魯姣英

語法填空中，對動詞的考查幾乎占了半壁江山。請看下表：

因此，在高考備考中掌握動詞的用法尤為重要。

動詞在句中可充當謂語和非謂語。謂語又要結合語境來判斷其時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致;而非謂語呢，有動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和不定式四種形式。

一、真題回顧

我們看一下2019年高考全國卷語法填空中對動詞考查的具體題目。

全國Ⅰ卷

1. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut ? ?65 ? ?（report）increases in bear sightings around human settlements.

2. Modern methods of /for_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s， and are expensive? ? ?64 ? ? （perform） consistently over a large area.

3. Scientists have responded by ? ? 67 ? ? ?（note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集） around human settlements.

4. Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations， three are declining， six ? ? ?70 ? ? ?（be）stable， one is increasing， and nine lack enough data.

Keys： 1. have reported 2. to perform 3. noting 4. are

全國Ⅱ卷

5. A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ? ? ?61 ? ? ?（be）Britains oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.

6. Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene ? ? ? 64 ? ? ? （declare）she had no plans ? ? ? 65 ? ? ? （retire）from her 36-year-old business.

7. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ? ? ?66 ? ? ?（make）over the years.

8. When we got a call ? ? ?68 ? ? ?（say）she was short-listed，we thought it was ajoke.

Keys： 5. being 6. declared; to retire 7. have made 8. saying

全國Ⅲ卷

9. On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take ? ? ?62 ? ? ?（get）there.

10. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ? ? 65 ? ?（recommend） wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.

11. On the last day of our week-long stay，we ? ? ?69 ? ? ?（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， ? ? 70 ? ? ?（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

Keys： 9. to get 10. recommended 11. were invited; listening

既然對動詞的考查占這么大的比重，那么，我們要怎樣來解決相關的問題呢？

二、解題思路

要填出這些動詞的正確的形式，首先得區(qū)分謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。

凡是句子都有謂語，所以我們先找句中的謂語。

謂語動詞

Step 1確定句中是否缺謂語或并列謂語，如缺謂語動詞，則需填謂語動詞。

Step 2若需填謂語動詞，就要看主語與謂語之間是主動關系還是被動關系，以確定用主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)，同時還要根據(jù)語境考慮用哪種時態(tài)。

Step 3要注意主謂一致。

[例1]I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ? ? ?66 ? ? ?（make）over the years.

分析：主語I后還沒有別的謂語動詞，故make是謂語動詞;又由over the years可知，用現(xiàn)在完成時，故填have made。

[例2]Our hosts shared many of their experiences and? ? ?65 ? ? ?（recommend）wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.（全國卷3）

分析：句中shared是謂語動詞，由空格前的and可知，recommend與shared并列，即并列謂語，故也用一般過去時，故填recommended。

[例3]On the last day of our week-long stay，we ? ? ?69 ? ??（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

分析：句中we是的主語，那么invite 則是謂語;又因we和invite 是被動關系，故用被動語態(tài);最后，結合整個語篇的時態(tài)是一般過去時，所以填 were invited。

非謂語動詞

Step 1若句中已有謂語，也不是作并列謂語時，則應填非謂語動詞。

Step 2根據(jù)非謂語動詞在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求，或某些詞語的特殊要求，確定用哪種非謂語動詞形式。如作目的狀語一般用不定式形式，作主語或賓語用-ing形式或不定式，在enjoy，finish， include， avoid等動詞后作賓語用-ing形式，在decide，refuse等動詞后用不定式形式，等等。

Step 3確定非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語是主動還是被動關系。

Step 4根據(jù)非謂語動詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生的先后關系確定用一般式還是用完成式。如：

[例4]Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene declared she had no plans ? ? ?65 ? ? ?（retire）from her 36-year-old business.

分析：delclare 后是一個賓語從句，從句中已有謂語動詞had;而且沒有其它連詞，所以retire 為非謂語動詞;因計劃做某事，也就是還沒有發(fā)生的動詞，即未來的動作，要用不定式，故填to retire。

[例5]On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， ? ? 70 ? ? ?（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

分析：句中invite是謂語動詞，而listen前是個逗號，說明是同一個句子，而一個句中，有了謂語動詞，又沒有出現(xiàn)連詞，可以判斷l(xiāng)isten為非謂語動詞;又因we與listen 是主動關系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞listening。

[例6]Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s， and are expensive ? ? ?64 ? ? ?（perform）consistently over a large area.

分析：句中have been employed和are expensive是并列謂語，顯然perform為非謂語動詞;在形容詞（expensive） 后做狀語只能用不定式，故填to perform。

[例7]Scientists have responded by ? ? ? 67 ? ? （note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements.

分析：在介詞（by）后，一般用動名詞，故填noting。

總結歸納：

先看句中有無謂語動詞。

如果句中缺謂語，則補充謂語。綜合考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)及主謂一致。

如果句中有謂語，則再看有無連詞（并列連詞或從屬連詞）

有連詞，則填謂語;無連詞，則是非謂語。

還要注意標點符號：句點、分號都代表著一個句子的完結;而逗號則不是。

鞏固練習

1. So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base， where ticket money helps pay for research， I________（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

2. But my connection with pandas goes back ? to ? my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s， when I was the first Western TV reporter________（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

3. My ambassadorial duties will include________（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

4. Leaving the less important things until tomorrow________（be） often acceptable.

5. If you find something you love doing outside of the office， youll be less likely ________（bring）your work home.

6. You dont have to run fast or for long________（see）the benefit.

7. You may drink， smoke， be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________（die）early by running.

8. While running regularly cant make you live forever， the review says it_______（be）more effective at lengthening life than walking， cycling or swimming.

9. Since 2011， the country________（grow）more corn than rice.

10. Another reason for corns rise： The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice_______（improve）water quality.

11. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government ________（start）a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011， fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

12. That prevented the emission（排放）of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while ________（feed）its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the banks Juergen Voegele.

13. I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid ______（look）directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel________（challenge）.

14. True to a gorillas unaggressive nature， the huge animal ________（mean）me no real harm.

15. He was just saying：“Im king of this forest， and here is your reminder！” Once his message was delivered， he allowed me________（stay）and watch.

16. When fat and salt________（remove）from food， the food tastes as if it is missing somehting.

17. Fast food ________（be）full of fat and salt; by________（eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

18. This included digging up the road， ________（lay）the track and then building a strong roof over its top.

19. Steam engines ________（use）to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers， with all the smoke and noise.

20. But unlike her school friends， Sarah is not spending half-term ________（rest）

Keys：

1. was allowed 2. permitted 3. introducing 4. is 5. to bring 6. to see 7. dying 8. is 9. has grown 10. to improve 11. started 12. feeding 13. looking， challenged 14. meant 15. to say 16. are removed 17. is， eating 18. laying 19. were used 20. resting

責任編輯 蔣小青