王佳佳,趙娜娜,李金惠

中國海洋微塑料污染現(xiàn)狀與防治建議

王佳佳,趙娜娜*,李金惠*

(清華大學環(huán)境學院,北京 100084)

微塑料作為一類新型的塑料污染物,廣泛存在于全球海洋環(huán)境中,已經(jīng)成為國際社會普遍關(guān)注的熱點環(huán)境問題,管理不善的廢物是海洋污染的重要來源.本文簡要分析了全球塑料垃圾和微塑料污染形勢以及微塑料的來源,探討了巴塞爾公約所涉及塑料廢物附件修訂的最新進展,同時總結(jié)分析了我國沿海、河口以及內(nèi)陸水域微塑料的粒徑大小、含量、分布和來源.提出未來應(yīng)建立健全我國塑料和微塑料管理體系,加強對重點行業(yè)向海洋中排放塑料和微塑料的研究和監(jiān)管,建立微塑料對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響的風險評價體系、加強宣傳和教育、積極參與國際環(huán)境公約履約談判以推動全球治理

塑料碎片；微塑料；海洋環(huán)境；防治建議；中國

近年來,隨著塑料及對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)潛在影響的報道,社會對海洋塑料垃圾的研究和關(guān)注逐漸增加[1-2].微塑料通常指直徑在1nm~5mm范圍的塑料顆粒,而對于直徑小于2mm的塑料顆粒定義為塑料微粒,又名塑料微珠或塑料柔珠[3].隨著研究深入,聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署等國際組織相繼發(fā)布多份海洋微塑料報告[4-6],論述了海洋微塑料的來源、分布和危害等,海洋塑料污染日漸成為關(guān)注焦點.目前大型塑料碎片和微塑料除在大西洋[7-8]、太平洋[9-10]、印度洋[11]等大洋沿海大量分布,甚至在偏遠的極地[12-14]和深海[15-17]都發(fā)現(xiàn)微塑料的蹤跡.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)北極海冰每m3水中含有多達238個微塑料顆粒,達太平洋垃圾漂浮帶所報道分布濃度的2000倍[18].更甚,從北冰洋的5個地區(qū)采集的巖心樣本中檢測到每升海冰中微塑料的濃度超過12000個顆粒,比以往記錄高出2~3倍[19].除了海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng),更接近微塑料直接來源的淡水系統(tǒng)包括湖泊、河流中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了微塑料的蹤跡[20],來自五大洲14個國家的自來水樣本中,檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)83%自來水含有微塑料成分[21],而瓶裝水中的塑料微粒數(shù)量多達自來水的2倍,無處不在的微塑料也已經(jīng)滲透到海鹽、魚類、貝類、食糖、蜂蜜和啤酒等日常消費的基本產(chǎn)品中[22-23].盡管微塑料對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng),包括海洋生物、生物多樣性以及人類健康的潛在影響尚不清晰[24],但微塑料被各種各樣的海洋生物群攝食已有記錄[25-26],即使是小型海洋無脊椎動物也可能攝取[27],導(dǎo)致生理機能紊亂[28],受到微塑料污染的海洋魚類可以通過食物鏈進行傳遞、積累,進而對人類健康產(chǎn)生一定的影響[29].由于目前為止仍缺乏有效的方法追蹤微塑料的來源,極難從開放的海洋環(huán)境去除,因此,有效控制海洋微塑料的策略是減少塑料垃圾向海洋中的排放.本研究通過文獻調(diào)研,綜述了全球海洋中塑料的污染現(xiàn)狀,微塑料的主要來源、巴塞爾公約對塑料的管制要求、以及我國長江口、內(nèi)陸湖泊和沿岸海水微塑料的研究現(xiàn)狀,并提出建議,為未來加強我國減少塑料和微塑料污染的管理能力提供參考.

