就自然體系而言，國(guó)土上有兩種不同的自然類(lèi)型。一種是原始的自然，表現(xiàn)在景觀方面是天然的景觀。另一種自然是人類(lèi)對(duì)原始的自然進(jìn)行干預(yù)后形成的自然。自從人類(lèi)定居以來(lái)，為了生產(chǎn)、生活、精神、宗教和審美等需要不斷地改造自然，對(duì)自然施加影響，形成了一種在原始自然的基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)人工梳理和改造的自然，如水庫(kù)、運(yùn)河、渠塘、農(nóng)田、果園、園林等。這是一種經(jīng)過(guò)人工改造、需要人工維護(hù)和管理的自然，也是一種與原始的自然相互依托、互相影響、互相疊加的自然。這類(lèi)自然記錄著人類(lèi)對(duì)土地的影響，反映出人與土地的關(guān)系和人們的生產(chǎn)與生活方式，具有文化的屬性，是一種文化的自然。

在漫長(zhǎng)的前工業(yè)時(shí)期，人類(lèi)在土地上進(jìn)行的最直接的大面積開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)就是農(nóng)耕。農(nóng)耕所形成的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀就是一種文化景觀，經(jīng)過(guò)農(nóng)耕活動(dòng)改造過(guò)的自然系統(tǒng)就是地表上面積最廣闊的一種文化的自然。中國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)家，幾千年的燦爛文明都是建立在農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)之上的，然而，中國(guó)的地形和氣候?qū)τ诎l(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)有許多不利的方面。作為一個(gè)山地國(guó)家，中國(guó)適于開(kāi)墾的土地?cái)?shù)量有限，分布不均。此外，季風(fēng)性的氣候帶來(lái)年內(nèi)降水不均，并且降水的自然過(guò)程與農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)需水周期也不合拍。因此，中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)不能僅僅依靠自然降水，必須要建設(shè)水利設(shè)施，依靠人工控制水文條件滿(mǎn)足農(nóng)業(yè)的需求。幾千年來(lái)，中國(guó)人在實(shí)踐中不斷摸索，因地制宜，綜合運(yùn)用各種治理水環(huán)境的技術(shù)和方法，力求改造自然水環(huán)境，控制自然水文，為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供灌溉用水，同時(shí)也為不同地區(qū)之間的交通運(yùn)輸提供便利。

在各類(lèi)水利工程中，最常見(jiàn)的一種類(lèi)型就是陂塘系統(tǒng)。一套完整的陂塘水利系統(tǒng)包括了一個(gè)或若干個(gè)陂湖、系列塘河、水閘和數(shù)不清的引水灌渠。杭州西湖、湘湖、寧波東錢(qián)湖、濟(jì)南大明湖等都是歷史上著名的陂湖，都對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)灌溉和人民生活起到了重要作用。一個(gè)成功的陂塘水利工程不僅能支撐起區(qū)域的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，也往往會(huì)促進(jìn)一座城市的產(chǎn)生與繁榮，如西湖孕育了杭州、東錢(qián)湖滋養(yǎng)了寧波、大明湖潤(rùn)澤了濟(jì)南。陂塘水利系統(tǒng)具有全方位的功能，如防洪、蓄水、灌溉、供水、生產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖等。各種尺度的塘河和引水渠聯(lián)系著陂湖和自然河川，將水引向農(nóng)田、村落和城鎮(zhèn)，形成了一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，滋養(yǎng)著土地、哺育著民眾。

陂塘水利系統(tǒng)只是中國(guó)古代人工營(yíng)建系統(tǒng)中的一種類(lèi)型。在漫長(zhǎng)的農(nóng)耕文明中，中國(guó)人依據(jù)國(guó)土的自然條件，以自己的方式興修水利，開(kāi)墾農(nóng)田，建設(shè)村落，營(yíng)建城市，形成了一整套土地整理和土地利用的策略，也創(chuàng)造了中國(guó)國(guó)土的山水田城融合、城鄉(xiāng)相依的國(guó)土景觀。更重要的是，經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)營(yíng)，中國(guó)人逐步將這一系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌鞘袃?nèi)外的如畫(huà)如詩(shī)的風(fēng)景和名勝，形成了中國(guó)特有的文化的自然體系。

與農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)時(shí)期相比，我們今天的土地利用方式和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)途徑已經(jīng)徹底改變了。我們?yōu)槭裁匆芯繗v史上所留下來(lái)的國(guó)土景觀中文化的自然體系？的確，農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)所留下自然系統(tǒng)的部分功能在今天已經(jīng)弱化甚至消失了，但是那些能夠一代代積累傳承、留存至今的自然系統(tǒng)都是基于國(guó)土的復(fù)雜環(huán)境和條件產(chǎn)生的，它們適應(yīng)這片土地，具有相當(dāng)強(qiáng)的綜合性和多功能性。它們是一個(gè)區(qū)域中重要的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，仍然能為區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境的健康發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵的支撐作用。

