林巍

在前兩屆世界中醫(yī)翻譯大賽的基礎(chǔ)上，本屆收到有效參賽譯文430份，為歷史最多，其質(zhì)量和水平也有相應(yīng)提高。對(duì)此，值得分析、總結(jié)，以利今后借鑒。

1. 專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的確切性

對(duì)于中醫(yī)的翻譯，遇到最多的是其專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的障礙。眾所周知，中醫(yī)是一種極具特色的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化，其發(fā)源不是西方意義上的“科學(xué)”，而是東方廣義的哲學(xué)，其語(yǔ)言多帶文學(xué)色彩。但是，由于一百五十余年來的“西醫(yī)東漸”及其翻譯的實(shí)踐，中醫(yī)術(shù)語(yǔ)又和西醫(yī)概念混雜在一起，形成了非常復(fù)雜的局面。

眾所周知，中醫(yī)里的“心”“肝”“脾”“胃”“腎”，并不完全等同于西醫(yī)的heart、liver、spleen、stomach、kidney，但是二者又有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，不能彼此割裂;對(duì)其間所體現(xiàn)的內(nèi)涵、程度、變通的理解和處理，便是對(duì)中醫(yī)譯者的挑戰(zhàn)。

對(duì)于題目中的“經(jīng)絡(luò)”，參賽譯文可謂多姿多彩，如Jingluo、Meridian and Collateral、Channels and Collaterals、Jingluo （Meridian and Collateral）等。對(duì)此，World Health Organization Western Pacific Region有所論述：Jingluo （also named as “meridian and collateral”） refers to a system of conduits through which qi and blood circulate， connecting the bowels， viscera， extremities， superficial organs and tissues， making the body an organic whole， the same as channels and networks. Jingluo includes jingmai and luomai.看來音譯和意譯都是可接受的，但相對(duì)而言，meridians更易被普遍認(rèn)同，因其英文釋為“in acupuncture， one of the pathways in the body along which the body’s energy is believed to flow and along which acupuncture points are located”， 特別是對(duì)該題目而言，若譯成Magical Effects of Jingluo （Meridian and Collateral），不免顯得冗長(zhǎng)（有的在題目上還加了注釋），不如用The Amazing Functions of the Meridians等來得簡(jiǎn)單明了。

對(duì)于“中醫(yī)”（[1]），大部分用了traditional Chinese medicine， 但仍有不同的，如Chinese medicine、Chinese medical science等，應(yīng)參照《中醫(yī)基本名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)中英對(duì)照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（李振吉）、《中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究——理論研究、實(shí)踐總結(jié)、方法探索》（李照國(guó)）、《英漢漢英中醫(yī)詞典》（魏乃杰）等著作將其統(tǒng)一為通用的traditional Chinese medicine， 同時(shí)為下文表述方便，還應(yīng)將其縮寫為TCM，附在括號(hào)里（但不是方括號(hào)[]），亦不應(yīng)首次出現(xiàn)“中醫(yī)”即用TCM，而與此對(duì)應(yīng)的是西醫(yī)Western medicine（WM）。

在[2] 中，對(duì)于“黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)”，似乎有比較定型的譯文，但此次仍是多種多樣，如Huangdi Neijing、Huangdi’s Classic on Medicine、the Inner Canon of Huangdi、Esoteric Scripture of the Yellow Emperor、the Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic、Huangdi’s Cannon of Medicine、Huangdi’s Canon of Internal Medicine等，這里觸及保留中醫(yī)本色與譯文可讀性的問題。Huangdi Neijing純屬音譯，給英文讀者很少文本信息，the Inner Canon of Huangdi要好些，但仍不知Huangdi為何物，而Esoteric Scripture又過于神秘，相對(duì)而言，比較平衡的中和為The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine。

對(duì)于（經(jīng)絡(luò)者決死生，處百病，調(diào)虛實(shí)）“不可不通”，許多參賽者譯成“Hence it must be dredged”“It therefore has to be opened”“Hence it must be kept in a regular condition”“the meridians and collaterals can’t be unstopped”“must be well-attended for free circulation”等，顯然是對(duì)原文的理解有問題。此處的“通”，《說文解字》釋為“達(dá)也。從辵甬聲?！?，即通曉、通徹之意，如通今博古，通情達(dá)理。因而，可譯為“it has to be understood/comprehended”或“one must therefore not be ignorant of them”。