1 全球塑料污染現(xiàn)狀

自20世紀50年代初大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)以來,人類已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了83億t塑料,遠超過其他人工合成材料[30-31].據(jù)歐洲統(tǒng)計局公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2016年全球塑料產(chǎn)量3.35億t[32],預(yù)計到2035年,塑料產(chǎn)量預(yù)計將再翻1倍,到2050年將幾乎翻2倍,高達11.24億t[33].隨著塑料制品需求不斷增長,全球已累計產(chǎn)生63億t塑料廢物,但只有6億t(9%)被回收利用,絕大多數(shù)廢塑料被棄置于垃圾填埋場或海洋等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中累計[31].美國佐治亞大學的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果顯示,每年有大量塑料垃圾從陸地流入海洋,高達1270萬t[34],對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境造成的經(jīng)濟損失高達130億美元[24,35-36].如果按照目前的生產(chǎn)趨勢和使用模式,且塑料廢物管理和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施沒有進一步改善,海洋塑料垃圾的污染量到2025可能比2015年翻3倍,達到1.55億t左右,而到2050年,世界海洋中的塑料碎片重量將超過魚類[33,37],幾乎全部海鳥都會誤食塑料碎片[38].

由于塑料碎片的遷移受其物理特性(如密度、尺寸、形狀和浮力)和海洋動力學條件(水動力過程、風、波浪和洋流)的控制[39-41],這些塑料碎片在洋流和旋渦的作用下可遠距離遷移,占全球海洋垃圾的60%~90%[42-44].其中,密度是影響微塑料最終流向的主要變量,比海水密度大的微塑料(例如聚氯乙烯)最有可能沉在海底沉積物中,而低密度微塑料(例如聚丙烯)往往漂浮在海面,分散在水體中[45].然而,添加劑、風化、生物淤積過程可能會改變其密度,導(dǎo)致降低浮力和加速沉降速率[46-48],最近潮灘沉積物[3,49]、近海海底和深海海底沉積物中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了低密度微塑料[15,50-51].

2014年Eriksen等[52]研究指出,全球海洋中至少有5.25萬億個,重達約26.9萬t的塑料碎片漂浮在海面上,且不包括海底或海灘上的塑料碎片.而最近的估算甚至更高,海面和海岸線上塑料顆?？蛇_15~51萬億個[53-54],比銀河系中的恒星多500倍,全球海洋正在淪為真正的“塑料湯”.

2 海洋微塑料的來源

海洋微塑料污染多元化,其來源可大致分為初生和次生來源微塑料,目前這兩種來源的微塑料可通過多種途徑包括河流系統(tǒng)、海岸線、污水流出、城市暴雨徑流、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖設(shè)備的磨損、不當?shù)奶幹煤蛢A倒、海洋活動事故泄漏、甚至大氣排放[55]釋放到海洋環(huán)境中.其中,“初生”微塑料指經(jīng)過河流、污水處理廠[56-57]等排入海洋環(huán)境中的塑料顆粒工業(yè)產(chǎn)品,多來源于日常生活中的化妝品或者清潔用品[58-59]如牙膏和去角質(zhì)膏中使用的摩擦劑“微珠”,紡織品和纖維服裝[60],陸地運輸過程的輪胎磨損以及塑料制品加工、成型過程中也會產(chǎn)生塑料顆粒.“次生”微塑料是由大塊塑料經(jīng)過物理、化學和生物過程造成分裂和體積減小而成的塑料顆粒,可以直接從海岸線或通過河流和污水管道進入海洋.實際上,當大型塑料碎片暴露在紫外線照射下,會加速其風化和破碎過程,一旦進入海洋環(huán)境中,這一過程就會變的非常緩慢,那些標記為“生物可降解的”塑料在海洋中就不會被快速分解,可在海洋環(huán)境中存在數(shù)百至數(shù)千年,對環(huán)境造成持久影響.聯(lián)合國數(shù)據(jù)顯示[4],海洋中15%~31%的微塑料主要是初生來源,其中,陸源活動占初生微塑料來源的98%[61-65],其余2%來自漁業(yè)和運輸部門[66],漁具和其他設(shè)備的日常磨損以及突發(fā)的貨物海上運輸事故也會產(chǎn)生塑料樹脂顆粒.

