吳麗軍 李雙鈴 韓鎖義 夏晗 遲玉成 任艷 石延茂 尹亮 王興軍 袁美
摘要:花生晚斑病是一種世界性病害,可導致花生減產(chǎn)和品質(zhì)降低,防治該病害最經(jīng)濟有效的方法是抗病品種的應(yīng)用。本文介紹了花生晚斑病的危害和防治途徑,對花生晚斑病的抗性種質(zhì)資源挖掘、抗性遺傳及抗病基因、分子標記、抗病品種的培育等多個方面的最新研究進展進行了綜述,同時對加強花生晚斑病研究提出了一些建議。
關(guān)鍵詞:花生;晚斑病;病害防治;抗病育種
中圖分類號:S565.203.4 文獻標識號:A 文章編號:1001-4942(2019)09-0177-08
Advances in Peanut Breeding for Resistance to Late Leaf Spot
Wu Lijun Li Shuangling Han Suoyi2, Xia Han3, Chi Yucheng Ren Yan Shi Yanmao
Yin Liang Wang Xingjun3, Yuan Mei1
(1.Shandong Peanut Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Peanut Biology and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture,
Qingdao 266100, China; 2. Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002,
China; 3.Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China)
Abstract Late leaf spot (LLS) disease is one of the most important leaf diseases in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which could cause substantial yield losses and reduce the seed quality. Application of resistant varieties is one of the most economical and effective methods for controlling this disease. In this paper, the damage and controlling ways of LLS were summarized. The recent research progress on identification of resistant germplasm resources, resistance inheritance and disease resistant genes, molecular markers, breeding of disease-resistant varieties and so on were reviewed. Moreover, some suggestions were put forward for strengthening LLS research.
Keywords Peanut; Late leaf spot; Disease management; Disease resistant breeding
花生是世界上重要的經(jīng)濟和油料作物之一,在食用植物油及休閑食品中占有舉足輕重的地位?;ㄉ~斑病在所有花生產(chǎn)區(qū)均有發(fā)生或流行,是造成花生減產(chǎn)的重要因素之一?;ㄉ~斑病包括褐斑病和黑斑病。褐斑病又叫“早斑病”(early leaf spot),黑斑病又稱“晚斑病”(late leaf spot),其中晚斑病是花生生產(chǎn)中最常見、危害最大的病害之一[1]。花生晚斑病主要危害葉片,破壞葉綠素,造成光合作用效能下降,大量病斑造成葉片枯死、脫落,嚴重影響干物質(zhì)積累和莢果成熟。在印度,晚斑病流行較重[2];我國北方花生產(chǎn)區(qū)以晚斑病流行為主,南方產(chǎn)區(qū)早斑病和晚斑病常交替發(fā)生,多數(shù)年份以晚斑病危害為主[3-5]?;ㄉ戆卟】墒够ㄉ鷾p產(chǎn)10% ~ 20%,嚴重的可達50%以上,每年對全球花生生產(chǎn)造成的損失達6億美元[ 6-9]。
1 花生晚斑病病原菌
