任善軍

(山東省平原縣自然資源局，山東平原 253100)

果園以多年生果樹(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，構(gòu)成生物群落，各種生物之間以食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)鏈條為紐帶建立起了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，各種生物存在相生相克、相互依存和相互制約的關(guān)系，如果園病蟲(chóng)害及其天敵，果園內(nèi)的天敵包括傳統(tǒng)意義上的天敵昆蟲(chóng)、捕食螨，還有有益動(dòng)物、真菌、細(xì)菌、放線菌、噬菌體、病毒、線蟲(chóng)、鳥(niǎo)類、兩棲類等，能殺死或抑制果園內(nèi)某種或某類生物。

在高度重視食品安全的當(dāng)下，生物防治特別是天敵防治病蟲(chóng)害日益受到重視。果園天敵是以蟲(chóng)治蟲(chóng)、以動(dòng)物治蟲(chóng)、以菌治蟲(chóng)等生物防治的前提。天敵影響害蟲(chóng)種群和數(shù)量的變化，也是果園安全生產(chǎn)中對(duì)害蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行生態(tài)控制的主要因子。筆者總結(jié)了201種果園病蟲(chóng)的天敵，分為6類，其中昆蟲(chóng)綱179種，蛛形綱10種，鳥(niǎo)綱6種，兩棲綱2種，線蟲(chóng)綱2種，真菌界類殼菌綱2種，列表示之，供參考。

表1 果園天敵

11大紅瓢蟲(chóng)R.rufopilosaMulsant昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科吹綿蚧幼蚧、成蚧捕食12小紅瓢蟲(chóng)R.pumilaWeise昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科吹綿蚧幼蚧、成蚧捕食13灰眼斑瓢蟲(chóng)AnatisocellataLin-naeus昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科松蚜、棉蚜捕食14異色瓢蟲(chóng)LeisaxyridisPallas昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科柑桔木虱、松干蚧捕食15紅環(huán)瓢蟲(chóng)R.limbataMotschul-sky昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科草履蚧捕食16龜紋瓢蟲(chóng)PropylaeajaponicaThunberg昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科棉蚜捕食17七星瓢蟲(chóng)Coccinellaseptem-punctataLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科桃蚜、棉蚜、松蚜捕食一生食蚜蟲(chóng)4000～5000頭18八斑和瓢蟲(chóng)Synharmoniaoc-tomaculataFabrcius昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科蚜蟲(chóng)、柑桔木虱捕食又名八條瓢蟲(chóng)19雙帶盤瓢蟲(chóng)Coelophorabiplagi-ataSwartz昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科柑桔木虱捕食20隱翅蟲(chóng)Oxytelusbatiuculus昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目隱翅蟲(chóng)科柑桔全爪螨捕食21四斑月瓢蟲(chóng)Chilomenesquad-riplagiataSwartz昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目瓢蟲(chóng)科柑桔木虱捕食22日本方頭甲Cybocephalusnip-ponicusEndrodyYonnga昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目方頭甲科桑白蚧、矢尖蚧、褐圓蚧、柿絨粉蚧、柑桔全爪螨捕食桑白蚧的控制天敵,幼蟲(chóng)多在葉上活動(dòng),似略有被光性23中華廣肩步行蟲(chóng)CaosomamaderaeChineseKirby昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目步行蟲(chóng)甲科小地老虎、松毛蟲(chóng)等鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)捕食24花絨堅(jiān)甲蟲(chóng)Dastarcushelopho-roidesFairmaire昆蟲(chóng)綱鞘翅目穴甲科光肩星天牛、桑天牛、星天牛、云斑天牛、松黑天牛捕食成蟲(chóng)行動(dòng)遲緩,不善飛翔,有假死性,畏強(qiáng)光,趨微光,晝伏夜出,有自殘習(xí)性。初孵幼蟲(chóng)鉆入寄主體內(nèi)25橫紋薊馬AeolothripsfasciatusLinneaus昆蟲(chóng)綱纓翅目紋薊馬科煙薊馬、蚜蟲(chóng)和蛾類卵捕食第1期任善軍:果園天敵26塔六點(diǎn)薊蟲(chóng)Sco-lothripstakahash-iiPriesner昆蟲(chóng)綱纓翅目薊馬科山楂葉螨捕食27中華草蛉Chrysopasini-caTjeder昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科蚜蟲(chóng)、葉螨、梨木虱、鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)小幼蟲(chóng)、梧桐木虱若蟲(chóng)和卵捕食草蛉1齡幼蟲(chóng)喜食蘋果葉螨,越冬成蟲(chóng)淡黃色,有紫紅色斑。國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種,成蟲(chóng)不捕食蚜蟲(chóng)28亞非草蛉C.boninensisOkamotoOkamoto昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科柑桔木虱、蚜蟲(chóng)、紅蛛蛛捕食幼蟲(chóng)期捕食,國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種,成蟲(chóng)不捕食蚜蟲(chóng)29大草蛉C.septempunc-tataWesmael昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科蚜蟲(chóng)、柑桔木虱、梧桐木虱、螨、鱗翅目卵、小幼蟲(chóng),其它小蟲(chóng)捕食國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種,成蟲(chóng)期和幼蟲(chóng)捕食30麗草蛉C.formosaBrauer昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科捕食蚜蟲(chóng)、螨、鱗翅目卵、小幼蟲(chóng),其他小蟲(chóng)捕食國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種31葉色草蛉C.phyllochro-maWesmael昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科捕食蚜蟲(chóng)、螨、鱗翅目卵、小幼蟲(chóng),其他小昆蟲(chóng)捕食國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種

