河北 張 偉

眾所周知，在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中，“聽(tīng)”的能力至關(guān)重要，聽(tīng)和讀屬于輸入環(huán)節(jié)，有了好的輸入，才能更好地進(jìn)行輸出，即說(shuō)、寫(xiě)，從而進(jìn)一步提升語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的綜合能力。英語(yǔ)核心素養(yǎng)對(duì)“聽(tīng)”的考查做了明確要求，即通過(guò)重音、語(yǔ)調(diào)、節(jié)奏的變化理解說(shuō)話人所表達(dá)的意義、意圖和情感；通過(guò)聽(tīng)來(lái)抓住日常生活語(yǔ)段的大意并獲取其中的主要信息、觀點(diǎn)和文化背景。在高考英語(yǔ)試卷中，聽(tīng)力試題占有舉足輕重的地位。雖考試時(shí)間只有短短的20 分鐘，但聽(tīng)力試題卻占有30 分的分值，而且沒(méi)有復(fù)查的機(jī)會(huì)，可謂是性價(jià)比高卻易丟分的題型。從某種意義上講，得聽(tīng)力者得英語(yǔ)。因此，了解高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力試題的命題規(guī)律，掌握聽(tīng)力試題的應(yīng)試技巧，對(duì)教師的日常聽(tīng)力教學(xué)、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考和進(jìn)行原創(chuàng)聽(tīng)力命題都有著至關(guān)重要的意義。下面讓我們通過(guò)本文一起解碼如何原創(chuàng)高中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力題。

一、聽(tīng)力素材的選擇與改編

（一）聽(tīng)力素材的選擇

萬(wàn)變不離其宗，聽(tīng)力素材的選擇亦是如此?！犊荚嚧缶V》中的功能意念項(xiàng)目表以及話題項(xiàng)目表為我們選擇聽(tīng)力素材指明了方向。首先，我們要了解高考聽(tīng)力素材具備的特點(diǎn)：

1.高考聽(tīng)力的選材以真實(shí)性和交際性為原則，語(yǔ)言材料一般來(lái)自于英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的真實(shí)生活場(chǎng)景，較口語(yǔ)化，對(duì)話內(nèi)容取材于日常生活，即衣、食、住、行、工作、學(xué)習(xí)、天氣、生活環(huán)境等話題，這些話題按場(chǎng)景可分為校園、公共場(chǎng)所、家庭等方面，如：shopping,finding the way,doing one’s homework,seeing a doctor,making a phone call,weather report,asking for different kinds of information 等。并且高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的十段材料話題不重復(fù)，具體參照下表：

近三年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ聽(tīng)力話題統(tǒng)計(jì)表

2.高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力材料一般先短后長(zhǎng)，先易后難?？紤]到試題的整體分布，偶爾也會(huì)出現(xiàn)先長(zhǎng)后短的情況。第一節(jié)短對(duì)話，一般為一個(gè)回合（一問(wèn)一答）或者一個(gè)半回合，最多不超過(guò)兩個(gè)回合。長(zhǎng)對(duì)話后的幾個(gè)小題設(shè)置一般均勻分布在對(duì)話的每個(gè)回合里，很少出現(xiàn)一個(gè)回合包含兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)的情況。文本的總詞數(shù)控制在820～ 950。近三年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ聽(tīng)力對(duì)話回合數(shù)及文本詞數(shù)見(jiàn)下表：

另外，聽(tīng)力材料中的詞匯幾乎都是考綱詞匯，但也開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)熟詞生義的詞匯甚至一些派生詞。比如：2019 年全國(guó)卷ⅠText 4 中“M:Hello,my name is John Arber.And I’m calling to ask about the position advertised in Friday’s Daily Mail.W:Yes,the position is still open.You could come over and have a talk with us.”此 處open 為 形容詞，意為“（機(jī)會(huì)、工作等）可用的，可擁有的”。2019 年全國(guó)卷ⅠText 8 中“W:...,all of which have been an invaluable help to me in radio and television reporting.”此處invaluable 為形容詞，意為“無(wú)價(jià)的，寶貴的”，是考綱詞匯valuable 的派生詞。

了解了高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力素材的特點(diǎn)后，接下來(lái)要做的就是從英文網(wǎng)站搜羅符合上述特征的長(zhǎng)、短對(duì)話和獨(dú)白的素材，并進(jìn)行查重。

（二）聽(tīng)力素材的改編

選好聽(tīng)力素材且查重合格后，要對(duì)素材進(jìn)行改編以命制相應(yīng)試題。改編時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下原則：

