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        平臺轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)對種植體周圍組織影響的Meta分析

        2019-09-10 07:22:44王蕾劉延山柏娜劉杰
        青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(醫(yī)學(xué)版) 2019年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:牙周組織Meta分析

        王蕾 劉延山 柏娜 劉杰

        [摘要]目的系統(tǒng)評價分析平臺轉(zhuǎn)移(PS)技術(shù)對種植體邊緣骨吸收和牙周組織健康的影響。方法計算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Central、CBM、CNKI、維普、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫并以手工檢索為輔助,收集1992—2018年間國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的PS與平臺匹配(PM)技術(shù)的隨機(jī)對照試驗。對所納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取、質(zhì)量評估,采用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果共納入18篇文獻(xiàn),643例病人,1 216枚種植體(616枚PS種植體,600枚PM種植體)。Meta分析顯示,PS組種植體邊緣骨吸收明顯少于PM組(MD=-0.28,95% CIS=-0.40~-0.16,P<0.01),探診深度明顯小于PM組(MD=-0.19,95% CIS=-0.29~-0.10,P<0.01)。結(jié)論現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)表明,PS技術(shù)與PM技術(shù)相比更有利于種植體周圍骨組織和軟組織的健康。

        [關(guān)鍵詞]平臺轉(zhuǎn)移;平臺匹配;牙種植體;牙槽骨質(zhì)丟失;牙周組織;Meta分析

        [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the effect of platform switching (PS) on peri`-implant bone resorption and the health of periodontal tissue. MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched by computer retrieval and supplementary manual retrieval for randomized controlled trials of PS versus platform matching (PM) published in China and abroad between 1992 and 2018. The quality of the included literature was evaluated, the data were extracted, and a Meta`-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. ResultsA total of 1 216 implants (616 PS implants and 600 PM implants) from 643 patients in 18 articles were included. Meta`-analysis showed that the PS group had significantly less peri`-implant bone resorption and significantly smaller probing depth than the PM group (MD=-0.28 and -0.19,95% CIS=-0.40 to -0.16 and -0.29 to -0.10, respectively, both P<0.01). ConclusionExisting data show that PS is superior to PM in terms of their respective effect on the health of peri`-implant bone tissue and soft tissue.

        [KEY WORDS]platform`-switching; platform`-matching; dental implants; alveolar bone loss; periodontium; Meta`-analysis

        種植義齒具有美觀、舒適、咀嚼力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),受到了廣大醫(yī)生和病人的青睞。然而,隨著種植手術(shù)的深入開展和廣泛普及,也暴露出一些問題,如種植體邊緣骨吸收。多種因素可造成種植體邊緣骨吸收,如種植的部位、種植體周圍骨的類型、手術(shù)的損傷、種植體的類型、種植體周圍炎、設(shè)計不當(dāng)?shù)萚1`-3]。另外,粗糙的種植體表面更容易造成菌斑的堆積,導(dǎo)致種植體周圍炎和種植體周圍骨質(zhì)的吸收,因此,保留種植體周圍的骨質(zhì)已成為重中之重[4`-6]。20世紀(jì)90年代,LAZZARA等[7]偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了基臺不匹配的種植體在影像學(xué)檢查中表現(xiàn)出更少的種植體邊緣骨吸收,隨即提出了平臺轉(zhuǎn)移(PS)的概念。已有研究表明,PS能夠有效減少炎癥的浸潤[8]。此外,PS通過將應(yīng)力集中從密質(zhì)骨轉(zhuǎn)移到松質(zhì)骨,從頸部區(qū)域轉(zhuǎn)移到基牙界面的中心,可以減少種植體周圍頸部的壓力[9`-12]。近年來大量研究結(jié)果證實,PS技術(shù)在種植體邊緣骨保留方面存在一定的優(yōu)勢[13`-18]。本文通過與傳統(tǒng)的平臺匹配(PM)技術(shù)進(jìn)行比較,系統(tǒng)評價分析PS技術(shù)對種植體邊緣骨吸收和牙周組織健康的影響?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。