3 巴塞爾公約對塑料管制要求

為了解決發(fā)達國家向發(fā)展中國家出口危險廢物的全球環(huán)境問題,保護人類健康和環(huán)境,特別是保護發(fā)展中國家的環(huán)境利益,《控制危險廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移及其處置巴塞爾公約》(以下簡稱“巴塞爾公約”),于1989年獲得通過,1992年開始生效,截止2018年7月,締約方共186個[67].《巴塞爾公約》的管轄范圍涵蓋“危險廢物”和“其他廢物”,前者包括公約附件一和附件八清單中列明的危險廢物,以及締約方國家立法確定的危險廢物,后者包括從住家收集的廢物及其焚化殘渣,并賦予了締約方可通過國家立法擴大危險廢物范圍和采取更嚴格管控措施的權(quán)利.此外,附件九作為非危險廢物,其越境轉(zhuǎn)移原則上不受公約制度約束.公約對危險廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移的控制是通過通知書制度來實現(xiàn)的,通知書制度以“事先知情同意”程序(PIC)為核心,是公約控制系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ).公約規(guī)定,危險廢物和其他廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移時必須履行事先知情同意程序.即,只有在出口國向進口國和過境國主管部門遞交事先書面通知,并得到書面同意后,才能進行危險廢物和其他廢物的越境轉(zhuǎn)移.公約所涉及的受管制和不受管制的塑料廢物相關(guān)名錄如表1所示.

2014年6月,首屆聯(lián)合國環(huán)境大會上提出了海洋廢棄物和微塑料問題,并最終達成了“海洋塑料廢物和微塑料決議”,提出開展有關(guān)海洋塑料廢物和微塑料的研究,并邀請《斯德哥爾摩公約》秘書處、《巴塞爾公約》秘書處及有關(guān)化學品及廢物管理的相關(guān)機構(gòu)參與上述研究[67].2017年,巴塞爾公約締約方大會第十三次會議(COP 13)將海洋廢塑料和微塑料相關(guān)內(nèi)容納入工作計劃,鼓勵各方開展相關(guān)工作.2018年6月2日,考慮到廢塑料對海洋微塑料的影響,挪威政府向巴塞爾公約秘書處提交修訂公約附件的建議,建議將固體塑料廢物(B3010)從公約附件九(不受公約管控的廢物)中刪除,增加入公約附件二(其他廢物,受公約管控)中,并于2018年9月的巴塞爾公約不設(shè)成員名額工作組第11次會議(OEWG 11)會間提出了關(guān)于塑料廢物的伙伴關(guān)系.OEWG 11決定提請COP 14考慮是否修改附件中塑料廢物(B3010)條目,以及如果修訂、以何種形式開展,并提請COP 14審議公約項下海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料的行動建議和廢塑料伙伴關(guān)系計劃.2019年5月的COP 14上最終通過了塑料廢物附件修正案,將于2021年1月1日起對未提出反對聲明的締約方生效.與公約現(xiàn)有規(guī)定相比,塑料廢物附件修正案主要變化包括:在附件二和附件八中增加了塑料廢物條目;大幅度減少了附件九的塑料廢物類別和范圍,僅允許“幾乎不污染不混合”的單一品種塑料廢物和分類回收的聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(PE)和聚對苯二甲酸二乙酯(PET)混合塑料廢物,并將“非鹵化聚合物和多聚物的塑料廢物”的類別從20類縮減為6類;增加了列入附件九的塑料廢物最終應(yīng)進行環(huán)境無害化回收的要求;在附件二中增加了“各國可采取更嚴格要求”的規(guī)定,對附件九的“幾乎不污染不混合”的塑料廢物的分類標準規(guī)定“可參考執(zhí)行相關(guān)國際和國家技術(shù)文件”.可以看出,塑料廢物已明確納入巴塞爾公約管轄范圍,并賦予了各締約方可以對公約不受控的塑料廢物采取更嚴格管控要求的權(quán)利,即未經(jīng)出口國、過境國和進口國主管當局的事先通知和同意,將不能隨意越境轉(zhuǎn)移塑料廢物,會促使出口國加強國內(nèi)塑料廢物的管理,加強國內(nèi)廢塑料回收處理處置設(shè)施的能力建設(shè),從而避免塑料廢物的管理不善.

表1《巴塞爾公約》所涉及的塑料廢物名錄

Table 1 List of plastic waste covered by the Basel Convention

4 我國微塑料污染現(xiàn)狀

4.1 概況

中國是世界上最大的塑料生產(chǎn)與消費國,廢塑料及其環(huán)境污染問題日益凸顯.國外研究報告顯示,基于固體廢棄物、人口和經(jīng)濟狀況模型假設(shè),中國是從陸地流入海洋的塑料垃圾最大源頭國,占到192個沿海國家和地區(qū)排放總量的近三分之一[34].河流作為污染全球海洋的塑料垃圾的重要來源,連通著內(nèi)陸與海洋,全球57條河流每年向海洋中輸送47萬~275萬t塑料垃圾,其中包括中國境內(nèi)的6條河流,分別是長江、黃河、海河、珠江、黑龍江、瀾滄江,每年僅長江就有大約150萬t塑料垃圾流入黃海[68].以上估算模型可能并不適用于我國[69],但也將我國推上了國際輿論的風口浪尖.