1.掃除聽(tīng)力材料中的詞匯障礙

聽(tīng)力材料中的詞匯幾乎都是考綱詞匯或其派生詞，因此改編的時(shí)候，先要過(guò)詞匯關(guān)。生僻詞或超綱詞匯要以易代難，用同義詞或者同義詞組進(jìn)行替換。

2.適當(dāng)調(diào)整文章的長(zhǎng)短

拿到一篇素材，先要預(yù)設(shè)命制試題的大概個(gè)數(shù)。然后根據(jù)要求，刪除贅余的內(nèi)容，適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)信息，以便于學(xué)生理解。

3.注重整體內(nèi)容的連貫性

在進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力測(cè)驗(yàn)時(shí)，因看不到文字信息，學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)注意力不集中的現(xiàn)象。因此，改編后的素材要符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平，注重素材整體內(nèi)容的連貫性，突出口語(yǔ)交際的真實(shí)性和實(shí)用性。

二、聽(tīng)力試題的命制

《考試大綱》提出要以語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，多場(chǎng)景，多角度地考查考生的語(yǔ)言交際能力。

1.高考聽(tīng)力題干的設(shè)置

縱觀近年高考英語(yǔ)試題，其設(shè)問(wèn)體現(xiàn)了多樣化的特點(diǎn)，5W1H（what,when,where,why,who,how）得到了充分的運(yùn)用，其中以what 進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)的一般占10～14 個(gè)，其他設(shè)問(wèn)均衡分布。另外，聽(tīng)力題干不再是對(duì)單一的人稱the man,the woman,the speaker 進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)，而是出現(xiàn)了真實(shí)姓名，如2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ中的Jack,James,Mary 等。聽(tīng)力試題的設(shè)置完全從《考試大綱》出發(fā)，從四個(gè)角度綜合考查學(xué)生能力。從近三年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ聽(tīng)力試題來(lái)看，考點(diǎn)分布如下：

從上表可以看出，獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息和對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容做出簡(jiǎn)單推斷占總量的80%左右。

理解主旨要義，要求考生整體把握和全面領(lǐng)會(huì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式：What are the speakers talking about?What does the speaker mainly talk about?What is the conversation about?

獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息，要求考生理解聽(tīng)力材料的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、價(jià)錢(qián)、目的、原因、結(jié)果等，同時(shí)，還要注意對(duì)所聽(tīng)信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單處理，如數(shù)字運(yùn)算、同義轉(zhuǎn)換、比較篩選等。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式：What will the woman do tomorrow?How does the woman go to work?When did the speaker take English classes?Why does the woman meet the man?How much will the woman pay for her room per night?Why is Emily mentioned in the conversation?How long did James run his business?

對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容做出簡(jiǎn)單推斷，要求考生根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容，推斷人物身份、對(duì)話雙方的關(guān)系或?qū)υ挵l(fā)生的場(chǎng)合、地點(diǎn)等。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式：What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?What will the woman probably do next?What does the woman mean?Where does the conversation probably take place?

理解說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，要求考生揣摩對(duì)話雙方的話外音，對(duì)說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度進(jìn)行判斷。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式：What does the man say about...?How does the speaker feel about...?What does the woman think of...?What is Kate’s attitude toward her mother’s decision?

高考聽(tīng)力的題干設(shè)置遵循簡(jiǎn)潔、明了的原則，題干長(zhǎng)度一般不超過(guò)8 個(gè)詞，偶爾會(huì)有9 詞以上的情況。不會(huì)出現(xiàn)生僻詞，沒(méi)有復(fù)合句的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，以免增加學(xué)生的閱讀負(fù)擔(dān)。選項(xiàng)設(shè)置能用短語(yǔ)則不用句子，能用省略形式則不用完整結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

（2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）16.Why does the woman speak of a study?

A.To encourage the man.

B.To recommend an exercise.

C.To support her findings.

該題以why 進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)，選項(xiàng)設(shè)置并未使用because...作為答語(yǔ)，而是使用不定式短語(yǔ)，使得選項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單化。

另外，要注意高考題干中一般不出現(xiàn)否定詞not，基本以肯定形式設(shè)問(wèn)。

2.正確選項(xiàng)和干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置

聽(tīng)力試題的正確選項(xiàng)多數(shù)是直接給出，也有一些通過(guò)同義替換、簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算、歸納總結(jié)得出，而干擾項(xiàng)一般是對(duì)聽(tīng)力文本進(jìn)行信息加工，要么張冠李戴，要么無(wú)中生有。聽(tīng)力答案多數(shù)是按順序呈現(xiàn)在文本材料里，不會(huì)聲東擊西，讓考生摸不到頭腦。

（1）設(shè)置正確選項(xiàng)常用的方法：

同義替換：把材料中的關(guān)鍵詞換成意義相近的詞，變成正確選項(xiàng)。

如：(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)6.What does the woman regret?