花生晚斑病病原菌為短胖孢[Cercosporidium personatum(Beck & Curtis) Deighton],無性階段為半知菌類短胖孢屬落花生短胖孢,有性階段為子囊菌綱球腔菌屬伯克利球腔菌(Mycosphaerella berkeleyi)。晚斑病菌侵染后,花生葉正面產(chǎn)生較小的黑褐色、圓形或近圓形病斑,背面通常產(chǎn)生許多黑色小點,即病菌分生孢子梗和分生孢子。晚斑病病菌主要以分生孢子座和菌絲體在病株殘體上越冬,或以分生孢子黏附在莢果、莖稈表面越冬。分生孢子萌生芽管直接從花生葉片表皮或氣孔侵入。22 ~ 23℃時,3 ~ 4 d顯病,1周開始產(chǎn)孢。翌年借風雨傳播進行初侵染和再侵染[5,10]。
2 花生晚斑病的主要防治途徑
花生晚斑病主要防治途徑有:殺菌劑的應(yīng)用、生物防治、綜合管理措施等[5]。殺菌劑的推廣應(yīng)用是當前田間防治晚斑病的重要措施,但對花生葉斑病的防治效果僅在60%左右[10],且化學農(nóng)藥的不合理施用會引起人畜中毒、環(huán)境破壞和植物藥害等一系列環(huán)境、社會問題。目前,生物防治措施的研究報道較少,直接應(yīng)用于花生大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)實踐中的更少。綜合管理措施主要通過創(chuàng)造不利于晚斑病發(fā)病的微生態(tài)環(huán)境或在發(fā)病前期盡早預(yù)報預(yù)防晚斑病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。培育和利用抗病品種是經(jīng)濟、安全且最有效的防控病害的途徑。在同樣病原菌壓力的情況下,抗病品種比感病品種發(fā)病慢、感病輕。抗病品種的應(yīng)用可以減少殺菌劑的使用、降低生產(chǎn)成本、減輕環(huán)境污染壓力和由于農(nóng)藥殘留導致的食品安全風險。
3 花生晚斑病抗病種質(zhì)資源
抗病種質(zhì)資源,即抗源,是植物抗病育種的原始材料,也是選育優(yōu)良抗病品種的遺傳物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),系統(tǒng)地搜集、保存、評價和研究抗源是抗病育種研究最重要的基礎(chǔ)工作。種質(zhì)資源主要包括地方品種、改良品種、近緣植物和通過種內(nèi)雜交、遠緣雜交、誘發(fā)變異獲得的抗病中間材料等。各國科學家一直致力于發(fā)掘花生晚斑病的抗病種質(zhì)資源。
3.1 花生野生種抗晚斑病種質(zhì)資源的篩選
花生不同種質(zhì)間抗、感病程度存在一定差異,尤其是花生野生種存在著優(yōu)異的抗病基因。與栽培種相比,野生種花生具有較高的遺傳多樣性,能夠適應(yīng)一系列復雜環(huán)境,是抵抗生物脅迫和非生物脅迫的重要基因來源[11-13]。梁炫強等從34份花生野生種中發(fā)掘出24份高抗晚斑病材料,1份中抗材料[14]。Abdou等對南美洲和非洲不同地區(qū)花生的不同亞種、野生變種和栽培品種進行抗病鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)Arachis cardenasii對晚斑病免疫[15]?;ㄉ鷧^(qū)組的A. duranensis、A. spegazzini、A. correntina、A. stenosperma、A. diogoi(=A. chacoense),直立區(qū)組的A. paraguriensis,三籽粒區(qū)組的A. pussila,圍脈區(qū)組的A. villosulicarpa,根莖區(qū)組的A. hagenbeckii、A. glabrata、A. burkartii,大根區(qū)組的A. repens等野生種以及一些未定名的野生材料對晚斑病均表現(xiàn)出高抗或免疫[16]。
3.2 花生栽培種抗晚斑病種質(zhì)的篩選與創(chuàng)制
國內(nèi)外花生育種工作者致力于抗晚斑病種質(zhì)資源的篩選與創(chuàng)制,篩選獲得的抗性種質(zhì)部分已經(jīng)應(yīng)用到花生育種實踐中。Hassan等從16個不同種質(zhì)材料中篩選出可作為葉斑病抗性育種最有優(yōu)勢的親本品種NC 3033、NC 5和AC 3139[17]。Kornegay等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NC 3033和NC-GP 343在篩選的6個花生品系中抗性最高,是花生晚斑病抗性育種最具潛力的品系[18]。Cook從12份花生栽培種中鑒定出PI 259747和PI 341879高抗晚斑病[19]。1986年,Chiteka等從116個花生基因型中檢測到對晚斑病抗性最強的基因型為UF81206-1、UF81206-2.72 × 32b-3-2-2-2-2-2-l-b3-b和US 29-b3-B(85701)[20]。Anderson等從500份引進花生種質(zhì)篩選出33份對晚斑病表現(xiàn)部分抗性[21]。