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        純電動汽車復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)及其能量控制策略

        2019-10-21 09:31:11周美蘭馮繼峰張宇
        電機與控制學(xué)報 2019年5期
        關(guān)鍵詞:控制策略實驗系統(tǒng)

        周美蘭 馮繼峰 張宇

        Abstract:The composite energy storage system composed of battery, super capacitor and bi-directional DC-DC converter was studied to solve the problem of insufficient mileage and short battery life in electric vehicles. In order to realize rational power allocation of battery and super capacitor, the logic threshold and fuzzy control strategy were established respectively. The vehicle model was constructed based on the electric vehicle simulation software.Through simulation study,the characteristic curves of the current and SOC of battery and the current curves of super capacitor were got, and the results were compared with the single battery power supply. For verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the control strategy, the experimental platform was built to study electric vehicles during driving and braking. Simulation and the experimental results show the composite energy storage system and its control strategies successfully reduce the charge and discharge current of battery, regenerate the braking energy and improve the mileage of electric vehicles.

        Keywords:electric vehicles; composite energy storage; logic threshold; fuzzy control

        0 引 言

        近年來,隨著我國汽車保有量的急劇增加,石油資源逐漸匱乏、環(huán)境日益惡劣等問題也接踵而至,傳統(tǒng)燃油汽車造成的負面影響已無法滿足人們對可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求,純電動汽車已成為今后的主要發(fā)展方向[1]。純電動汽車蓄電池的發(fā)展較為滯后,其功率密度較低、充放電次數(shù)有限、壽命較短,很難滿足人們的日常需求[2-3]。

        為解決這一技術(shù)難題,在純電動汽車電源系統(tǒng)中安裝了超級電容和雙向DC-DC變換器,從而組成了復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)[4]。由于超級電容具有功率密度高、壽命長、能承受瞬時大電流充放電等優(yōu)點,由此組成的復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)能夠提升原有電源系統(tǒng)的性能,從而提高純電動汽車的動力性能和續(xù)駛里程[5-7]。

        隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)逐漸走進研究人員的視野,并已取得一些可喜的成就[8-9]。Chugoku電力公司和豐田公司對蓄電池和超級電容構(gòu)成的復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)實驗研究,實驗結(jié)果顯示,相比單一蓄電池電源的電動汽車,具有復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)的電動汽車具有更好的動力性能[10]。Arani S K等人利用遺傳算法優(yōu)化電動汽車模糊控制器并進行實驗,結(jié)果表明,所開發(fā)的模糊控制器在降低功耗等方面優(yōu)于標準模糊控制器[11]。我國也開始對復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)進行各項研究[12]。如王斌等人提出了一種新型復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu),并設(shè)計了7種工作方案,有效提高了復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)工作效率并保證蓄電池的充放電安全[13]。Chen Jian等人提出了一種電動汽車用模糊邏輯參數(shù)調(diào)整的自適應(yīng)控制方法,仿真和實驗結(jié)果證明了所提出方法的有效性[14]。但在能量回饋、蓄電池保護和電動汽車續(xù)駛里程等方面仍存在較大的缺陷。針對此類問題,本文提出了復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)的能量控制策略。

        本文主要根據(jù)所選復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計了基于邏輯門限和基于模糊控制的能量控制策略。在AVL CRUISE仿真軟件中搭建了純電動汽車整車模型進行仿真分析,根據(jù)仿真分析的結(jié)果搭建了實驗臺架,從而達到驗證所設(shè)計的控制策略的可行性與有效性的目的。

        1 復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)

        復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)主要由蓄電池、超級電容和雙向DC-DC變換器等三部分組成。其連接方式一般可以分為以下幾種[15-16]:蓄電池與超級電容并聯(lián)、蓄電池串聯(lián)雙向DC-DC變換器后與超級電容并聯(lián)、超級電容串聯(lián)雙向DC-DC變換器后與蓄電池并聯(lián)、蓄電池和超級電容分別串聯(lián)一個雙向DC-DC變換器后并聯(lián),這當中以第三種方式最為經(jīng)濟實用且易于實現(xiàn),其連接方式如圖1所示。

        5 結(jié) 論

        本文對復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)進行了研究,制定了兩種控制策略?;贑RUISE在NEDC工況下進行了仿真分析,搭建了純電動汽車復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)實驗臺架,進行了負載和制動實驗,得到結(jié)論如下:

        (1)仿真結(jié)果表明,制定的純電動汽車復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)能量控制策略能夠合理地進行功率分配,使蓄電池輸出電流較為平穩(wěn),延長蓄電池使用壽命,同時超級電容還能有效地回收制動能量,提高能量的利用率。

        (2)與單一蓄電池能源相比,邏輯門限控制策略總體節(jié)能6.17%,模糊控制策略總體節(jié)能34.57%;與邏輯門限控制策略相比,模糊控制策略節(jié)能效果提升5倍多,極大地提高了超級電容的利用率。

        (3)負載與制動實驗表明,基于模糊控制策略的復(fù)合儲能系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對回饋能量的有效利用,證明了所提控制策略的可行性。

        參 考 文 獻:

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        [5] YOO H, SUL S, PARK Y, et al. System integration and power-flow management for a series hybrid electric vehicle using supercapacitors and batteries[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2008,44(1): 108.

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        ZHANG Chunjiang, DONG Jie, LIU Jun, et al. A control strategy for battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014, 29(4):334.

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        WANG Qi, SUN Yukun. Research on the control ctrategy and optimization of energy management system of hybrid energy storage in a hybrid electric vehicle[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, S1:195.

        [9] 張相軍,劉冠男,王懿杰,等.軟開關(guān)雙向DC-DC變換器控制模型[J].電機與控制學(xué)報,2013,17(11):89.

        ZHANG Xiangjun, LIU Guannan, WANG Yijie, et al. Bidirectional DC/DC converter control model analysis based on super capacitor[J]. Electric Machines and Control,2013,17(11):89.

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        WANG Bin, XU Jun, CAO Binggang, et al. A novel hybrid power configuration and its power distribution strategy for electric vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering,2015,37(09):1053

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        (編輯:劉素菊)

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