陳漢莉
在浙南一帶,食客們往往喜歡將水煮的辣螺蘸點(diǎn)醬醋搭配著食用,苦、辣、酸、甘,也只有辣螺這樣的“辣妹子”,才能把這樣刺激的味道摻和在一起卻毫無違和感,就如把人生的況味都融到一口螺的內(nèi)容里,讓人感覺奇妙無窮。
辣螺,螺如其名,單從名字上就可以猜出這是一種有辣味的螺。這種又苦又辣的螺,在沿海一帶極為常見,其貌不揚(yáng),其價不高。有人大贊好吃,有人絕口不吃,還有人說,這種螺吃到最后味道更好感覺更妙。
唐宋時的小海鮮爆款
浙江一帶所說的“辣螺”,又稱口水螺,學(xué)名為“疣荔枝螺”,屬骨螺科,外殼呈疣狀突起如荔枝表面,故名。這種生長在海灘巖石縫隙里的小螺,第一眼看見,真的不會愛上——?dú)ず?,色綠,外殼疙疙瘩瘩,樣子既粗糙又丑陋,實(shí)在不招人喜歡。
辣螺之所以得名,是因?yàn)樗捕俗詭Ю蔽?,這種以辣得“渾然天成”而著稱的小海螺,早在古代就備受食客青睞。宋韓淲在詩中說:“螺之辣者真海鮮,每或酌侑能醒然?!彼稳肆_大經(jīng)在《鶴林玉露》中將“螺頭新婦臂,龜腳老婆牙”這四種小海鮮列為浙江沿海一帶推崇的特產(chǎn),據(jù)說連宋孝宗亦為之贊。其中,“螺頭”位居第一,這里的“螺頭”尤指辣螺,以肉鮮微辣有清香而著稱,早在唐宋時期就已成珍奇海鮮,傳于宮廷內(nèi)外。
辣螺,明弘治時的《溫州府志》、明代屠本畯的《閩中海錯疏》中均稱之為“蓼螺”。《詩經(jīng)·周頌》中說“其馕伊黍,其笠伊糾。其镈斯趙,以薅荼蓼”。蓼,為一年生草本植物,生長在水邊或水中,其莖葉味辛辣,可用以調(diào)味。清代陳昌治刻本《說文解字》謂“蓼”為:“辛菜”?!稗ぁ保梢哉f就是“辣”的代名詞。因此,宋《證類本草》中解釋:辣螺,“生永嘉海中,味辛辣如蓼,故名蓼螺?!泵駠镀疥柨h志》則稱之為“辛螺”,曰:“俗名辣螺,形小如螺螄,肉美帶辣?!眴我痪湓?,就概括了這種螺的外形與味道。辣螺煮熟后,有點(diǎn)辣,還有點(diǎn)苦,福建廈門等地也稱之為“苦螺”。
農(nóng)歷三月初三撿辣螺
在趕海人的眼中,辣螺是最常見的,屬于比較容易捕獲的小海鮮。人們通常說“敲雀嘴”“鑿龜足”“撿辣螺”,聽起來,捕獲辣螺似乎不需什么技術(shù),似乎只要伸手去撿就可以了,毫無難度。其實(shí),撿辣螺雖然不需要高難度的技術(shù),也不存在太大的風(fēng)險,但撿也是有講究的,只有深知潮汐習(xí)性的漁夫漁嫂們,才更了解如何撿到又大又好的辣螺的獨(dú)門訣竅。
在浙閩沿海一帶,有漁諺云“三月三,辣螺爬滿灘?!泵磕贽r(nóng)歷三月三前后,隨著大地轉(zhuǎn)暖氣溫開始升高,淺海處辣螺會爭相爬上灘頭巖礁間繁殖,漁村里的婦女孩子們就會趁著這個時候去海邊撿拾辣螺,如同舊時農(nóng)耕收獲季節(jié)拾麥穗拾稻穗一般。這習(xí)俗據(jù)傳與一個民間傳說有關(guān):舊時一漁家姑娘為追求忠貞不渝的愛情,因漁霸的脅逼于農(nóng)歷三月初三毅然投海,以死抗?fàn)?。之后每逢三月三,海邊辣螺旺發(fā),爬滿海灘,是因?yàn)闈O家姑娘不忘生前盟誓,等候情人歸來踐約。這個傳說,似乎極符合“辣螺姑娘”的氣質(zhì)。
辣螺在全國沿海均有分布,其形體上也有小有大,小的跟河里頭的螺螄差不多,大的則有成年人的拇指大小。在溫州沿海一帶,以洞頭與蒼南出產(chǎn)的辣螺為好。雖然各地出產(chǎn)的辣螺看起來都差不多,表殼黑灰色,全都清一色疙疙瘩瘩地長滿“荔枝疣”,但仔細(xì)一看,蒼南的略顯淡綠,洞頭的近乎淡棕色,倘若你再一路北上來到舟山,點(diǎn)上一盤最愛的辣螺,嘿,原來黑黑的“辣螺姑娘”此時的“膚色”竟然都變白了。這種色彩上的變化,許是由地域、環(huán)境及水溫差異等的緣故造成的。因?yàn)橛辛瞬煌哪w色,這些深受食客喜愛的“辣妹子們”就被貼上了不同地域的標(biāo)簽,“辣”出了各自不同的風(fēng)味與特色。
辣螺喜集群生活。退潮后,喜歡在海灘上逐浪奔波的孩子們,老遠(yuǎn)地就能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些螺的外殼在陽光下泛著一種綠色的光,于是,他們向著那一片綠色奔去,每次總能收到潮水留下的饋贈。然而,人們往往發(fā)現(xiàn),留在礁石表面上的一般只是個頭很小的小辣螺,那些個頭大的、上了年紀(jì)的辣螺,儼然已領(lǐng)悟了自然界適者生存的道理,它們躲藏在水下的礁石縫里。要對付這些老辣的家伙,就需要用上鑷子等工具了。