圖1 2010~2017年我國近海海面、海灘以及海底垃圾中塑料垃圾的比例

為加強全球海洋垃圾和塑料垃圾的治理,自2007年起,國家海洋局在我國沿海近岸50多個代表性區(qū)域組織開展了海洋垃圾監(jiān)測,內(nèi)容包括海面漂浮垃圾、海灘垃圾和海底垃圾的種類、數(shù)量和來源.根據(jù)《2017年中國海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況公報》,海洋垃圾密度較高的區(qū)域主要分布在旅游休閑娛樂區(qū)、農(nóng)漁業(yè)區(qū)、港口航運區(qū)及鄰近海域,其中,海面漂浮垃圾、海灘垃圾以及海底垃圾中塑料垃圾最多,分別占到87%、76%和74%.2013~2017年,我國海面漂浮垃圾和海灘垃圾中塑料垃圾的比例逐年上升,分別上升60%和40%(圖1).雖然近2年海底垃圾中塑料垃圾比例較2015年略有回落,但隨著海面漂浮塑料垃圾的增多,也會導(dǎo)致未來海底塑料垃圾的積累.

2016年,國家海洋局啟動了我國近海的微塑料監(jiān)測工作,隨后又將范圍擴大至大洋和極地領(lǐng)域.監(jiān)測結(jié)果顯示,我國沿海表層水體微塑料平均密度約為0.08個/m3,基本與地中海西北部[70]、瀨戶內(nèi)外海[71]等處于同一水平,海灘上的微塑料密度介于245 ~ 504個/m2.

4.2 研究現(xiàn)狀

2014年以來,國內(nèi)研究學者對一些典型河口、海灣、海島、近海(渤海)、潮灘以及內(nèi)陸湖泊開展了微塑料污染的初步調(diào)查.表2歸納了我國微塑料的分布、數(shù)量、粒徑以及來源.可以看出,中國長江口微塑料豐度相對較高,比海洋和淡水含量高幾個數(shù)量級,達到4137個/m3[72].而內(nèi)陸湖泊如洞庭湖和洪湖微塑料的平均含量分別達到1191.7,2282.5個/ m3[20].其他內(nèi)陸水域包括太湖[73]、青海湖[74]、甚至是青藏高原的湖泊[75]也檢測到微塑料的存在.從監(jiān)測到的微塑料形態(tài)、顆粒大小以及塑料類型分析,最常見的形態(tài)是塑料纖維,其次是顆粒、薄膜和塑料球,粒徑一般在5.0mm以下,微塑料的類型主要為聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)等.從微塑料的來源來看,主要來自衣物洗滌、生活污水和工業(yè)廢水排放、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施磨損等人為活動.此外,國內(nèi)漁業(yè)市場雙殼類動物[76]以及食鹽中也有發(fā)現(xiàn)微塑料污染情況[77].因此,微塑料已普遍存在于我國河口、內(nèi)陸淡水環(huán)境、沿岸的海水以及生物體中,微塑料對我國海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響不容忽視.

表2 我國沿海、河口以及內(nèi)陸水域微塑料的分布、豐度、粒徑以及可能的來源

續(xù)表2

4.3 加強我國海洋微塑料污染防治的建議

目前,各國已開始在微塑料管理方面采取措施,蒙古、新西蘭、智利、印度等國頒布了關(guān)于一次性塑料產(chǎn)品銷售和使用的禁令,很多發(fā)達國家也已經(jīng)頒布了針對化妝品的微塑料禁令,逐步停止或禁止在化妝品和個人護理產(chǎn)品中使用塑料微珠[90].近年來,我國也加快了相關(guān)研究步伐,但我國近海海洋環(huán)境中微塑料主要來源、分布規(guī)律、路徑、通量尚不清楚,也未建立統(tǒng)一的分析標準和監(jiān)測方法,同時,缺乏生態(tài)環(huán)境風險評估,公眾對微塑料污染的認知程度也較低.因此,針對國內(nèi)微塑料污染防治工作提出如下建議:

(1)建立和完善我國塑料和微塑料管理體系,出臺針對微塑料的立法和公共政策.

