Commemorating the Centenary of the May-Fourth Movement

“Objective Reason”and“Subjective Will”—Two Trends in the Post-May-Fourth Era

Wang Fansen

The Modern Ideas of“Sovereignty”／“Territory”and the May-Fourth Movement

Ge Zhaoguang

Revisit the May-Fourth Movement from the Perspective of the Supporting Actor

Zhou Yuefeng

The May-Fourth Movement and the Intergenerational Replacement of Labor

Tian Tong

Taiwan's“New May-Fourth Movement”in One Hundred Years

He Zhuoen

The Dilemma of Renaissance and Enlightenment:Reflections on the May-Fourth Movement

Xu Xiaoqing

Marriage Life and Social Change of Modern China:Some Cases of Modern Intellectuals

Pan Kuangche

Abstract:Amid the wave of“family revolution”during the New Culture Movement，the May-Fourth generation of intellectuals sought to break away from traditions and conventions with decisions in their marriages.But they soon found the status quo too resilient to be severed.As the brightest intellectual stars of the time，Hu Shih and his peers worked painstakingly for ways out of their predicaments in marriage.Not all of them embarked on revolutions within their families，but they all experienced back-and-forths between idealistic pursuits and challenges in reality.Looking into the May-Fourth intellectuals'experiences of marriage，we not only reconstruct the thought processes towards their respective decisions.These histories of individual lives also shed new lights on the May-Fourth New Culture Movement.

Keywords:May-Fourth Movement；New Culture Movement；Intellectuals；Marriage

Humble Opinion on“New Culture Movement”，“May-Fourth Movement”and“May-Fourth New Culture Movement”

Zheng Dahua

Abstract:The usage of the“May-Fourth New Culture Movement”is debatable.The“May-Fourth Movement”was an anti-imperialist patriotic movement in 1919.The“New Culture Movement”was an ideological enlightenment movement between 1915 and 1924.Fundamentally speaking，they are two historical events of different natures and cannot be collectively referred to as the“May-Fourth New Culture Movement”.After the May Fourth Movement，the spread of Marxism and Chen Duxiu，Li Dazhao and others became early Marxists，which were not negated or misunderstood by the new cultural movement，but further promoted and deepened.“Salvation”and“Enlightenment”are two important components of the modern Chinese national democratic revolution.They always develop together，and there is no one who overwhelm or replaces another，but improves and promotes each other.

Keywords:New Culture Movement；May-Fourth Movement；May-Fourth New Culture Movement；Salvation；Enlightenment

The New Culture Movement and the Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Qu Yuan's Image

Wang Yuhui

Abstract:In the transformation of modern culture，Qu Yuan's image experienced the deconstruction and reconstruction of the meaning of change from ancient to modern.In the traditional culture，the image of Qu Yuan is related to the kingship and is defined as the“l(fā)oyal minister”.This image has been questioned since the late Qing Dynasty.During the period of the New Culture Movement，along with the Sorting out the National Cultural Heritage thoughts，Qu Yuan's image of“l(fā)oyal minister”was systematically deconstructed.At the same time，Qu Yuan was rebuilt as a“person”，especially as a“great man”as a literary giant，poet，and litterateur.The change of Qu Yuan's image reflects the alternation of old and new ideas in the transition period of modern Chinese culture，and also witnesses the modern transformation of traditional historical resources.

Keywords:New Culture Movement；Qu Yuan's Image；Culture Transformation；Deconstruction

Cultural Reflection in the Era of the Cold War:A Commemoration of the Debate between Science and Metaphysics during the Period of May-Fourth Movement Initiated by Zhang Junmai in 1963

Wang Zhiyong

Abstract:The debate between science and metaphysics is an important ideological event during the period of May-Fourth Movement，and the impact of the event lasted a long time.In this article，I try to make new discoveries.In 1963，Zhang Junmai，who lived in the United States，proposed that Chinese scholars living in the US write articles to commemorate the 40th anniversary of this debate，which was enthusiastically responded by Xie Fuya，Gu Yiqun and Chan Wing-tsit.Being in a foreign country，they had a deep understanding of the cultural crises and ideological dilemmas facing the world after World War Ⅱ.On one hand，they criticized the shortage of Western culture and promoted the value of Chinese wisdom.On the other hand，they advocated connecting China and the west，and sought a way out of the dilemma for humanities.These new thoughts show that the Chinese intellectuals' self-consciousness of moving from“clinging to all kinds of schools”to“thinking independently”when they reflect on Chinese and Western culture，and witness their efforts to construct“cultural China”，which is a promotion and deepening of the debate between science and metaphysics during the May-Fourth Movement.