Dwivedi等從15份種間雜交材料中篩選出ICGV 9006、99013、99004、9903和99001共5個晚斑病抗病育種親本材料[22]。2001年,國際半干旱研究所(ICRISAT)鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn)ICGV# 99001和99004種質(zhì)系抗晚斑病[23]。Chapin等評價了47個弗吉尼亞型育種系和8個品種對晚斑病的抗性,發(fā)現(xiàn)栽培種Bailey、三個姊妹系(N03088T、N03089T和N03090T)和N03091T始終不容易被晚斑病侵染[24]。美國的Southern runner屬于中抗晚斑病品種[25],玻利維亞地方品種Bayo grande以及其他一系列的育種系也具有較好的葉斑病抗性[26],澳大利亞新品種Sutherland對晚斑病表現(xiàn)高抗[27],ICG11337在抗晚斑病育種中是一個很好的抗性供體[28]。
我國科研工作者對國外引種的花生種質(zhì)和國內(nèi)育成品種也開展了葉斑病抗性鑒定。黎穗臨從981份國外花生資源中鑒定出抗葉斑病品種722份,其中高抗276份,高抗早斑病和晚斑病的品種144份,同時從333份廣東省花生資源中篩選鑒定出57份抗葉斑病品種,如遂溪勾鼻、頂子細粒等[29]。董煒博等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)引進品種UF91108對晚斑病高抗,可作為花生育種的抗源材料[30]。袁虹霞等篩選出對花生早斑病和晚斑病抗性較好的開農(nóng)31、濮花8030和豫花15號等系列品種[31]。
4 花生晚斑病的抗性遺傳、QTL定位及分
子標記與抗性相關(guān)基因[BT)]
4.1 花生晚斑病的抗性遺傳
花生晚斑病抗性遺傳較為復雜,有研究表明葉斑病抗性由2對以上核隱性基因控制,而且早斑病和晚斑病抗性遺傳是分別獨立的[3, 32]。Nevill在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上進一步得出花生晚斑病抗性是由5對隱性基因控制[33]。Soriano等發(fā)現(xiàn)花生葉斑病突變體的抗性由2個突變基因IS-1和IS-2控制,這2個突變基因編碼的蛋白主要通過抑制病原菌的生長從而對病原菌產(chǎn)生抗性抑制[34]。Pasupuleti等研究表明花生栽培種與野生種種間雜交衍生系ICG11317和ICG13919對晚斑病的抗性受細胞核基因和細胞質(zhì)基因的共同控制[28]。夏友霖等的研究認為ICGV86699對花生晚斑病的抗性受 2 對加性-上位性主基因 + 加性-上位性多基因控制[35]。
4.2 花生晚斑病的QTL定位及分子標記
近年來,花生晚斑病QTL及分子標記陸續(xù)被篩選、鑒定。早期主要以AFLP分子標記和SSR分子標記為主。2007年,夏友霖等以中花5號 × ICGV 86699的F2群體為材料,利用AFLP分析結(jié)合BSA法,鑒定出與晚斑病抗性緊密連鎖的三個AFLP標記:E35/M51、E37/M48和E41/M47[36]。Leal-Bertioli等以二倍體野生種間雜交的F2群體為材料鑒定出5個晚斑病抗性QTLs和34個序列特定的候選基因片段[37]。Khedikar等以來自雜交組合TAG24 × GPBD4的268份RIL群體為材料,利用SSR標記構(gòu)建了14個遺傳連鎖群,鑒定出11個晚斑病抗性QTLs,可解釋晚斑病1.70%~6.50%的表型變異[38]。Sujay等利用分別來自兩個組合TAG24 × GPBD和TG 26 × GPBD4的RIL群體,鑒定出15個晚斑病抗性QTLs[39]。Shoba等利用TMV 2 × COG 0437的F2群體和SSR標記技術(shù),篩選出與晚斑病抗性相關(guān)的SSR標記PM 384-100[40]。Wang等利用SSR分子標記技術(shù)及組合Tifrunner × GT-C20構(gòu)建的群體,在F2圖譜(5.3 cM/位點)中鑒定出54個QTLs,其中37個為葉斑病QTLs,在F5圖譜(5.7 cM/位點)中鑒定出23個QTLs,其中13個為葉斑病QTLs[41]。Pandey等利用相同的RIL群體共鑒定出42個QTLs,其中抗早斑病9個,抗晚斑病22個[42]。Khera等利用SunOleic 97R和NC94022的重組自交系群體,構(gòu)建了包含248個標記位點的群體遺傳連鎖圖譜,鑒定出48個QTLs,其中22個抗早斑病QTLs,20個抗晚斑病QTLs,并發(fā)現(xiàn)共有6個主要的基因組區(qū)域包含的QTLs控制不止一種抗病性[43]。