32普通草蛉C.carneaStephens昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科成蟲(chóng)、幼蟲(chóng)捕食蚜蟲(chóng)、螨、葉蟬捕食國(guó)內(nèi)近年試驗(yàn)用的蛉種33多斑草蛉C.intimaMaclachlan昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科捕食蚜蟲(chóng)捕食果園田間常見(jiàn)34牯嶺草蛉C.kulingensisNavas昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科捕食蚜、螨及葉蟬若蟲(chóng)捕食果園田間常見(jiàn)35白線草蛉C.albolineataKilling-ton昆蟲(chóng)綱脈翅目草蛉科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食果園田間常見(jiàn)、幼蟲(chóng)有背負(fù)獵物尸體的習(xí)性36花蝽Anthocoridae昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目花蝽科梨木虱、柑桔全爪螨、日本松干蚧捕食37小花蝽OriusminutusLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目花蝽科煙薊馬、蚜蟲(chóng)、紅蜘蛛捕食以成蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵在樹(shù)皮縫隙、枯枝落葉、麥田等越冬38華姬獵蝽NabissinoferusHsiao昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目姬蝽科煙薊馬、蚜蟲(chóng)、葉蟬、薊馬、盲蝽若蟲(chóng)、夜蛾卵捕食39蠋蝽ArmachinensisFallou昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目蝽科鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)、蚜蟲(chóng)捕食40益蝽PicromeruslewisiScott昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目蝽科鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)捕食41藍(lán)蝽Zicronacaerula(Linnae-us)昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目蝽科鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)捕食42大眼蟬長(zhǎng)蝽Geocorissp.昆蟲(chóng)綱半翅目長(zhǎng)蝽科蚜蟲(chóng)、盲蝽、葉蟬、薊馬、葉螨等若蟲(chóng)、鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)的卵、小幼蟲(chóng)捕食43狹帶食蚜蠅SyrphusserariusWiedemann昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)44黑帶食蚜蠅EpistrophebalteataDeGeer昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)45短刺刺腿食蚜蠅IschiodonscutellariaFabricius昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)46月斑鼓額食蚜蠅Lasiopticusse-lenilicaMeigen昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)47大灰食蚜蠅Syrphuscorollae(Fabricius)昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)48斜斑鼓額食蚜蠅LasiopticuspyrastriLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)49門氏食蚜蠅Sphaerophoriamen-thastriLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目食蚜蠅科蚜蟲(chóng)捕食幼蟲(chóng)吸食蚜蟲(chóng)體液,每頭食上千頭蚜蟲(chóng)50結(jié)節(jié)亞麻蠅Parasarcophagatu-berosa(Pand)昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目麻蠅科舞毒蛾、松毛蟲(chóng)捕食51急鉤亞麻蠅ParasarcophagaportschinskyiRohdendorf昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目麻蠅科楊毒蛾捕食52食蚜癭蚊AphidoletesabietisKieffer昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目癭蚊科棉蚜、刺槐蚜、桃蚜捕食53異腹胡蜂ParapolybiavariaFabricius昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目胡蜂科松毛蟲(chóng)、美國(guó)白蛾捕食