關(guān)于該段里的“調(diào)虛實(shí)”，許多參賽者竟然漏掉未譯，實(shí)屬遺憾;而譯出的大都為regulate the deficiency and excess，固然不錯(cuò)，但還可再保留些中醫(yī)特色，如adjust xu（deficiency） and shi（excess）， 類似的還有對(duì)于“風(fēng)虐”“風(fēng)瀉”“風(fēng)瀝”的處理：fengnüe（anemogenous malaria）、fengxie（anemogenousdiarrhea）、fengli（anemogenous scrofula）等。

同時(shí)，對(duì)于“中華民族”，許多人譯成了Chinese nation;其實(shí)，此處含義不在政治意義上的“nation （a politically organized body of people under a single government）”，而是指人，即the Chinese people。

在[3]中，“《靈樞·脈度》說”一般譯成“Spiritual pivot and pulse says”“The Miraculous Pivot states that”“According to Linshu-Maidu （a text about meridian system from Huangdi Neijing）”“Lingshu Pulse says…”“Ling Shu Mai Du said that”，但根據(jù)《簡(jiǎn)明漢英〈黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)〉詞典》（李照國(guó)），“靈樞”應(yīng)為The Spiritual Pivot，“脈度”為Measurement of Meridians，而且是該書的第十七章，亦應(yīng)標(biāo)注。故該句不妨譯為：According to the “Measurement of Meridians” （Chapter 17） in The Spiritual Pivot…

[7]中的“得氣”是中醫(yī)里一個(gè)很有特色的概念，因?yàn)椤皻狻钡暮x實(shí)在豐富;它其實(shí)遠(yuǎn)不是西方人一般理解的energy、vital energy、circulation等，況且其本身又分有多種類型。此處的氣指的更多的不是物質(zhì)，而是一種感覺，故可譯為qi sensation等。

對(duì)于[5]中的“頭痛醫(yī)頭，腳痛醫(yī)腳”，參賽譯文大致有三種譯法：直譯，如treat the head when the head aches、treat the foot when the foot hurts;意譯，如no overall plan for a fundamental transformation;綜合二者的，如medical stopgap measures等。鑒于此處指的是一種醫(yī)療理念和方法，故第一種和第三種是可取的。

同段中的“利尿”，有的譯成promote diuresis，其實(shí)diuresis本義是“increased secretion of urine; if not due to increased liquid intake or to the action of a diuretic drug it can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus”，即該詞本身就是“利尿”，若加上promote， 便成了“促利尿”，成為贅語(yǔ)。

此外，還有對(duì)于“循經(jīng)刺絡(luò)”“砭石按摩”“麻黃”等表述與術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯，亦不可掉以輕心。著名翻譯家理論家奈達(dá)（Nida）在其名著《翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》（The Theory and Practice of Translation）中提出一種觀點(diǎn)，即“古文當(dāng)用古言譯”（the ancient language form and style must remain so as to be faithful to the original piece）。然而，對(duì)于中醫(yī)翻譯卻不盡然。實(shí)踐證明，高質(zhì)量的中醫(yī)英譯，應(yīng)以中醫(yī)知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)，以中西醫(yī)對(duì)比為借鑒，從而譯出讓現(xiàn)代讀者可以容易而準(zhǔn)確理解的詞語(yǔ)。

2. 不可或缺的增補(bǔ)

如前所述，由于中醫(yī)起源于中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)（特別是《易經(jīng)》），其語(yǔ)言富有文學(xué)性和哲理性，因而對(duì)其翻譯需要特殊的語(yǔ)言處理。

鑒于中醫(yī)表述大都格外言簡(jiǎn)意賅，許多情況下要做些“展開”處理，如“膜原”，若只譯成membrane source顯然不夠，還需加入pleurodiaphragmatic interspace， interior-exterior interspace where the pathogens of epidemic febrile disease trends to settle。需對(duì)“丹田”（Cinnabar field）加以解釋：in TCM it refers to three regions of the body to which one’s mind is focused while practicing qigong， namely the lower cinnabar field， the regions located in the upper 2/3 of the line joining the umbilicus and symphysis pubis; the middle cinnabar field， the xiphoid area; and the upper cinnabar field， the region between the eyebrows.如此，方可謂較為完整的譯文。