隨著測序技術(shù)的進步及測序成本的降低,SNP標記用于花生分子遺傳圖譜的構(gòu)建和QTL定位。2014年,Zhou等利用簡化基因組測序技術(shù)構(gòu)建了來自中花5號 × ICGV 86699組合的RIL群體高密度遺傳圖[44],鑒定出20個晚斑病抗性QTLs,并發(fā)現(xiàn)2個QTLs(qLLSB6-7和qLLSB1)位于編碼NB-LRR的兩個基因簇中[45]。Pandey等利用基于全基因組重測序(WGRS)的QTL-seq方法分析來自RIL群體(TAG24 × GPBD)的抗池/感池,鑒定出A03上的一個2. 98 Mb的基因組區(qū)(131.67 ~ 134.65 Mb)同時負責銹病和晚斑病抗性,開發(fā)了1個抗晚斑病SNP診斷標記[46]。Clevenger等也利用QTL-seq方法對來自組合Florida-07 × GP-NC WS的重組自交系群體的抗池/感池開展測序分析,鑒定出3個分別位于A05、B05和B03染色體上花生晚斑病QTLs[47];Chu等利用花生58 K SNP芯片數(shù)據(jù)分析該群體,構(gòu)建了一個基于SNP的包含855個位點的連鎖圖譜,鑒定出三個晚斑病抗性QTLs(qLLSA05、qLLSB03和qLLSB05)[48],其中qLLSA05、qLLSB03與用QTL-seq策略[47]獲得的相同。Liang等利用品種Tamrun OL07和高抗葉斑病育種系Tx964117構(gòu)建的F2∶6重組自交系(RIL)群體,共鑒定出6個與花生葉斑病相關(guān)的QTLs[49]。Lu等通過構(gòu)建一個包含5 874個位點的遺傳圖譜,在A05連鎖群約0.38 cM的區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個抗晚斑病的主效QTL,該區(qū)域包含26個候選基因,其中一些被注釋與其它物種的抗病性調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)[50]。Han等利用分布于20個連鎖群的2 753個SNP標記構(gòu)建了一張標記平均間距為1.34 cM的高分辨率圖譜,將一個主效晚斑病抗性QTL定位在B05染色體上[51]。Agarwal等利用重組自交系群體的WGRS數(shù)據(jù),建立基于SNP的高密度遺傳圖譜,共鑒定出35個主要效應(yīng)QTLs,其中2個晚斑病QTLs分別在A05(PVE 47.63%)和B03(34.03%)上,并開發(fā)驗證了相關(guān)KASP標記[52]。這些鑒定出的QTLs、分子標記和抗病基因豐富的基因組區(qū)域?qū)⒂兄诨ㄉ共』虻目寺『头肿訕擞涊o助抗病品種的培育。
4.3 花生晚斑病抗性相關(guān)基因
關(guān)于花生晚斑病抗性相關(guān)基因的研究近年有較多報道。Luo等通過分析不同抗性花生品種在接種晚斑病菌后384個轉(zhuǎn)錄本的變化情況,尋找抗性基因片段,結(jié)果檢測到代表56個功能類別基因的112個基因上調(diào)表達,并驗證了其中的17個基因[53]。二倍體野生種A. diogoi接種晚斑病菌48 h后部分cDNA上調(diào)表達,其中一個編碼類環(huán)膦素蛋白基因AdCyp,該基因受病原菌和植物激素的上調(diào)表達影響,轉(zhuǎn)AdCyp的煙草對青枯菌的抗性增強、對寄生疫霉菌的感病性降低[54]。Guimares等對接種晚斑病菌后的野生種進行轉(zhuǎn)錄組學分析,獲得多個響應(yīng)晚斑病侵染的差異表達基因,并通過qRT-PCR對5個抗性基因類似物和4個逆轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子序列進行了驗證,同時開發(fā)了多個特異性抗性分子標記[55]。病原菌相關(guān)蛋白PR-5和防御素屬于植物抗真菌蛋白,轉(zhuǎn)SniOLP(Solanum nigrum osmotin-like protein,龍葵滲調(diào)蛋白)和RsAFP2(Raphanus sativus antifungal protein-2,蘿卜抗真菌蛋白-2)雙基因的花生對晚斑病的抗性明顯增強[56]。另外,來自水稻和煙草的幾丁質(zhì)酶基因、芥菜生物防御素基因轉(zhuǎn)化到花生后均能提高花生對葉斑病的抗性[57-59]。
5 抗花生晚斑病品種的培育