另外，文化的自然在人類(lèi)干預(yù)的過(guò)程中是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的，呈現(xiàn)在人們面前的這一自然系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)對(duì)地表不斷復(fù)寫(xiě)、不斷疊加和融合的結(jié)果。作為一種客觀的存在和歷史的記錄，它傳承著過(guò)去的文化，積淀著歷史的記憶，它是我們所擁有的最豐富的史料。閱讀這一自然系統(tǒng)是了解中國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展，分析國(guó)土景觀不斷變化背后的邏輯的最直接的渠道，也是撫今追昔，展望未來(lái)，維護(hù)中國(guó)國(guó)土的山水結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求當(dāng)今和未來(lái)更恰當(dāng)?shù)耐恋乩梅绞降闹匾囊罁?jù)。

PREFACE

The Cultural Nature

In terms of the natural system,there are two different types of nature on land.One is the original nature,representing the natural landscape; the other is the nature formed after the original nature is intervened by human beings.Since the settlement of human beings,we have transformed the nature constantly for the needs of production,living,spirit,religion and beauty-appreciation,etc.,and exerted influence on the nature.Then an artificially combed and intervened nature is formed based on the original nature,such as the reservoir,canal,farmland,orchard and garden,etc.This is not only a nature which has been transformed artificially and requires the artificial maintenance and management,but also a nature which depends on,interact with and superimposes on the original nature.This kind of nature records the in fluence of human beings on the land and reflects the relationship between the human beings and land,also the production mode and life style of them.This kind of nature can be called the cultural nature.

In the long pre-industrial period,the most direct and large-area covered development activity conducted by human beings on the land was farming.The farming landscape formed during this period is a kind of cultural landscape.The natural system which has been transformed by the farming activity is the most expansive cultural nature on the earth’s surface.China is an agricultural country and its thousands of years’ splendid civilization is based on agriculture.However,there are many disadvantages for the development of agriculture in terms of the topography and climate in China.As a mountainous country,there is limited land suitable for reclamation in China.And the distribution of land is uneven.In addition,the monsoon climate brings uneven precipitation among the year.The natural process of precipitation is discordance with the water need cycle of crop growth.Therefore,China’s agricultural production cannot simply rely on the natural precipitation and must aided with the water conservancy facilities in order to meet the agricultural demands by controlling hydrologic conditions artificially.For thousands of years,the Chinese has continued to look for ways in practice,searching for methods according to local conditions,comprehensively apply the technologies and measures of managing the water environment,strive to transform the natural water environment and control the natural hydrology for the purpose of providing the irrigation water for the agricultural production and offering convenience for transportations in different regions at the same time.

The most common type among the water conservancy projects is the impounding lake.A complete set of impounding lake water conservancy system includes one or several impounding lakes,canals,water gates and innumerable water diversion channels.West Lake in Hangzhou,Xianghu Lake,Dongqian Lake in Ningbo,and Daming Lake in Jinan are famous impounding lakes in history,which had played a significant role in the local agricultural irrigation system and local people’s life.A successful impounding lake water conservancy project may not only supports the regional agricultural development,but also tends to promote the generation and prosperity of a city.For example,the West Lake bred Hangzhou,Dongqian Lake nourished Ningbo and Daming Lake enriched Jinan.The impounding lake system is endued with multiple functions,such as flood control,water storage,irrigation,water supply,farming production and aquaculture,etc.All scales of canals and division channels connect with the lakes and natural rivers,directing the water to the farmland,villages and cities,forming a whole network to nourish the land and foster the people.

Impounding water conservancy system is just one type of the artificial construction systems in ancient China.In the long farming civilization,the Chinese launched water conservancy projects,reclaimed farmlands,constructed villages and built cities based on the natural conditions of the land,forming a complete set of land consolidation and utilization strategy and creating a landscape with the fusion of mountain,water,farmland and city,also with the dependency of city and countryside.What’s more important,the Chinese gradually turn this system into the picturesque and poetic scenery and scenic spot inside and outside the city after the longterm management,forming cultural nature system with China characteristic.

Compared with the agricultural society period,the land utilization and construction of the human settlement environment today have been completely changed.Why do we need to research on the cultural nature system of the landscape left in history in China? In truth,part of the function of natural system left in the agricultural society might has been weakened and even disappeared,but those which can be accumulated and inherited from generation to generation and remained today were generated based on the complex environment and conditions of the specific land.These systems adapt to this land and are of considerable integrity and multi-functionality.They are the important green infrastructures of an area and still able to play a key supporting role in keeping the health of regional ecological environment.

Furthermore,the cultural nature is dynamically changing in the process of human intervention and this natural system presents a result which replicates,superimposes and fuses the earth’s surface constantly by people.As the objective existence and the record of history,it inherits the past culture and accumulates the historical memory,it is the most abundant historical data we own.Reading this natural system is not only the most direct way to know China’s social development and analyze the logic behind the changing of landscape,but also the important basis for recalling the past in the light of the present,looking forward to the future,maintaining the structure of China’s landscape and looking for the more appropriate way for land utilization at present and in the future.

Chief Editor:Prof.Dr.-Ing.WANG Xiangrong

December 6th,2019