54食蚜癭蚊Aphidoletesaphidimy-zaRondani昆蟲(chóng)綱雙翅目癭蚊科桃蚜、刺槐蚜、棉蚜捕食以幼蟲(chóng)在土中越冬,20多天發(fā)生1代55螽斯Longhornedgrasshoppers昆蟲(chóng)綱直翅目螽斯科鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)卵、幼蟲(chóng),小型昆蟲(chóng)捕食56土褐螽斯(土蟈蟈)Atlanticuszeholesis昆蟲(chóng)綱直翅目螽斯科鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)卵、幼蟲(chóng),小型昆蟲(chóng)捕食57中華草螽Conocephaluschinen-sisRedtenbacher昆蟲(chóng)綱直翅目螽斯科松毛蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)、卵,小型昆蟲(chóng)捕食58紡織娘MecopodaelongataLin-naeus昆蟲(chóng)綱直翅目螽斯科赤松毛蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)及卵捕食59蠼螋(夾板子)Labidurajaponi-caDeHean昆蟲(chóng)綱革翅目蠼螋科星天牛幼蟲(chóng)、蛹,棉卷葉螟幼蟲(chóng)、小地老虎、紅蛉蟲(chóng)、蝸牛捕食60擬墊跗螋ProreussimulansStal昆蟲(chóng)綱革翅目蠼螋科蚜蟲(chóng)、蜏類、蝽類卵、幼蟲(chóng)、若蟲(chóng)和蛹捕食61螳螂MantisreligiosaLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱螳螂目螳螂科松毛蟲(chóng)、尺蛾、毒蛾、舟蛾等幼蟲(chóng)捕食62甲腹繭蜂Chelonussp.昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目繭蜂科桃小食心蟲(chóng)寄生63齒腿姬蜂Pristomerussp.昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科桃小食心蟲(chóng)寄生64黃眶離緣姬蜂Trathalaflavoor-bitalisCameron昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科梨大食心蟲(chóng)、桃蛀螟、梨小食心蟲(chóng)、卷蛾科幼蟲(chóng)寄生抑制梨大食心蟲(chóng)作用明顯,尤其后期65瘤姬蜂Exeristessp.昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科梨大食心蟲(chóng)寄生抑制梨大食心蟲(chóng)作用明顯,尤其后期66中國(guó)齒腿姬蜂PristomeruschinensisAshmead昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)寄生67鈍唇姬蜂Eriborussp.昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科梨小食心蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)寄生68擬澳洲赤眼蜂TrichogrammaconfusumViggian昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目赤眼蜂科梨小食心蟲(chóng)卵寄生69舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogrammaclos-teraePangetChen昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目赤眼蜂科鱗翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、雙翅目、脈翅目、直翅目等11個(gè)目近50科200多屬400多種昆蟲(chóng)寄生林果多用舟蛾赤眼蜂(系赤眼蜂一品種群,要求適溫20～29℃,相對(duì)濕度70%～85%70金紋細(xì)蛾跳小蜂AgeniaspistestaceipesRatz.昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目跳小蜂科金紋細(xì)蛾幼蟲(chóng)寄生一代寄生率2%,二代17%,三代50%71球蚧花翅跳小蜂MicroterysclauseniCoropere昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目跳小蜂科朝鮮球堅(jiān)蚧、日本卷毛蚧、日本龜蠟蚧、角蠟蚧寄生72黑刺粉虱細(xì)蜂Amitushesperi-dumSilvestri昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目廣腹細(xì)蜂科黑刺粉虱幼蟲(chóng)寄生寄生率高,分布廣73鳳蝶金小蜂Pteromaluspupa-rumLinnaeus昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目金小蜂科鳳蝶蛹寄生74廣大腿小蜂Brachymeriaobscu-rataWalker昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目小蜂科蘋卷葉蛾寄生75上海青蜂ChrysisshanghaiensisSmith昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目青蜂科黃刺蛾幼蟲(chóng)、繭期寄生寄生率高,有時(shí)也會(huì)被刺蛾廣肩小蜂重寄生