苦辣蘊(yùn)藏人生況味
撿了一籃子的辣螺回家,沖刷洗凈,就可下鍋了。對于辣螺這種自身味道就很有層次感的海味,美食家們尤其推薦以白水煮熟。
但對這種小海螺,北方或內(nèi)地的人吃一個就絕不會再吃第二個,一致認(rèn)為這種螺又苦又辣,實(shí)在吃不慣。究其原因,在螺肉一側(cè)有一條黑綠色的螺線,辣味苦味蘊(yùn)藏其中。沿海一帶的人們則認(rèn)為,這種螺直接用清水煮熟就非常鮮美,不僅肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩,吃到嘴里的就是原汁原味,辣到本色,其精髓就是苦中有甘。
水煮辣螺做法比較簡單,辣螺洗凈,入鍋加清水、姜片、料酒,煮個3分鐘即可,按自己口味調(diào)好醬油、醋。
辣螺螺肉鮮嫩多汁,帶著鮮甜味,有嚼勁,吃到最后,一絲辣味和一點(diǎn)苦味一起交匯。這種天生自帶的苦辣,在舌尖上一沾,味蕾的感覺就來了——你看它:渾身長著尖刺一般,味道也極富刺激性,也只有真正的食客才懂得,這種刺痛般的辣味是這道海味真正靈魂所在。還有資深美食家說辣螺最好吃的是螺尾端,也就是螺屁股。
舊時,漁民撿到辣螺數(shù)量較多時,就將辣螺腌制起來,制成螺醬存放。腌制時要用錘子先把螺殼敲碎,敲出螺肉來后用鹽腌漬一兩天,瀝去湯汁,再加入黃酒和少許食鹽攪拌均勻,在密封容器內(nèi)放置10天左右。出缸后,螺肉爽口、脆韌,而辣味回甘,余味悠長。
這種純手工的腌制方法,全憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和感覺。其做法、配方歷史悠久,都是一代代人口耳相傳下來的,有著時間的味道。
千百年來,螺醬贏得食客們的青睞。宋代大文豪蘇軾在《杭州故人信至齊安》中寫道:“輕圓白曬荔,脆釅紅螺醬。更將西庵茶,勸我洗江瘴?!痹谶@里,東坡先生甚至將螺醬與當(dāng)時“一騎紅塵妃子笑”的荔枝相提并論,可見這海島珍饈之美味,以及其歷史之悠長。
在浙南一帶,食客們往往喜歡將水煮的辣螺蘸點(diǎn)醬、醋搭配著食用,苦、辣、酸、甘,也只有辣螺這樣的“辣妹子”,才能把這樣刺激的味道摻和在一起卻毫無違和感,就如,把人生的況味都融到一口螺的內(nèi)容里,讓人感覺奇妙無窮。
在中醫(yī)看來,辣螺是一種性寒的食物,所以在煮的時候可以搭配放一些生姜,不但除土腥味,還可以驅(qū)寒,或者在調(diào)制辣螺的蘸醬時放點(diǎn)姜醋。喜歡口味重的,則要把螺殼敲碎,連殼帶肉一起爆炒,加姜、蒜、辣椒醬、醋翻炒出鍋,香辣咸香,下酒最好。等到螺肉被大快朵頤一掃而空,一盤碎螺殼依然沉醉在濃郁的湯汁之中。這種燒法讓濃郁的香辣掩蓋了淡淡的苦,也掩蓋了淡淡的甘甜。
對于辣螺,最夠味的吃法是在浙江沿海一帶。在夏日夜晚的大排檔上,一張餐桌邊,圍坐著兩三個至交好友,桌上是冰鮮的扎啤,玻璃杯里泡沫冒著,兀地端上來一大盤香辣爆炒辣螺,于是,啤酒清清淡淡的苦和著螺肉濃濃淡淡的辣,在舌尖上摻雜著,就此把一個晚上的時光狠狠消磨掉。
這個場景,真正應(yīng)了宋代張九成在《聞彥執(zhí)熙仲有辣螺詩聊復(fù)有作》中所說的:“入口小辛美且清,薦酒百盞壺更傾?!?/p>
似乎因了辣螺,千百年的時光也不過就是推杯換盞、觥籌交錯的那一瞬。
(本文圖片來自視覺中國)
Spicy Whelk:Hot Delicacy from Sea
By Chen Hanli
For people living in the coastal areas of southern Zhejiang Province, the nondescript spicy taste of? (Thais clavigera Kuster, or spicy whelk) resembles just the taste of life. Homey and commonplace, this delicacy bestowed by the ocean is a delight for all the senses.
