜竇病變黏膜,術(shù)中出血較多,可能損傷竇內(nèi)重要神經(jīng)血管分支[12]。Workman等[13]研究中對(duì)20例OMS患者經(jīng)牙槽嵴頂入路進(jìn)行沖洗、引流、抗炎治療,同期或延期種植修復(fù),經(jīng)牙槽嵴頂入路治療,治愈率為85%,種植修復(fù)后隨訪1年,效果良好。本研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后腫痛程度評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的治療總有效率為96.67%,高于對(duì)照組的76.67%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔率為0.00%,低于對(duì)照組的13.33%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療OMS可明顯減少術(shù)中出血量,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少術(shù)后腫痛,并獲得較高的臨床治愈率、總有效率。實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組相比,保留上頜竇黏膜的完整性,炎癥愈合后發(fā)生竇黏膜與骨壁粘連的概率較低,連對(duì)后續(xù)的種植治療有明顯好處,表現(xiàn)在種植手術(shù)中上頜竇黏膜容易剝離,減少二期行種植手術(shù)時(shí)發(fā)生上頜竇黏膜穿孔。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者在隨訪期間并無(wú)復(fù)發(fā),而對(duì)照組患者在12、18個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),各有1例復(fù)發(fā),兩組的OMS復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者較對(duì)照組患者復(fù)發(fā)率低,主要考慮本研究選入樣本量較少,且隨訪時(shí)間較短所致。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的咀嚼功能、滿意程度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),提示采取牙槽嵴頂入路治療OMS,較傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)而言,可獲得更好的咀嚼功能,提高患者的滿意度。本研究結(jié)果與Hong等[14-15]研究結(jié)果相近。
綜上所述,對(duì)于OMS的治療,采取由牙槽嵴頂入路治療方案并對(duì)相應(yīng)區(qū)域進(jìn)行缺牙種植修復(fù)后,可獲得較好的臨床治療效果,減少二期種植手術(shù)時(shí)上頜竇黏膜發(fā)生黏膜穿孔與術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),提高患者的咀嚼功能,效果理想。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-27? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)