AnalysisonSmart’sGeneralizedBenevolencePrincipleandItsDilemma

GONG Qun，LU Peng-jie

J.J.C.Smart changed the utilitarian principle of “the greatest happiness of the greatest majority”from the concept of consequence to a principle of generalized benevolence in the theory of consequence. He emphasizes that maximizing consequences is a good consequence for all human beings. Smart’s generalized benevolence is the perspective of agent-neutral, that is to say, it does not proceed from the standpoint of the agent’s own interests, but is impartial for the interests of all others. However, if Smart’s moral requirements of generalized benevolence are complied with, it will lead to the destruction or alienation of human’s moral personality and integrity of life planning. There is a deep conflict between Smart’s moral requirements of generalized benevolence and those of the morality of common sense. As the life morality of the experience world, the latter recognizes the priority of the integrity of human life’s planning. The way to overcome the dilemma caused by Smart’s moral requirement of generalized benevolence lies in the combination with the requirement of the morality of common sense. That is, on the premise of recognizing the legitimacy of the agent’s central choice, giving moral requirements of generalized benevolence a certain moral space.

EthicalPerspectiveonLoveasaMoralCategory

QIANG Yi-hua，WANG Juan-juan

Love is one of the greatest emotions of human and one of the most important moral categories of human. However, there is a difference between sensual love based on perceptual emotion and reasonable love based on reasonable emotion within love. Sensual love has the form of “from oneself to others，from close relations to mere acquaintances, from the near to the distant”, which makes it a love from concrete to abstract in the content, and finally makes it a “differential love” in both of content and form. Reasonable love has the form of “universal non-discrimination”, which fixes it as a kind of the most abstract love in content, and eventually makes it a “universal and non-differential love” or “universal love” in both of content and form. The advantage of differential love is mainly in the private area, while the advantage of universal love lies mainly in the public area. In moral practice if they(especially the differential love) are misused in areas that are not apply to them, there will be bad or even harmful social consequences, especially in the aspect of resulting social injustice. Therefore, we should clarify the difference between the two kinds of love, and let them play a good social role in their respective dominant areas.

AnalysisonPost-materialistHappinessViewandMan-natureCommunityValuesfromPerspectiveofEcologicalCivilization

WANG Yu-chen

The industrial civilization which based on the world view and nature concept of modern mechanistic philosophy regards the relationship between humans and nature as domination and control, advocating the consumerist way of life, and believing in materialistic happiness view and individualism. The purpose of the values is to pursue the unlimited growth of economy, which has caused ecological crisis and increasing tension between humans and nature and. The ecological civilization that based on the world view and nature concept of ecological philosophy regards the relationship between humans and nature as organic relationship of mutual influence and interaction, which together constitute an ecological community. Starting from the pursuit of human survival, development and the overall harmony of the ecological community, ecological civilization opposes the materialistic happiness concept and individualist values of industrial civilization, and advocates post-materialist happiness view and man-nature community values in an effort to connect the development of human society with the harmony of ecosystem in an organic way.

AestheticCritiqueofTasteProductionandCreativeAestheticsfromaDifferentPerspectiveofAestheticHistory

FAN Yu-gang

With the advent of the era of cultural creativity, aesthetic research has entered an era in which the importance of cultural creativity has become prominent. The trend of aesthetic activities in the new era is that aesthetics forms a kind of isomorphic relationship with market and economic development. Aesthetic discourse and aesthetic practice appear many different new characteristics. The “creative aesthetics” that conforms to the opportunity of the times is not only related to the nature of cultural creativity in the new era, but also close to the aesthetic practice of the masses relying on digital technology in the new era. Thus, in the process of paying attention to the economic value of beauty, it is characterized by fluidity, variability, digitalization, computability, sharing(aesthetic experience community), openness, and manufacturability of taste, production of aesthetics and creativity of consumption. As a new paradigm of aesthetic research,creative aesthetics is an opening of a new realm of aesthetic research, which aims to effectively explain the public’s aesthetic practice in the new era, and realize the goal of explaining Chinese aesthetic experience with Chinese aesthetic theory through prudent criticism of popular “taste production” and containment of aesthetic capitalist logic. The rationality of “creative aesthetics” not only comes from the change of public aesthetic practice, but also from the history of aesthetic thoughts. In line with the diversity of human culture, the multi-paradigm “beauty and unity”of aesthetic research may be an ideal state.