同樣，在該篇[4]中，對(duì)于“循經(jīng)刺絡(luò)”的翻譯，若只譯成following meridians and collaterals、along the meridians、follow the meridian、Xunjing Ciluo 、have known that collaterals pricking is based on meridian等，顯然不夠;同時(shí)，也有不少參賽譯文對(duì)此做了多種方式的補(bǔ)充，如“to follow the meridians （a little bloodletting to cool the body down）”“along the meridians （let a small amount of blood to cool down）”“to stimulate the collaterals along the meridians， which means releasing a little blood to cool the body”“pricking collaterals along meridians， namely to put a small amount of blood to cool down”等，都在不同程度上彌補(bǔ)了原義，但還不夠完整，如 to cool down什么？應(yīng)為to cool down the body temperature;同時(shí)，還應(yīng)顧及上下文的銜接。故此，不妨譯為：a practice of “pricking meridians and collaterals” （to cool down the body temperature by releasing a bit of blood following meridians and collaterals）， from which…其中下畫線部分為必要的增補(bǔ)。

[6] 中關(guān)于“氣血”的翻譯，典型的參賽譯文，如“but channels for carrying qi and blood which are the material basis of human life activities. Qi and blood must pass the channels and collaterals in order to warm and nourish the viscera， tissues and organs and maintain the normal physiological functions of the body.”“it is the channel to deliver Qi and blood， which is the basis of human’s life activities. It’s through meridians that Qi and blood can be delivered over the body to warm and nourish the viscera， tissues and organs so that it can maintain normal physiological functions of the body.”“they are meridians that transport ‘blood and qi’ （the material basis of human life）”“Only by passing meridians and collaterals， can blood and qi spread over the whole body to supply all the Zangfu， tissues and organs， maintaining the normal physiological function of the body”等，看得出來，一般都多少具有對(duì)“氣血”作出解釋的意識(shí)，但還可更加到位。具體而言，該詞此處需與“輸布周身”“溫養(yǎng)濡潤(rùn)”“維持機(jī)體的正常生理功能”相聯(lián)系，綜合理解和表述。中醫(yī)里的氣血，盡管有時(shí)也會(huì)譯作qi and blood、bleeding等，但實(shí)際內(nèi)涵并不完全相對(duì)，往往需要某種補(bǔ)充說明，如“氣隨血脫”譯為“qi collapse following bleeding—a pathological change in which massive loss of blood leads to collapse of qi”;“血不歸經(jīng)”譯為“blood failing to stay in the meridians—a pathological change that causes extravasation of blood”;“血熱妄行”譯為“frenetic movement of blood due to heat—a pathological change extravasation of blood in which heat forces;“氣血兩虛”譯為“dual deficiency of qi and blood—simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and blood deficiency”;“津枯血燥”譯為“fluid consumption and blood dryness—a pathological change in which insufficiency of fluid gives rise to blood dryness with endogenous heat”;“氣隨液脫”譯為“qi collapse due to humor depletion—a pathological change in which qi collapse occurs following massive loss of fluid”;“氣不化津”譯為“qi failing to form fluid—insufficient yang qi with reduced vaporizing actin failing to induce the formation of body fluid”。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)又未必要用qi and blood， 如“這些鍛煉通常包含了冥想，強(qiáng)調(diào)氣血循環(huán)以及身體協(xié)調(diào)，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)肌肉鍛煉?！笨勺g為：They typically involve meditation， emphasizing cardiovascular circulation and alignment of the body instead of muscular development.然而，就此處的“運(yùn)送‘氣血’的通道”而言，更多的是指中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論中其作為“臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)生理活動(dòng)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)”（the material basis for the physiological activities of the zang-fu and meridians），故該句不妨譯為channels for transporting qi and blood（the material foundation for human physical activities），而“氣血必須通過經(jīng)絡(luò)才能輸布周身，以溫養(yǎng)濡潤(rùn)各臟腑、組織和器官，維持機(jī)體的正常生理功能”中的“溫……”“濡……”“維持……”則可用動(dòng)名詞處理：Through the meridians and collaterals， qi and blood are spread over the entire body， warming and moisturizing the viscera， tissues and organs， and maintaining the normal physiological functions of the body.