國家環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟以及工業(yè)等監(jiān)管部門應(yīng)加強對塑料(或微塑料)產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)和使用環(huán)節(jié),以及對塑料垃圾的收集、再利用、再循環(huán)、回收和(或)環(huán)境無害化處置的全生命周期的管理,并制定監(jiān)測指標、標準和措施.同時,盡快開展限制微塑料產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和使用的立法調(diào)查工作,逐步有序制定出臺禁止進口、生產(chǎn)和銷售在個人洗護用品中使用塑料微珠的法律法規(guī).

(2)開展我國重點行業(yè)減少和控制海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的主要路徑研究.

分析我國重點行業(yè)如塑料生產(chǎn)加工企業(yè)、紡織和服裝業(yè)、船舶運輸業(yè)、漁業(yè)、化妝品行業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、旅游業(yè)等向近海、沿岸河口、排污口排放塑料垃圾和微塑料的基本情況[91],識別我國廢塑料和微塑料污染的主要來源、途徑和分布情況,從源頭上減少和控制塑料垃圾和微塑料進入海洋環(huán)境.同時,加強與沿海國家在海洋塑料垃圾、微塑料減量化、資源化和無害化經(jīng)驗和做法方面的合作與交流,為我國提供經(jīng)驗借鑒.

(3)加強微塑料對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的風險評估研究.

由于微塑料污染對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類健康存在潛在風險,亟需探明海洋生物對微塑料攝食的影響以及食物鏈傳遞和轉(zhuǎn)化過程,研究微塑料吸附有毒化學物質(zhì)后的環(huán)境毒性和生態(tài)毒理、遷移路徑[92]及生物積累規(guī)律,建立我國微塑料對生態(tài)環(huán)境影響的評價體系,為我國微塑料的防治和決策提供科學依據(jù).

(4)積極加強我國海洋塑料污染應(yīng)對能力建設(shè),與國際社會共同控制和減少海洋塑料垃圾污染.

考慮到國內(nèi)外學術(shù)和媒體高度關(guān)注我國廢塑料和微塑料的污染,我國應(yīng)主動面對,宣傳我國在打擊廢塑料等再生資源污染方面開展的工作,加強國際社會對我國政策的理解和認可.積極支持國際環(huán)境公約的談判,以便從國際公約角度為我國乃至全球其他國家制定廢塑料進口管理相關(guān)政策提供國際法律層面的支持.

(5)開展公眾意識提高和宣傳活動.

加大對微塑料污染危害性的宣傳力度,積極開展微塑料污染防治的相關(guān)科普宣傳工作,擴大公眾對海洋微塑料的認知,引導(dǎo)消費習慣;鼓勵和引導(dǎo)民眾以及外賣、快遞、電商等行業(yè)減少對于一次性(短消費周期)塑料制品的使用,選擇可循環(huán)使用的替代品,自覺抵制一次性塑料產(chǎn)品,從而減少塑料垃圾的產(chǎn)生.

[1] Carpenter E J, Smith K L. Plastics on Sargasso sea surface [J]. Science, 1972,175:1240-1241.

[2] Wong C S, Green D R, Cretney W J. Quantitative tar and plastic waste distribution in the Pacific Ocean [J]. Nature, 1974,247:30-32.

[3] Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R P, et al. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? [J]. Science, 2004,304:838-838.

[4] Boucher A J, Friot D. Primary microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation of Sources [N]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2017.

[5] Kershaw P J, Rochman C M. Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part 2of a global assessment [N]. GESAMP, 2015.

[6] Kershaw P J. Marine plastic debris and microplastics – Global lessons and research to inspire action and guide policy change [N]. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2016.

[7] Cozar A, Marti E, Duarte C M, et al. The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the Thermohaline Circulation [J]. Science Advances, 2017,3.

[8] Law K L, Moret-Ferguson S, Maximenko N A, et al. Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre [J]. Science, 2010,329:1185-1188.

[9] Law K L, Moret-Ferguson S E, Goodwin D S, et al. Distribution of surface plastic debris in the Eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-Year Data Set [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48:4732- 4738.