StudyofMaterialisticFeatureofDigitalMediaTechnologyfromPerspectiveofDigitalAnthropology

ZHANG Jin，WANG Mei-jun

The research of “digital anthropology” in University College London shows the new trend of material culture research. Its core content and main topic are based on the “materiality” of material culture research. Starting from the materiality, digital anthropology focuses on the cultural communication of people and the dialectical relationship between people and things in the environment of digital technology as an artificiality, and interprets the problems of mutual shaping between people and things. It advocates breaking through the study of things from the classic Marxist critical argument on fetishism, transcending the dichotomy between subject and object, and discussing the materiality of digital media from three aspects of “order”, “content” and “context”. It believes that things can “speak” for themselves and humanities will not be weakened or filtered by digital media technology, the material medium; consequently humanity will not reduce or even disappear, and will not be reduced or disappeared. Accordingly, study of materialistic feature of digital media technology from perspective of digital anthropology has theoretical and practical significance.

HistoricalStudyofForeignTradingintheSongDynastyfromPerspectiveofAgriculturalCommercialSociety

GE Jin-fang

Examining the foreign trade of the Song dynasty from the perspective of “agricultural commercial society” hypothesis, it can be found that the huge capacity for the large-scale export of handicraft products such as ceramics and silk comes from the vigorous growth of its industrial and commercial civilization, while the driving force for the prosperity of industrial and commercial civilization comes from the continuous growth of the merchant class and the handicraft manufacturing group, in addition to the scholars’ clear understanding of the rise of industrial and commercial civilization in that historical period. Therefore, as early as the 10th to 13th centuries, that is, in the Song, Liao, Xia, and Jin Dynasties, China has shown a pattern in which agricultural civilization, nomadic civilization, and industrial and commercial civilization compete on the same stage. The basic situation is that the agricultural civilization in the Central Plains is in the dominant position and is still moving forward, but within this agricultural civilization, industry and commerce are also expanding their own living space. The spillover effect of agricultural civilization and industrial and commercial civilization in the interior has simultaneously driven the development of nomadic civilizations both inside and outside the Great Wall. Therefore, China has also experienced modernization factors.

AnalysisonHistoricalLessonsandContemporarySignificanceofChangesofRealRightsofCivilLaw

LI Gui-lian，LIU Chen-hao

The transfer of real right is the basic issue in civil legislation. Since the trial of civil law in the late Qing Dynasty, as for the promulgation of civil code today, in civil law, the principle of distinction is the basic principle. But in the beginning of the Republic of China, the application of this principle has been alienated from the central to the local judicial practice on the premise of the principle of distinction as the basic principle in the civil case of first instance, which is mainly reflected in the identification of private documents as real contract, and the use of the original contract to solve the problem of the legal effect of the real right’s transfer. This was a great challenge to the publicity of real rights, but the magistrates used term the principle of distinction to analyze these private documents, which was actually the alienation of the principle of distinction. The reason lies in the conflict between the tradition and the modern in the transition period, that is, the traditional court has a strong dependence on the documents, meanwhile the registration as an important basis of the principle of distinction has not been established in a long time, which led to a phenomenon of alienation. As the promulgation of Civil Code nowadays, it is necessary to pay attention to the experience provided by the magistrates in the beginning of the Republic of China, that is giving more respect to the existing interests. Facing the problems due to historical habits and actual trading environment, it is important to respect trust interests, safeguard the transfer of real right and so on, which affords us lessons for future judicial practice, based on the review of the former practice.

WillPropertyRightsConfirmationofRuralFarmlandPromoteAgriculturalYield?EmpiricalAnalysisonMediatingEffectofRuralFarmlandFragmentation

GAO Qiang，SUN Guang-lin

The confirmation of farmland property rights aims to increase the farmland output by facilitating land circulation and expanding operation scale. This article conducts an empirical analysis of the internal mechanism of farmland confirmation and farmland output through the analysis framework of farmers’ production behavior, in which the fragmentation of agricultural land is integrated by using instrumental variable method and the intermediary effect mode. The research found that:(1)The confirmation has a significant positive effect on the output, which is, remarkably increasing the yield;(2)The confirmation can ease the fragmentation by activating land circulation, ultimately increasing the output of farmland;(3)The confirmation can notably increase the average plot area and the maximum plot area of farmers, thereby increasing the output of farmland. And therefore, it is necessary to vigorously promote land remediation and “exchange and merge of land”, reduce the degree of land fragmentation by promoting the circulation of agricultural land as well as increasing the area of average plots and single plots, properly retain village collective economic organizations’ rights of adjusting and supervising agricultural land, guide farmers to actively participate in land consolidation and high-standard farmland construction and gradually perfect the policy system and operation methods for the application of confirmation results.