[3]中，“其中屬于經(jīng)脈方面的，以十二經(jīng)脈為主，屬于絡(luò)脈方面的，以十五絡(luò)脈為主”，其實(shí)在中醫(yī)里，除此之外，還有大量隨病而定的“阿是穴”，該詞一般譯成Ashi point、Ashi acupuncture point、touch point等，但就其規(guī)律而言，應(yīng)為irregular ones， 并補(bǔ)充在括弧之中。

[10]的內(nèi)容，看似簡(jiǎn)單，參賽譯文大都能較為通順地轉(zhuǎn)述出來，如“The magical ancient jingluo system， combined with today’s modern medical technology， will inevitably bring forth more miraculous therapeutic effects in the future.”“The discovery of ancient meridian and collateral system and the combination of modern medical technology will inevitably produce more remarkable curative effects.”等，似乎意思不錯(cuò)，但略感不足，究其原因，是可進(jìn)一步挖掘出“更為神奇的治療效果”背后的含義，即前面的狀語(yǔ)為“比單獨(dú)利用某種醫(yī)療體系……”，故可用… either… alone，如“When combined with modern medical technologies， the meridian-based treatments discovered in ancient China will surely produce even more miraculous therapeutic effects than either treatment system used alone.”。如此，將其內(nèi)涵更加充分地表達(dá)出來。

總之，這些翻譯中的增補(bǔ)，無論段落、句子或詞語(yǔ)，看似無足輕重，但對(duì)于完整意義上的翻譯而言，卻不可或缺。

3.譯語(yǔ)意識(shí)的考量

中醫(yī)的語(yǔ)言，如上所述，植根于中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化，“意合”特點(diǎn)突出，因而在譯成英文時(shí)，應(yīng)時(shí)時(shí)具有“形合”意識(shí)，如使用在原文中沒有、但譯文中必要的具有語(yǔ)法功能的介詞、代詞、連詞等，把孤立的句子串聯(lián)起來，以求詞意和語(yǔ)勢(shì)的貫通。

對(duì)于[1]，“如果說，西醫(yī)治病是以解剖系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)，那么中醫(yī)治病，則以經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)為其基礎(chǔ)之一。對(duì)此，西方人感到驚奇”，較為典型的參賽譯文：①Western Medicine treatment regards anatomy as the basic principle， and Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment is based on meridian and collateral study. It surprises westerners. ②Relying on the anatomy of body systems to treat diseases like western medicine， Traditional Chinese Medicine doctors cure diseases partly based on meridian system （Jing and luo system）. It amazes Westerners.③If we say that Western medicine treats diseases based on anatomy system， then Chinese medicine treats diseases based on meridian system is one of its bases. Westerners are amazed at this.分析起來，①中的Western Medicine treatment與Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment以及“It surprises…”之間似乎彼此分開，若在句首（或句尾）加上介詞while，將it換為which引導(dǎo)后面從句，就會(huì)在彼此之間建立聯(lián)系，使整段融為一體。②有著類似的問題，若在句首加上Rather than便會(huì)使其與后面的分句產(chǎn)生呼應(yīng);同樣應(yīng)以which替換it。③似乎以“If we say that…then…”體現(xiàn)了“如果說…… 那么……”，但不免有些過于直譯、死板，同時(shí)對(duì)于兩個(gè)“基礎(chǔ)”也應(yīng)有所變化，避免重復(fù)，如用based、founded等：While the treatment of disease in Western medicine （WM） is believed to have been based on an anatomical system， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） was founded on the meridian system， one of its fundamental theories， which seems quite amazing to Westerners.

[2]中的“在兩千多年的醫(yī)學(xué)長(zhǎng)河中，為中華民族的治病、防病、康復(fù)發(fā)揮了重要的作用”，有的譯成“it has made great contributions to the treatment， preventing disease and rehabilitation of Chinese nation during 2000-year-long history.”“it played a significant role for the Chinese nation in disease preventing， curing and health recovering in the medical history of over 2000 years， originating in ancient times and serving today.”其中下畫線部分是對(duì)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)“治病、防病”和動(dòng)詞“康復(fù)”的翻譯，但未能將詞性統(tǒng)一（如統(tǒng)一為名詞或動(dòng)名詞）;同時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的表述“during 2000-year-long history”“in the medical history of over 2000 years， originating in ancient times and serving today”也有些問題。就具體語(yǔ)境而言，不妨將其梳理為：Over the past two thousand years， it has played a very significant role in treating and preventing diseases， and guiding rehabilitation， for the Chinese people.或者，將狀語(yǔ)部分適當(dāng)調(diào)整。