[10] Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S, et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013,77:177-182.

[11] Imhof H K, Sigl R, Brauer E, et al. Spatial and temporal variation of macro-, meso- and microplastic abundance on a remote coral island of the Maldives, Indian Ocean [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017,116: 340-347.

[12] Lusher A L, Tirelli V, O'Connor I, et al. Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples [J]. Scientific Reports, 2015,5.

[13] Waller C L, Griffiths H J, Waluda C M, et al. Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: An emerging area of research [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2017,598:220-227.

[14] Bergmann M, Sandhop N, Schewe I, et al. Observations of floating anthropogenic litter in the Barents Sea and Fram Strait, Arctic [J]. Polar Biology, 2016,39:553-560.

[15] Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J, et al. Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 182:495-499.

[16] Taylor M L, Gwinnett C, Robinson L F, et al. Plastic microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organisms [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016:6.

[17] Woodall L C, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M, et al. The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris [J]. Royal Society Open Science, 2014,1:140317.

[18] Obbard R W, Sadri S, Wong Y Q, et al. Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice [J]. Earths Future, 2014, 2:315-320.

[19] Peeken I, Primpke S, Beyer B, et al. Arctic sea ice is an important temporal sink and means of transport for microplastic [J]. Nature Communications, 2018,9:1505.

[20] Wang W F, Yuan W K, Chen Y L, et al. Microplastics in surface waters of Dongting Lake and Hong Lake, China [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2018,633:539-545.

[21] Tyree C, Morrison D. Invisibles: the plastic inside us [N]. Orb Media, 2017.

[22] Karami A, Golieskardi A, Choo C K, et al. The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017,7:46173.

[23] Kim J S, Lee H J, Kim S K, et al. Global pattern of microplastics (MPs) in commercial food-grade salts: sea salt as an indicator of seawater MP pollution [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,52: 12819-12828.

[24] Thevenon F, Carroll C, Sousa J. Plastic debris in the ocean: characterization of marine plastics and their environmental impacts. Situation Analysis Report [N]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2014.

[25] Wright S L, Rowe D, Thompson R C, et al. Microplastic ingestion decreases energy reserves in marine worms [J]. Current Biology, 2013,23:R1031-R1033.

[26] Wright S L, Thompson R C, Galloway T S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013,178:483-492.

[27] Goldstein M C, Goodwin D S. Gooseneck barnacles (Lepas spp.) ingest microplastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre [J]. PeerJ, 2013,1:17.

[28] Tanaka K, Takada H, Yamashita R, et al. Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013,69:219-222.

[29] MacMillan A. There’s plastic in your poop: study warns microplastics may be hurting us all [N]. https://www.health.com/home/ microplastics-human-poop, 2018.

[30] He K, Tan Q, Zheng L, et al. Adapting to new policy environment - past pattern and future trend in us-sino waste plastic trade flow [J]. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 2018,25:703-712.

[31] Geyer R, Jambeck J R, Law K L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made [J]. Science Advances, 2017,3:5.

[32] Plastics – the facts 2017: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data [N]. PlasticEurope, 2017.

[33] The New Plastics Economy — Rethinking the future of plastics [N]. World Economic Forum. Ellen MacArthur Foundation and McKinsey & Company, 2016.

[34] Jambeck J R, Geyer R, Wilcox C, et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean [J]. Science, 2015,347:768-771.

[35] UNEP Year Book 2014: Emerging issues in our global environment [N]. United Nations Environment Programme, 2014.

[36] Raynaud J. Valuing plastic: the business case for measuring, managing and disclosing plastic use in the consumer goods industry [N]. United Nations Environment Programme, 2014.

[37] Stemming the Tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean [N]. Ocean Conservancy and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, 2015.

[38] Wilcox C, Van Sebille E, Hardesty B D. Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015,112:11899-11904.

[39] Critchell K, Lambrechts J. Modelling accumulation of marine plastics in the coastal zone; what are the dominant physical processes? [J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2016,171:111-122.

[40] Zhang H. Transport of microplastics in coastal seas [J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 2017,199:74-86.

[41] Vermeiren P, Munoz C C, Ikejima K. Sources and sinks of plastic debris in estuaries: A conceptual model integrating biological, physical and chemical distribution mechanisms [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016,113:7-16.