, as the name in Chinese suggests, has a spicy taste. This ordinary-looking sea snail is easy to catch, thusly commonplace on the seafood menu of people living in the coastal areas in Zhejiang Province. Its quaintly bittersweet and spicy taste is loved by some, and shunned by others. For its hard-core fans, the nondescript flavor leaves a lasting, pleasant aftertaste that is second to none. One mans meat is anothers poison.
The delicacy has quite a few nicknames in Zhejiang. One of them takes from its bumpy-looking shell that looks like that of litchi. This little sea creature, thriving in rock crevices on the beach, is by no means a joy to behold. However, its strangely spicy taste that comes from its tail end, appealed to seasoned foodies in as early as the Tang (618-907) times, or even earlier. The Song Dynasty (960-1279) food critic Luo Dajing ranked this ugly-looking sea snail species among the top four seafood specialties from the coastal areas of Zhejiang. Legend also has it that Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty was a big fan of .
The “pungency” that tastes indescribably good is perceived as “bitter” by people living in Xiamen and nearby areas in Fujian Province. In fact, a literary explanation of such “bitterness” dates back to the times of , Chinas very first collection of poems that date back to 1,100-600BC, edited by Confucius more than 2,500 years ago.
Zhejiang Provinces Wenzhou and Zhoushan Archipelago are considered by gourmets as the best places to enjoy first-class . The sea snails from the exposed shores of Dongtou and Cangnan are greenish and brownish in color, whilst the coasts of Zhoushan produce a whitish color. The smaller ones are easy to find when exposed on the reefs whenever tides recede. Bigger ones are survivors, hiding away in the depths of cracks underwater. Size, however, does not matter. The spiciness does.
In the old times when the seafaring people had to make each penny go a long way, snails collected from rocky beaches served as a primary source of dietary supply. The tradition of taking the meat out for salt curing is still practiced today. Seasoned with a little rice wine and processed for about 10 days in a sealed container, the meat tastes crisp and refreshingly spicy. The flavor crafted purely by time was mentioned by Su Dongpo in one of his poems, in which he compared the daintiness with the countrys best litchi.
The cooking method of? varies depending on individual preference, but one cant go wrong with simple seasonings such as ginger slices and vinegar. Those preferring spicier and stronger flavors can try cracking the shell and stir-frying the whole thing with ginger, garlic, rice wine, and soy sauce.
The simplest way is enough to ensure the most authentic flavor of this inexpensive delicacy from the ocean. “Keep it simple and natural” and “minimalism” in the use of seasonings is the key to authenticity. Put rinsed snails into boiling water, throw in ginger slices and a teaspoonful of rice wine, and scoop the snails out after about three minutes. In the eye of the pickiest gourmets, the thrill brought by the queer spiciness is the taste of the soul of the ocean and the joy brought only by the finest bestowment from the nature.
For people living in the coastal areas in Zhejiang,? is a must-have for the indulgence of beer-and-seafood nightlife at one of seaside food booths. The combination of the bitterness of beer and the spiciness of the snails feels just like the bittersweet of life.
Wined and dined to satiety, the neo-Confucian scholar Zhang Jiucheng of the Song Dynasty spoke of the “high-class” taste of the delicacy in glowing terms in one of his poems.