        1資料和方法

        1.1文獻(xiàn)檢索

        由兩名研究員分別獨(dú)立檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Central、CBM、CNKI、維普和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫。應(yīng)用主題詞或自由詞,以“dental implants”、“platform`-switching”、“platform`-switched implant”、“oral implant”、“marginal bone loss”、“marginal bone preservation”、“probing depth”為英文檢索詞,以“平臺轉(zhuǎn)移”、“平臺匹配”、“種植體邊緣骨吸收”、“探診深度”為中文檢索詞,檢索1992—2018年所有發(fā)表的中英文文獻(xiàn),根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),篩選符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),如遇分歧,則由兩位研究員討論解決。

        1.2文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗研究;②病人年齡大于18歲;③病人心理健康;④隨訪時間至少為1年;⑤病人數(shù)量至少為10例;⑥病人在種植手術(shù)之前身體無任何炎癥反應(yīng)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病人處于孕期或哺乳期;②動物實驗及非臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗研究;③隨訪時間不足1年;④病人有系統(tǒng)疾病;⑤數(shù)據(jù)不完整的文獻(xiàn);⑥數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。

        1.3文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評價

        由兩名研究員對所納入的文獻(xiàn)在分配方案、分配隱藏、盲法、對失訪的描述及統(tǒng)計處理這幾個方面,運(yùn)用RevMan 5.3軟件按照質(zhì)量評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量評估。若有分歧,則討論解決。

        1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

        采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。用I2值判斷異質(zhì)性,若I2≤50%則使用固定效應(yīng)模型,反之則使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;使用漏斗圖對存在的發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行分析。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

        2結(jié)果

        2.1納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征

        初步篩選出文獻(xiàn)197篇,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通過仔細(xì)閱讀題目、摘要和全文,初步排除文獻(xiàn)145篇,剩余52篇,進(jìn)一步排除非嚴(yán)格的隨機(jī)對照試驗文章34篇,最終納入文獻(xiàn)18篇[19`-36]。18篇文獻(xiàn)中合計有643例病人,共1 216顆種植體,其中PS組616顆種植體,PM組600顆種植體。納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征見表1。

        2.2質(zhì)量評價

        納入的18篇文獻(xiàn)中有1篇文獻(xiàn)為低風(fēng)險,6篇文獻(xiàn)為中度風(fēng)險,其余11篇文獻(xiàn)為高度風(fēng)險。

        2.3異質(zhì)性檢驗

        納入的18篇文獻(xiàn)具有異質(zhì)性(Chi2=547.45,P<0.01,I2=94%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行 Meta分析。

        2.4種植體邊緣骨吸收的Meta分析

        Meta分析顯示,PS組種植體邊緣的骨吸收明顯少于PM組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(MD=-0.28,95% CIS=-0.40~-0.16,P<0.01),表明PS更有利于種植體邊緣骨保存。發(fā)表偏倚分析顯示,邊緣骨吸收的漏斗圖不對稱(圖1),提示文獻(xiàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚。為探討可能的異質(zhì)性來源,本研究分別對種植體植入口腔后隨訪不同時間段(≤3個月、4~6個月、7~12個月、13~24個月、25~60個月)的種植體邊緣骨吸收情況進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,在4~6個月和7~12個月這兩個時間段,兩組之間比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(MD=-0.15、-0.40,P<0.01),而在其他時間段兩組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖2。

        2.5探診深度的Meta分析

        Meta分析顯示,PS組探診深度明顯小于PM組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(MD=-0.19,95% CIS=-0.29~-0.10,P<0.01),表明PS相對于PM更有利于種植體周圍牙周組織的健康。見圖3。發(fā)表偏倚分析顯示,探診深度的漏斗圖對稱(圖4)。