[42] Pasternak G, Zviely D, Ribic C A, et al. Sources, composition and spatial distribution of marine debris along the Mediterranean coast of Israel [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017,114:1036-1045.

[43] Derraik J G B. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002,44:842-852.

[44] A Mediterranean full of plastic, research on plastic pollution, impacts and solutions [N]. Greenpeace Spain, 2017.

[45] Chubarenko I, Bagaev A, Zobkov M, et al. On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016,108:105-112.

[46] Kowalski N, Reichardt A M, Waniek J J. Sinking rates of microplastics and potential implications of their alteration by physical, biological, and chemical factors [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016,109:310- 319.

[47] Lobelle D, Cunliffe M. Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011,62:197-200.

[48] Cole M, Lindeque P K, Fileman E, et al. Microplastics alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton faecal pellets [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50:3239-3246.

[49] Claessens M, De Meester S, Van Landuyt L, et al. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011,62:2199-2204.

[50] Shimanaga M, Yanagi K. The Ryukyu Trench may function as a "depocenter" for anthropogenic marine litter [J]. Journal of Oceanography, 2016,72:895-903.

[51] Van Cauwenberghe L, Devriese L, Galgani F, et al. Microplastics in sediments: A review of techniques, occurrence and effects [J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2015,111:5-17.

[52] Eriksen M, Lebreton L C M, Carson H S, et al. Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea [J]. Plos One, 2014:9.

[53] Carr S A, Liu J, Tesoro A G. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants [J]. Water Research, 2016,91: 174-182.

[54] van Sebille E, Wilcox C, Lebreton L, et al. A global inventory of small floating plastic debris [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2015,10: 124006.

[55] Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, et al. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment? [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016,104:290-293.

[56] 許 霞,侯青桐,薛銀剛,等.污水廠中微塑料的污染及遷移特征研究進展[J]. 中國環(huán)境科學, 2018,38(1):395-402. Xu X, Hou Q T, Xue Y G, et al. Research progress on the transference and pollution characteristics of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(1):395-401.

[57] 白濛雨,趙世燁,彭谷雨,等.城市污水處理過程中微塑料賦存特征[J]. 中國環(huán)境科學, 2018,38(5):1734-1743. Bai M Y, Zhao S Y, Peng Y G, et al. Occurrence, characteristics of microplastic during urban sewage treatment processs [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(5):1734-1743.

[58] Fendall L S, Sewell M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009,58:1225-1228.

[59] Chang M. Reducing microplastics from facial exfoliating cleansers in wastewater through treatment versus consumer product decisions [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,101:330-333.

[60] Salvador Cesa F, Turra A, Baruque-Ramos J. Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: A review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings [J]. The Science of the total environment, 2017,598:1116-1129.

[61] Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011,62:2588-2597.

[62] Auta H S, Emenike C U, Fauziah S H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions [J]. Environment International, 2017,102:165-176.

[63] Saal F S, Parmigiani S, Palanza P L, et al. The plastic world: Sources, amounts, ecological impacts and effects on development, reproduction, brain and behavior in aquatic and terrestrial animals and humans Introduction [J]. Environment Research, 2008,108:127-130.

[64] Browne M A, Crump P, Niven S J, et al. Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011,45:9175-9179.

[65] Andrady A L. Microplastics in the marine environment [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011,62:1596-1605.

[66] Marine litter: An analytical review [N]. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 2005.

[67] 于海晴,梁迪雋,譚全銀,等.海洋垃圾和微塑料污染問題及其國際進程[J]. 世界環(huán)境, 2018,171:52-55. Yu H Q, Liang D Y, Peng Y G, et al. The issues of marine litter and microplastics pollution and relevant international process [J]. World Environment, 2018,17:1734-1743.

[68] Schmidt C, Krauth T, Wagner S. Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,51: 12246-12253.

[69] Bai M, Zhu L, An L, et al. Estimation and prediction of plastic waste annual input into the sea from China [J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2018,37:26-39.

[70] Cocca M, Di Pace E, Errico M E, et al. Proceedings of the International Conference on Microplastic Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea || Sub-Basin Scale Heterogeneity in the Polymeric Composition of Floating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea [N]. Springer Water, 2018.

[71] Isobe A, Kubo K, Tamura Y, et al. Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014,89:324-330.

[72] Zhao S, Zhu L, Wang T, et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China: First observations on occurrence, distribution [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014,86:562- 568.