常規(guī)抗病品種選育的主要途徑包括引種、系統(tǒng)選種、常規(guī)雜交育種、遠緣雜交育種和誘變育種等。研究表明,高抗病可以與產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)因素相結(jié)合,其中一些品系可能在生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮很好的作用[60]。美國農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)研究服務(wù)部和佐治亞大學農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境科學院聯(lián)合選育的花生新品種Tifrunner,對早、晚斑病均具有中等抗性[61],F(xiàn)loridaMDR98、C-99R和York等均為抗葉斑病品種[23, 62]。佐治亞大學海岸平原實驗站將PI 203396和品種AgraTech GK 7雜交育成了高抗早、晚斑病的Georganic[63]。
從20世紀90年代開始,我國開展了大量花生晚斑病抗病育種研究,并育成了一些抗或耐晚斑病的花生品種[16],對葉斑病或晚斑病的抗性品種進行匯總,見表1。山東省主要推廣花生品種有72個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有3個;河南省主要推廣品種有61個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有5個;廣東省主要推廣品種有42個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有17個;湖北省主要推廣品種有22個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有3個;遼寧省主要推廣品種有45個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有2個;湖南省主要推廣品種有11個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有1個;臺灣主要推廣品種約有22個,其中抗葉斑病的有2個;北京市主要推廣品種約有23個,其中抗晚斑病或葉斑病的有2 個。
6 存在的問題與展望
花生是我國重要的油料作物之一,在保障我國食用油供給方面具有重要作用。晚斑病防治是花生生產(chǎn)的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。運用分子標記技術(shù)可以縮短育種年限,將多個抗性基因聚合到同一個材料中,已經(jīng)成為花生育種的一個重要方向。全面闡明花生晚斑病抗性遺傳機制,并根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要定向培育綜合性狀優(yōu)良、高抗花生晚斑病的新品種是花生科研工作者面臨的重要課題之一。
目前,對花生晚斑病抗病機理和抗病育種的研究相對較少,例如,花生晚斑病抗病機理目前仍未闡明;花生抗晚斑病的分子標記開發(fā)雖然取得了一定成效,但在品種選育中真正發(fā)揮作用的極少,花生抗晚斑病的育種主要還是以傳統(tǒng)的常規(guī)育種方式為主;多數(shù)育成的抗病品種還是依賴栽培種之間的雜交選育,很多野生種質(zhì)材料對多種病害高抗甚至免疫,但由于倍性差異和雜交親和性低等原因,野生資源的利用還非常有限。因此,對花生晚斑病應(yīng)加強以下幾個方面的研究:(1)結(jié)合栽培花生和野生花生全基因組測序的研究成果,通過比較基因組學,鑒定晚斑病抗性關(guān)鍵基因,深入研究花生晚斑病抗病分子機理;(2)充分挖掘抗病花生種質(zhì)的遺傳多樣性,將分子標記輔助選擇與常規(guī)育種相結(jié)合,聚合多個抗性基因,開展多抗優(yōu)質(zhì)花生新品種的培育;(3)通過基因工程改良、種間雜交、人工四倍體的合成等途徑,將野生資源中的抗病基因漸滲到栽培種中,創(chuàng)造大量栽野漸滲系,為晚斑病抗性育種奠定基礎(chǔ)。
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收稿日期:2019-08-11
基金項目:國家自然科學基金-國際合作項目(3181101550);山東省重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2018GNC110036);山東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新工程項目(CXGC2016B02);河南省科技攻關(guān)計劃項目(182102110137)
作者簡介:吳麗軍(1987—),女,助理研究員,主要從事分子生物學研究。E-mail: wljd126@126.com
通訊作者: 袁美(1972—),女,博士,研究員,主要從事花生生物技術(shù)育種研究。E-mail: yuanbeauty@126.com
王興軍(1966—),男,博士,研究員,主要從事作物分子育種研究。E-mail: xingjunw@hotmail.com