76朝鮮紫姬蜂ChllorocryptusccoreanusSiepligeli昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科黃刺蛾繭期寄生寄生率高77黃眶離緣姬蜂Trathalaflavoor-bitalisCamerom昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科梨大食心蟲(chóng)寄生主要控制梨大食蟲(chóng)危害后期78刺蛾廣肩小蜂Eurytomamon-emaeRoschka昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目廣肩小蜂科黃棗蛾繭期寄生79刺蛾紫姬蜂Chlorocryptuspur-puratusSmith昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科褐刺蛾寄生80桑蟥聚瘤姬蜂Gregopimplaku-wanaeVierck昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科茶袋蛾寄生81蓑蛾瘤姬蜂SericopimplasagraesauteriCushman昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科茶袋蛾寄生82廣黑點(diǎn)瘤姬蜂XanthopimplapunctataFabricius昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目姬蜂科棉卷葉螟寄生83桑毛蟲(chóng)黑卵蜂Telenomusab-normisCrowford昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目緣腹細(xì)蜂科桑毛蟲(chóng)寄生84桑毛蟲(chóng)絨繭蜂Apantelesfemo-ratusAshmead昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目繭蜂科桑毛蟲(chóng)寄生桑毛蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)期天敵優(yōu)勢(shì)種。產(chǎn)卵于1～2齡桑毛蟲(chóng)體內(nèi),寄主結(jié)繭后,老熟幼蟲(chóng)從寄主體內(nèi)鉆出,寄主不化蛹而死亡。寄生率平均30.5%85蘋果綿蚜蚜小蜂AphelinusmaliHald昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科蘋果綿蚜寄生以老熟幼蟲(chóng)在蘋果綿蚜體內(nèi)越冬86黃金蚜小蜂Aphytischry-somphaliMercet昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科柑桔矢尖蚧、褐圓蚧寄生對(duì)褐圓蚧寄生率較高87盾蚧短緣毛蚜小蜂Aphytispro-cloaWalker昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科矢尖蚧寄生88矢尖蚧蚜小蜂Aphytisyanonen-sisDebachetRosen昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科矢尖蚧寄生89花角蚜小蜂PhyscusfulvusCompereetAnnecke昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科矢尖蚧寄生90盾蚧長(zhǎng)纓蚜小蜂Aspidiotipha-guscitrinusCraw昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科黑點(diǎn)蚧寄生較有利用價(jià)值91中華圓蚧蚜小蜂PteroptrixchinensisHoward昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科黑點(diǎn)蚧寄生較有利用價(jià)值92雙帶巨角跳小蜂ComperiellabifasciataHoward昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目跳小蜂科柑桔褐圓蚧寄生寄生率較高93大蛾卵跳小蜂Ooencyrtusku-wanaeHoward昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目跳小蜂科舞毒蛾卵寄生94桑白蚧黃金蚜小蜂Aphytispro-cliaWalker昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目蚜小蜂科桑白蚧寄生還可寄生梨圓蚧、紅圓蚧、常春藤圓蚧、薔薇白粉蚧等95廣大腿小蜂BrachymerialasusWalker昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目小蜂科蘋果卷葉蛾、小黃卷葉蛾、擬小黃卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟、蕉苞蟲(chóng)、烏桕毒蛾蛹寄生96天牛長(zhǎng)尾嚙小蜂AprostocetusfukutaiMiwaetSonan昆蟲(chóng)綱膜翅目小蜂科星天牛、桑天牛卵、幼蟲(chóng)、蛹寄生