[73] Su L, Xue Y, Li L, et al. Microplastics in Taihu Lake, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016,216:711-719.

[74] Xiong X, Zhang K, Chen X C, et al. Sources and distribution of microplastics in China's largest inland lake - Qinghai Lake [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018,235:899-906.

[75] Zhang K, Su J, Xiong X, et al. Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016,219:450-455.

[76] Li J, Yang D, Li L, et al. Microplastics in commercial bivalves from China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,207:190-195.

[77] Yang D Q, Shi H H, Li L, et al. Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49: 13622-13627.

[78] Peng G Y, Zhu B S, Yang D Q, et al. Microplastics in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,225: 283-290.

[79] Zhao S Y, Zhu L X, Li D J. Microplastic in three urban estuaries, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,206:597-604.

[80] Zhang K, Gong W, Lv J Z, et al. Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the Three Gorges Dam [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,204:117-123.

[81] Di M, Wang J. Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2018,616:1620-1627.

[82] Yu X, Peng J, Wang J, et al. Occurrence of microplastics in the beach sand of the Chinese inner sea: the Bohai Sea [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016,214:722-730.

[83] Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang J, et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,231: 541-548.

[84] Qiu Q, Peng J, Yu X, et al. Occurrence of microplastics in the coastal marine environment: First observation on sediment of China [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,98:274-280.

[85] Fok L, Cheung P K, Tang G D, et al. Size distribution of stranded small plastic debris on the coast of Guangdong, South China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,220:407-412.

[86] Fok L, Cheung P K. Hong Kong at the Pearl River Estuary: A hotspot of microplastic pollution [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,99:112- 118.

[87] Tsang Y Y, Mak C W, Liebich C, et al. Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017,115:20-28.

[88] Peng G, Xu P, Zhu B, et al. Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China: A case study of risk assessment in mega-cities [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018,234:448-456.

[89] Wang W, Ndungu A W, Li Z, et al. Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2017,575:1369- 1374.

[90] Wang J, Zheng L, Li J. A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China [J]. Waste Management & Research, 2018,36: 898-911.

[91] 鄧 婷,高俊敏,吳文楠,等.溫州沿海大型塑料垃圾排放特征研究 [J]. 中國環(huán)境科學, 2018,38(11):4354-4360. Deng T, Gao J M, Wu W N, et al. Study on the discharging characteristics of large plastic litters along Wenzhou coastal [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(11):4354-4360.

[92] 陳守益,郭學濤,龐敬文.微塑料對泰樂菌素的吸附動力學與熱力學[J]. 中國環(huán)境科學, 2018,38:1905-1912. Chen S Y, Guo X T, Pang J W. Sorption kinetics and thermodynamics study of tylosin by microplastics [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(11):4354-4360.

Current situation of marine microplastics pollution and prevention proposals in China,

WANG Jia-jia, ZHAO Na-na*, LI Jin- hui*

(School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)., 2019,39(7)：3056~3063

Microplastics, as a novel type of plastic contaminant, widely exist in the global marine environment, and have become a hot environmental issue in the international community. Poorly managed waste is an important source of marine pollution. In this paper, the pollution situation of plastic waste and microplastics in the world and the sources of micro-plastics are briefly analyzed. And the latest progress in the revision of annexes to plastic waste covered by the Basel Convention was discussed. Meanwhile, the size, abundance, distribution and sources of microplastics in coastal, estuary and inland waters of China were summarized and analyzed. It was proposed that the management system of plastics and microplastics in China should be established and improved in the future, research and supervision on the discharge of plastics and microplastics from key industries into the ocean should be strengthened, a risk assessment system for the impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems should be established, publicity and education should be strengthened, and actively participate in the negotiations on the implementation of international environmental conventions to promote global governance.

plastic debris；microplastics；marine environment；prevention proposal；China

X145

A

1000-6923(2019)07-3056-08

王佳佳(1989-),女,山東聊城人,清華大學博士研究生,主要從事固體廢物處置技術(shù)及環(huán)境管理研究.發(fā)表論文7篇.

2018-12-17

國家重點研發(fā)計劃資助項目(2018YFC1900101);清華大學自主科研計劃資助項目(2016THZWYX12)

* 責任作者, 李金惠, 教授, jinhui@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; 趙娜娜, 工程師, zhaonana@tsinghua.edu.cn