對(duì)于復(fù)雜句子的翻譯，則既要講求專業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確，又不宜過于陷入細(xì)微末節(jié)之中，以致失去整體意義。如[3]中的一段，“它們縱橫交貫，遍布全身，將人體內(nèi)外、臟腑、肢節(jié)、器官聯(lián)成為一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，運(yùn)行全身氣血，感應(yīng)傳導(dǎo)信息”，很容易譯成“All channels （mainly the twelve channels） and collaterals （mainly the fifteen collateral vessels）， are crisscrossing and spreading all over the body， linking the internal and external， viscera and bowels， limbs and organs into an organic whole， transporting qi and blood， receiving and conducting information.”或“They are crisscrossed and cluster throughout the body so that they can associate both inside and outside of the body， viscera， podites， organs entirely， running qi and blood all over the body， sensing and transmitting information.”應(yīng)當(dāng)說，這些參賽譯文大體是可以接受的，但分析起來，又過于追求字面對(duì)等了。其實(shí)不妨采用“簡(jiǎn)略譯法”，如“酸甜苦辣”許多時(shí)候不必譯成sour、sweet、bitter、hot，可為all kinds of tastes或the sweets and bitters （of life）、（human） joys and sorrows、ups and downs （in life）、everything under the sun等。對(duì)此，參考譯文為：Spreading all over the body， these meridians and collaterals pertain to the “interior” viscera and bowels and extend to the “exterior” extremities， joints and organs， integrating them into an organic whole. Through this network qi and blood are transported and biological information transmitted. 其中，將“縱橫交貫”譯為狀語(yǔ)Spreading all over the body，從而簡(jiǎn)化了句式;同時(shí)，未將“人體內(nèi)外”一一對(duì)應(yīng)，而是歸類為interior和exterior兩部分，從而達(dá)到整體等值的效果。

[5]中，對(duì)于“與西醫(yī)的……不同”，參賽譯文也有著多種表述，如“Different from the western medicine…”“Varied from western medical measures of…”“As a contrast to Western medicine doctors， who typically…”等，這里難點(diǎn)在于用準(zhǔn)確的詞語(yǔ)兼顧“不同”與“醫(yī)療方法”，如“Unlike the approach of Western medicine， which is basically…”。

[8]中的“氣為血之帥”是一種典型的中醫(yī)用語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用引號(hào)標(biāo)出，即所謂的qi is the commander of blood，而后面的“故氣為血之帥”又不必重復(fù)，而可將其融匯到整句“推動(dòng)血液循環(huán)，掌握著血流的節(jié)奏，故氣為血之帥;而這些都要在經(jīng)絡(luò)中進(jìn)行”的表述中，如“…promotes blood circulation and controls the rhythm of the blood flow within the meridians and collaterals”，以求通順、自然、地道。

此外，還應(yīng)力戒一些可以避免的“低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤”，如單復(fù)數(shù)不分（foot/feet）、錯(cuò)用（So what exactly is “Channels and Collaterals”？）、元音前的an （a anatomical）、將中文的書名標(biāo)志運(yùn)用到英文里（如《The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine》《Lingshu Maidu》），以及漏譯題目等。魯迅說，寫、譯完之后，至少看兩遍;一經(jīng)檢查，許多這類問題便很容易糾正。

綜上所述，中醫(yī)英譯是一種專業(yè)性翻譯，在術(shù)語(yǔ)、句式、篇章等方面有著某些特殊規(guī)律，需在深刻理解中醫(yī)、借鑒西醫(yī)語(yǔ)言、提升英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷求得更加準(zhǔn)確、完善、高質(zhì)量的專業(yè)化的疏通與轉(zhuǎn)述。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[2] 李照國(guó).簡(jiǎn)明漢英《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》詞典[Z].北京：人民衛(wèi)生出版社，2011.

[3] 李振吉.中醫(yī)基本名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)中英對(duì)照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M]. 北京：人民衛(wèi)生出版社，2008.

[4] 魏乃杰. 英漢漢英中醫(yī)詞典 [Z]. 長(zhǎng)沙：湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1995.

[5] Nida A.Eugene & Taber R.Charles. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M].上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社， 2018.

[6] World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Regions [M]. Manila： Philippines， 2007.