A.Giving up her research.

B.Dropping out of college.

C.Changing her major.

聽(tīng)力原文：

W:The biggest mistake I made,uh,was leaving college in my last year and not completing my education.So I’m thinking of going back to school.

M:School?To study what?

W:Ecology.I’m interested in the relationship between humans and nature.

M:Cool.Is it what you studied years ago?

M:No.I majored in chemistry then.

該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實(shí)性具體信息的能力，其正確選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置采用同義替換的形式，使用“dropping out of college”替換了原文中的“l(fā)eaving college”，并且干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置均與材料內(nèi)容相關(guān)。

簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算：一般為數(shù)字題。根據(jù)材料信息，進(jìn)行加減運(yùn)算，得出正確選項(xiàng)。

如：（2019 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）17.How much time will the man probably spend exercising weekly?

A.300 minutes.

B.150 minutes.

C.75 minutes.

聽(tīng)力原文：

...

W:The study showed that people who put in 300 minutes a week of exercise had a 20% lower risk of death due to heart disease.Still,the people who exercised 150 minutes a week did pretty well too,lowering their death risk by 14%.

M:And what about the people who exercise half as much as that,like what I probably do?Does that help?

W:Of course,even 15 minutes would help.

該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實(shí)性具體信息的能力，其正確選項(xiàng)需要簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算得出。材料中“...half as much as that like what I probably do.”為答題關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)。150 minutes的一半，即75 minutes。故選C。

歸納總結(jié)：需要對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行分析，總結(jié)出正確選項(xiàng)。

如：（2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）2.What can we say about the woman?

A.She’s generous.

B.She’s curious.

C.She’s helpful.

聽(tīng)力原文：

M:Hello.Do you have The Best of Mozart?

W:Um,sorry,we’ve just sold out,but we can order one for you.If you give us your number,we’ll call you when the CD arrives.

該題考查學(xué)生理解說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的能力，需要考生通過(guò)對(duì)話內(nèi)容歸納總結(jié)出“the woman”的品質(zhì)。

（2）設(shè)置干擾選項(xiàng)常用的方法：

張冠李戴：把原來(lái)做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，而所述細(xì)節(jié)卻與原文一致，但不符合題干要求。

如：（2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）5.What is the man going to do?

A.Go on the Internet.

B.Make a phone call.

C.Take a train trip.

聽(tīng)力原文：

W:I wish I knew the time of the trains to London.But our phone is out of order.

M:Don’t worry,Grandma.I will find out for you on the Internet.

W:Thank you.

該題干擾項(xiàng)B、C 提到的“phone”，“train”都是有關(guān)“woman”的信息，卻換成了“man”執(zhí)行，屬于張冠李戴。

無(wú)中生有：以材料中的某個(gè)詞為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，賦予一些非文本內(nèi)容，或者似是而非的信息，制造干擾。

如：（2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）2.How will Susan spend most of her time in France?

A.Traveling around.

B.Studying at a school.

C.Looking after her aunt.

聽(tīng)力原文：

M:Susan,I heard you are going to France,how long will you be staying there?

W:A whole year.My aunt lives there.I’m going to do a one-month course at a language school and spend the rest of time traveling.

該題考查學(xué)生獲取事實(shí)性具體信息的能力，其干擾項(xiàng)B 來(lái)自“do a one-month course at a language school”，而干擾項(xiàng)C 完全屬于無(wú)中生有。文本中提到“My aunt lives there.”，該選項(xiàng)則用“my aunt”做文章，制造干擾。

三、我的原創(chuàng)體驗(yàn)

了解了高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力試題的命題特點(diǎn)之后，便可以小試牛刀，嘗試原創(chuàng)命題了。以下這篇文章來(lái)自可可英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)，對(duì)話發(fā)生在旅館，內(nèi)容是預(yù)訂房間，符合原創(chuàng)命題的選材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

原文：

A.Hello,reservation desk.How can I help you?

B.I’d like to book a room.

A.What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We got single rooms,double rooms,standard rooms,suites and deluxe suites.

B.What’s the rate for a standard room?

A.$79 a night.

B.I’d like a standard room.

A.What date would you check in,Ma’am?

B.December 23rd,please.

A.How long do you plan to stay?

B.4 days.

A.Could you give me your name and phone number?

B.Nancy Brown.My phone number’s 709 678 5634.Nancy Brown。

A.Thanks.What time will you arrive?

B.Around 3pm.

A.Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.Can I help you with anything else today?