        3討論

        PS概念自提出以來,贏得了越來越多醫(yī)生的青睞,然而PS在種植體邊緣骨保留和牙周組織健康方面的影響還有待進(jìn)一步探討。到目前為止,關(guān)于PS技術(shù)嚴(yán)格的臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗文獻(xiàn)相對來說還比較匱乏。本文根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入了18篇嚴(yán)格的臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗文獻(xiàn),評價了種植體PS技術(shù)和PM技術(shù)對種植體邊緣骨吸收和探診深度的影響,Meta分析結(jié)果表明,PS技術(shù)更有利于種植體邊緣骨保存和牙周組織健康。

        由于本文納入文獻(xiàn)的異質(zhì)性較高,故我們根據(jù)隨訪的不同時間段進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果表明,種植體植入口腔后4~6個月和7~12個月時,PS和PM技術(shù)在種植體邊緣骨保留方面差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,而在其他時間段兩種技術(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。骨組織是一種復(fù)雜的物質(zhì),其形成和生長是一個復(fù)雜的過程,并不是一蹴而就的,植入后骨組織發(fā)生一系列生理變化,成骨細(xì)胞形成骨組織,破骨細(xì)胞吸收骨組織。這兩種細(xì)胞在骨的發(fā)育和形成過程中起著協(xié)同作用,這就意味著理想的骨結(jié)合不可能在短時間內(nèi)完成。就目前的研究結(jié)果而言,在種植體植入口腔后4~6個月和7~12個月,PS技術(shù)更有利于邊緣骨的保存。本文所納入的文獻(xiàn)在4~6個月和7~12個月這兩個隨訪階段的數(shù)量最多,更能說明PS技術(shù)有利于種植體邊緣骨保存。而在≤3個月時,PS組和PM組邊緣骨吸收差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。這種現(xiàn)象可能是由于種植體放置時間較短和種植體周圍骨組織重塑不明顯所致。此外,由于本文所納入的一些文獻(xiàn)沒有報告在3個月內(nèi)骨吸收的變化,因此在此期間進(jìn)行Meta分析的文章數(shù)量較少。所以今后需要更多追蹤此階段的文獻(xiàn)來對種植體邊緣骨吸收進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的探討。當(dāng)隨訪時間超過12個月時,PS組和PM組邊緣骨吸收差異也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。推測可能是以下原因?qū)е铝诉@一現(xiàn)象:首先,由于隨訪時間相對較長,病人的依從性較差,一些有吸煙習(xí)慣的病人可能沒有嚴(yán)格遵循醫(yī)囑繼續(xù)吸煙,從而加速了種植體周圍的骨吸收;其次,在所納入的文獻(xiàn)中,追蹤時間超過1年的文獻(xiàn)相對較少;另外,一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為種植體與基臺之間存在微間隙,種植體植入牙槽骨后,隨著時間的延長,口腔中的一些細(xì)菌可以通過微間隙進(jìn)入種植體周圍,從而加速種植體邊緣骨吸收[37`-39]。但是總體來說,PS技術(shù)與PM技術(shù)相比更有利于種植體周圍骨的保存。

        本文對探診深度Meta分析的結(jié)果顯示,兩組探診深度差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,表明PS技術(shù)相對于PM技術(shù)來說更有利于種植體周圍軟組織的健康。但是,在本文所納入的18篇文獻(xiàn)中,并不是所有的文獻(xiàn)都對探診深度進(jìn)行了測量,故今后需要收集更多高質(zhì)量的文獻(xiàn)對這一方面進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究和分析。

        本研究嚴(yán)格遵循PRISMA聲明和PICO原則,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選取了18篇可信度較高的臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗文獻(xiàn),對種植體周圍的骨吸收狀況和探診深度進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果表明PS技術(shù)相對于PM技術(shù)來說更有利于種植體周圍的骨保存和軟組織健康。然而,本文也存在一些缺陷,所納入的18篇文獻(xiàn)對種植體周圍骨的測量全都是間接測量,其結(jié)果會存在一定的誤差,所以測量方法有待于進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。

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