Keywords:Cold War Era；Zhang Junmai；The Debate between Science and Metaphysics；Cultural Reflection

Study on the Commemoration of“the May-Fourth Movement”by CPC in 17 Years after the Founding of the PRC，1949 －1966

Zhou You，Cheng Shasha

Abstract:“The May-Fourth Movement”is a political symbol with rich significance and pluralistic aspects，and its importance and complexity provide people with great apace for interpretation in modern China.The May-Fourth Movement promoted the birth and development of the CPC，and the CPC also attached importance to its commemoration and interpretation.During of the ROC，the CPC continued to give new meanings to“the May-Fourth Movement”in line with the changing priorities of the times，made the“the May-Fourth Movement”present a stage characteristic.After the founding of the PRC，the CPC continued to commemorate，interpreted and use“the May-Fourth Movement”，such as through commemorative activities to construct the memory of“the May-Fourth Movement”，highlight“the May-Fourth Movement”“anti-imperialist”meaning to express their political aspirations，and emphasized and expanded the meaning of the tradition of the“Revolution”of“the May-Fourth Movement”which has become a kind of universal spiritual resources，etc.Though the study of the commemoration“the May-Fourth Movement”by CPC in 17 years after the founding of the PRC，we can see the changes of the meanings and political application of a political festival after the establishment of the new regime.

Keywords:The CPC；May-Fourth Movement；The PRC；17 Years after the Founding of the PRC

Studies on University and Society in Modern China

From Using Education to Academic Education:Modern Political Science Curriculum System in the Establishment and Evolution of Beijing University

Gui Yunqi

Abstract:The Jingshi University was the product of combination of“Chinese essence and Western utility”and the traditional thought of practical application.Due to the education objective in the period of Jingshi University was to cultivate practical talents，the government chose staatslehre from Japan as the main legal education form in the university.Striving to let the legal education serve national governance.Cai Yuan-pei pushed a series of disciplinary system reform in School of Law and Beijing University since 1912，guiding the university walked to the road of academic education.At the same time，teachers as Zhou Geng-sheng once studyed in Britain and the United States，taked advantage of leading the department of political，reformed the department actively.Curriculum setting with emphasis on“broad foundation”and“special research”.In 1930s，the curriculum within the scope of curriculum system in 1920s basically，only the focus between liberal education and academic education had changed，it began to change from“basic knowledge”to“advanced learning”，the academic curriculum became more and more.Therefore，the curriculum system of modern political science has been established，evolved and improved in Beijing University.

Keywords:Beijing University；Jingshi University；Department of Political；Curriculum System

Early Development of Land Economic in the Republic of China:Centered on the Graduate School of Land Economic，1932 －1940

Yin Xueping

Abstract:Land economic is not only an important social science in the republic of China，but also an important guide for the nationalist party to carry out land reform.In the 1930s，against the background of the eastward spread of western learning and the increasing importance of land issues，together with the response of the two types of intellectuals to the change of academic sinicization and the revolutionary discourse of the nationalist party after the purge，they contributed to the rise of land economic.From the perspective of scientific history，at that time，it was obvious that an academic organization was formed with the graduate school of land economic as the center，combined with the land administration institute and the land administration monthly，constantly promoting the development of the subject.The success or failure experience of Pinghu experimental county not only shows us the practical form of land science，but also shows the essence of land economic as a political and academic conspiracy.Finally，the development of land economic in the whole 20th century also shows that there is not only the cognition of tension and confrontation between academics and politics，but also the face of closeness and interdependence.

Keywords:Land Economic；Graduate School of Land Economic；Xiao Zheng；Wan Guoding；Pinghu Experimental County

Studies on Religious Social History in Modern China

Wind from the West will Blow Off the White Cloud:The Bell ＆Drum Tower and Buddho-taoist Relationship in Modern White Cloud Monastery

Qin Guoshuai

Abstract:Contrary to our common cognition of morning（East）bell and evening（West）drum in temples，the position of the bell tower and drum tower in white cloud monastery，Beijing，is that the former on the west while the latter on the east.By analyzing a buddho-taoist legend resulting from this seemingly unusual constructing structure，we know for sure that east bell and west drum is a typical and traditional city constructing structure down from ancient China，while temple constructing structure，namely drum tower on the east and bell tower on the west，is established at the end of the Yuan dynasty；as for the buddho-taoist disrepute narrating the story of burning down the white cloud monastery，both popular religion and Quanzhen Taoism use it as a literary tool of doctrine propaganda and identity adaption，which is different from the traditional disrepute between buddhism and taoism.

Keywords:White Cloud Monastery；Bell and Drum Tower；Quanzhen Taoism；Popular religion；Buddho-taoist Disrepute The Self-reliance Movement of the Modern Chinese Christian Church:Focus on Church of Christ in China

Chen Chang

Abstract:After the Christianity being led into China，in order to achieve the purpose of extensive missionary easier，the Christian Church adopted various methods to reduce the resistance of all levels of Chinese society and strive to integrate into the local society.Under the background of the rising of modern Chinese nationalism，the Christian church's primal process of selfreliance had passed through different stages and produced different results.Although there are still many major limitations，the overall transfers of culture had reached China.