B.No,that’s it.Thank you very much.

改編：

我們可以看出以上材料答語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單、內(nèi)容有限。如果要命制3～4 個(gè)小題，內(nèi)容量是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。因此，要根據(jù)場(chǎng)景，刪除無(wú)用信息，適當(dāng)添加細(xì)節(jié)?？紤]到要根據(jù)本文段命制一道數(shù)字計(jì)算題，筆者在答語(yǔ)$79 a night 后增加了一些優(yōu)惠信息，便于進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。另外，增加了旅館的溫馨提示、顧客福利等內(nèi)容?？傊?，要結(jié)合所選材料，兼顧詞數(shù)、設(shè)題點(diǎn)、詞匯的選用等方面進(jìn)行改編。下文加黑的部分為改編部分。

M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?

W:I’d like to book a room.

M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.

W:What’s the rate for a standard room?

M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.

W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.

M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?

W:December 23,please.

M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.

W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?

M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.

W:All right.

M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.

命題：

首先，通讀素材，對(duì)所命題的部分用斜體標(biāo)出，使得考點(diǎn)分布均勻。其次，要找好設(shè)題點(diǎn)，比如對(duì)材料中的to do...，可以以Why...進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)；當(dāng)出現(xiàn)多個(gè)信息并列的時(shí)候，可以考查學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力排查能力，關(guān)注文中的but,however,once,now 等信息，以what 進(jìn)行設(shè)問(wèn)；材料中有數(shù)字的時(shí)候，可以考查學(xué)生的聽(tīng)辨數(shù)字和簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算的能力；對(duì)其中評(píng)價(jià)性的語(yǔ)言，可以考查學(xué)生推斷觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的能力等。筆者將上述改編好的素材命題如下：

M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?

W:I’d like to book a room.

M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.

W:What’s the rate for a standard room?

M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.

W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.

M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?

W:December 23,please.

M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.

W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?

M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.

W:All right.

M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.

1.How much should the woman pay for the room altogether?

A.$225.

B.$229.

C.$237.

2.What is the best time for the woman to check in?

A.At 1:30 pm,Dec.23.

B.At 2:00 pm,Dec.22.

C.At 2:00 pm,Dec.23.

3.Which of the specials can the woman have in this hotel?

A.Free lunch.

B.Free parking.

C.Entertainment facilities.

第1 小題的命制，在于考查學(xué)生聽(tīng)辨數(shù)字、簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算的能力。根據(jù)材料信息可知，一天的價(jià)格為$79，如果預(yù)訂兩天以上，每天$75。顧客想要預(yù)訂三天，故做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的乘法，便可得出正確答案。干擾項(xiàng)B 根據(jù)75×2+79設(shè)置，如果學(xué)生只抓住two days,then $75 a day，就容易算錯(cuò)。干擾項(xiàng)C 根據(jù)79×3 設(shè)置。第2、3 題均屬于考查學(xué)生獲取具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的能力。第2 小題根據(jù)“Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.”可知答案。該題需要學(xué)生抓住答題關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)that very day 即Dec.23，以及check-in time，2 pm。干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置源于語(yǔ)境中的before that time，如果學(xué)生斷章取義，就容易誤選。第3 小題在于考查學(xué)生同類項(xiàng)排查的能力，干擾項(xiàng)均來(lái)自文本內(nèi)容。

四、試題的優(yōu)化

正所謂“獅子滾繡球，好戲在后頭”，試題命制好之后，優(yōu)化試題環(huán)節(jié)閃亮登場(chǎng)。首先，要從整體上看考點(diǎn)是否全面，5W1H 是否按高考呈現(xiàn)的比例分布，四個(gè)角度即理解主旨要義，獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息，對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容做出簡(jiǎn)單推斷，理解說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，是否均已命題，且分配是否合理；其次，要看正確選項(xiàng)是否分布均勻，選項(xiàng)A、B、C 是否是按6、7、7；7、6、7 或7、7、6 的模式呈現(xiàn)。最后，要逐詞逐句研讀聽(tīng)力材料和試題，看是否存在筆誤導(dǎo)致的大小寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)、W/M 的標(biāo)注、題號(hào)等是否正確，選項(xiàng)是否按一定順序排列等。

以上就是筆者關(guān)于原創(chuàng)聽(tīng)力試題的一點(diǎn)心得。原創(chuàng)之路雖然辛苦，但令我收獲滿滿。它激勵(lì)我更加深入地研究高考試題，進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化聽(tīng)力教學(xué)，提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力成績(jī)。它給予我更多的靈感，讓我以更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度投入工作。路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮，吾將上下而求索。原創(chuàng)，我一直在路上。