Keywords:Christianity；Self-reliance Movement Chinese Christian Church

Special Topics

Re-Discussion on Hu Shih's Thought of Doubting Antiquity，and to Discuss the Relationship between Hu Shih and Gu Jiegang in the 1930s

Wang Xuejin

Abstract:Doubt about history detection of forgeries is an important feature of Hu Shih's academic thoughts.In the“how I wrote the discernment of ancient history”，Gu Jiegang mentioned Hu Shih saying that he didn't doubt the ancient but believed in it.Under Gu Jiegang's influence，most researchers believed that Hu Shih's thought of doubting antiquity changed later in 1929，and took this as the sign of separation between Hu Shih and Gu Jiegang in the ancient history of discourse.It is a fact that they are separated，there's a dark underside to such alienation.The different academic point of view does not represent that Hu-Shih's thought of doubting antiquity changed.From his research research on history of Buddhism in the 1930s，we found that the suspicion is even deeper comparing with before rather than transforming.

Keywords:Hu Shih；Thought of Doubting Antiquity；Gu Jiegang；History of Buddhism

“Three Power Coordination”and“Three Power Balance”:The Different Constitutional Road between the Qing Government and the People，Discussion on the Responsible Cabinet in the Late Qing Dynasty

Li Fengfeng

Abstract:Since the Qing Government announced the Preparations for Constitutionalism，the government and people had different understanding of constitutionalism.The Qing government chose the constitutional road of“Three Power Coordination”，the people chose the constitutional road of“Three Power Balance”.They were planning and thinking about different constitutional road under the same constitutional proposition.The angle of thinking and the basis of argument wasn't at the same starting point，and their contents and results were also very different.It can be said that the government and the people hadn't reached an agreement on the issue of constitutionalism from beginning to end.They acted in their own way，contradictions and conflicts are naturally inevitable.

Keywords:Qing Government；Public Opinion；Responsible Cabinet；Three Power Balance；Three Power Coordination

The Water Conservancy Administration of Hubei and the Functions Expansion of Provincial Governments During the Republic of China

Jiang Yuan

Abstract:During the Republic of China，the administrative functions of provincial governments has continuously expanded.In terms of Hubei water conservancy administration，in the late Qing Dynasty，the Hubei Provincial Government began to set up a special water conservancy management agency to be responsible for some of the construction work of dikes，but its staff members were often unable to do their own work.After the establishment of the Republic of China，the establishment of the Provincial Water Resources Bureau began to become a practice.However，after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government，the Provincial Water Resources Bureau（湖北省水利局）has been affiliated to the Provincial Construction Department（湖北省建設廳），and its status is not high.Although it was directly under the provincial government，it was revoked after the floods in 1931，and the original affairs were completely handled by the Jianghan Engineering Bureau（江漢工程局）affiliated to the central government.In this process，the scope of the embankment directly under the responsibility of the Provincial Water Resources Bureau and the Jianghan Engineering Bureau has gradually expanded，and its dispatched institutions have became to be permanent institutions.It can be said that the process of change of water conservancy administration in Hubei during the Republic of China was not only a process of continuous expansion of government functions，but also a process of constant game between the central and local governments.However，when water conservancy agencies participated in the post-flooding work，they still have to coordinate with the specialized agencies，and the power was still restricted.

Keywords:Republic of China；Hubei；Water Conservancy；Provincial Government

Research on the Work and Lives of Railway Workers in Modern Henan

Jia Yong

Abstract:Since the end of the Qing dynasty，railway traffic has gradually became the motive force of the economic development and cultural exchanges，and played a decisive role.Railroad workers acteda crucial role in the development of railroad business.Their division is clear，job is stable.Not only the salary，but also the year-end bonus，allowance，contracted projects etc.，comparing with other workers in Henan province，their income was richer.In addition，in terms of daily living expenditure and leisure style，railway workers had the enriched and high-quality lives.For these reasons，railroad workers were the outstanding representative of industry worker in modern Henan，produced a lasting influence.

Keywords:Modern Henan；Railway Workers；Work Status；Living Standards

Book Review

A Pioneering Work on the Overall Study of the Chinese Bourgeoisie—Review onThe Bourgeoisie and the Transformation of Modern Chinese Societyby Yu Heping

Dong Qingping

Success and Failure，the County System Reform and Local Governance in the Late Qing Dynasty—Review onCounty Reform and Local Society in the Qing Dynastyby Professor Liu Wei

Wan Haiqiao

Long-term Accumulated Power and Strong Writing Skills—Review onThe White Cloud Temple of Peking and Local Society in Modern Chinaby Professor Fu Haiyan

Gao Hang

Review

Summary of the Academic Seminar on the State Governance and Social Change from the Ming Dynasty

Sun Yan