馬黎?楊琳惜
今年,《梁?!?0歲了。
哪個(gè)《梁?!罚磕憧赡軙?huì)問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
這個(gè)故事,經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)版本、劇種的改編、創(chuàng)作,早已成為中國(guó)人的一個(gè)文化符號(hào)。
但,一看名字就能秒哼旋律的,只有它:《梁?!沸√崆賲f(xié)奏曲。
5月4日。
“我給我的同伴陳鋼打了一個(gè)電話。”
電話通了——“喂,陳鋼?!?/p>
“你是誰(shuí)?”
“我何占豪。我很有感慨,60年啊,60年前的今天,你彈鋼琴,我拉提琴,這才是《梁祝》真正首演??!”
何老說(shuō)到這里,臺(tái)下的我們?nèi)滩蛔」恼疲腥嗽谀ㄑ劢恰?/p>
今年,寫這支曲子的他,也86歲了。
“好激動(dòng),到了杭州,到了浙江,就到了娘家?!毙奚砗谏餮b、背心、條紋襯衣,扣子扣到第一顆——不是所有人都能穿好三件套的,眼前這個(gè)86歲老人身上的精氣神,是音樂(lè)養(yǎng)成的。
何占豪,世界級(jí)著名作曲家,1958年率“小提琴民族學(xué)派實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”與陳鋼聯(lián)袂創(chuàng)作小提琴協(xié)奏曲《梁祝》。1959年5月27日,作品首演于上海蘭心大戲院,一炮而紅。
5月上旬,浙江省慶祝《梁?!沸√崆賲f(xié)奏曲問(wèn)世60周年暨“今夕何夕”何占豪師生音樂(lè)作品三部曲系列活動(dòng)在杭州舉行。一共三場(chǎng)演出——何占豪作品音樂(lè)會(huì)、何占豪學(xué)生代表作品音樂(lè)會(huì)、何占豪箏樂(lè)作品音樂(lè)會(huì)相繼在杭州劇院和浙江音樂(lè)學(xué)院音樂(lè)廳上演。何占豪親自指揮自己的作品音樂(lè)會(huì)。
(一)
7年前,我去何老家拜訪這位音樂(lè)老頑童。老人指著自己年輕時(shí)的照片:“你看帥不帥?要是我再年輕個(gè)四五十歲,肯定迷倒你。你說(shuō)你愿不愿意?”再看看自己,“不過(guò)人家都說(shuō)我越老越帥了?!?/p>
7年過(guò)去,老頑童依然風(fēng)度翩翩,坐得筆挺,身材管理得比年輕人都要好。他身邊坐著的愛(ài)徒、香港中樂(lè)團(tuán)藝術(shù)總監(jiān)兼終身指揮閻惠昌忍不住“表白”:“看到你那漂亮的皮膚、煽動(dòng)性的語(yǔ)言和動(dòng)作,何老師您一定可以繼續(xù)帶領(lǐng)我們民族音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作出新的作品。”
何占豪的作息是這樣的,晚上8點(diǎn)多晚飯,吃過(guò)睡覺(jué),睡到晚上10點(diǎn)起來(lái)開(kāi)工作曲,到凌晨?jī)扇c(diǎn),再睡到早上7點(diǎn)多。而下午4點(diǎn)半到5點(diǎn),是他的鍛煉時(shí)間。過(guò)去跑步打籃球都行,現(xiàn)在就快走。
講話時(shí),何占豪手里其實(shí)捏著一個(gè)稿子,但他一點(diǎn)不看,一口氣說(shuō)了20分鐘。閻惠昌真是太了解他了,“太有煽動(dòng)性”——這種煽動(dòng),是因?yàn)閯?dòng)情。
“我想對(duì)媒體、對(duì)學(xué)生們,再講講為什么《梁祝》會(huì)出自我這樣一個(gè)人之手,不可思議。因?yàn)槲?7歲才接觸小提琴,18歲才開(kāi)始拉小提琴,全國(guó)有這么多音樂(lè)世家,為什么會(huì)出自我這樣一個(gè)浙江越劇團(tuán)普通演奏者之手,什么道理?”
(二)
關(guān)于《梁祝》的問(wèn)世,何占豪在這60年里,有一句反復(fù)說(shuō)起的名言:“沒(méi)有越劇就沒(méi)有《梁?!?。”
他是浙江諸暨人,聽(tīng)著越劇和紹劇長(zhǎng)大。12歲到杭州,進(jìn)了浙江文工團(tuán)當(dāng)演員,后來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)入浙江省越劇團(tuán)樂(lè)隊(duì),學(xué)習(xí)小提琴。
“我們是新中國(guó)第一代青年人。當(dāng)時(shí)有這樣一句話:中國(guó)一窮二白,但是一張白紙上可以畫最美的圖畫。這句話激勵(lì)了我們這批年輕人——浙江越劇團(tuán)16個(gè)人。我們這批小青年就對(duì)作曲老師講,我們創(chuàng)作民族音樂(lè)也可以把世界樂(lè)器拿過(guò)來(lái),我們的樂(lè)器不要這么單一,要向西方學(xué)習(xí)。這樣我們的樂(lè)隊(duì)才開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)小提琴?!?/p>
小提琴和民樂(lè)混搭在一起演奏,在當(dāng)年讓人不敢置信,太叛逆了。團(tuán)里有一批演員也反對(duì):你們停止吧,你們破壞了越劇風(fēng)格!
何占豪當(dāng)時(shí)想,這個(gè)樂(lè)器這么好聽(tīng),怎么會(huì)破壞越劇風(fēng)格?何占豪當(dāng)時(shí)很懊惱,因?yàn)椴荒芨母锾剿髁??!拔液芸鄲?,那時(shí)候?qū)W小提琴也不容易,杭州一個(gè)小提琴老師也沒(méi)有,我是找到了之江大學(xué)的語(yǔ)文老師,在那位業(yè)余(音樂(lè))老師那邊學(xué)的?!?/p>
這時(shí),在何占豪眼中《梁祝》問(wèn)世的真正的源頭,著名二胡演奏家賀仁忠出現(xiàn)了。
他對(duì)何占豪說(shuō),你不要難受,反對(duì)不一定對(duì),讓我來(lái)教你小提琴如何體現(xiàn)民族風(fēng)格。
這位麻辣教師親自教何占豪如何用小提琴拉《二泉映月》。
1957年夏天,何占豪考入上海音樂(lè)學(xué)院,成為管弦系小提琴專業(yè)的一名學(xué)生。
大家很都奇怪,這個(gè)人怎么會(huì)用小提琴去拉《二泉映月》?
“其實(shí)我在音樂(lè)學(xué)院,小提琴水平倒數(shù)第三名,但說(shuō)到演出用小提琴拉《二泉映月》,只有我能獨(dú)奏,他們都給我伴奏,包括俞麗拿在內(nèi)。”
當(dāng)時(shí)的小提琴曲子中,沒(méi)有什么中國(guó)作品。所以何占豪有一個(gè)想法,就是想讓老百姓聽(tīng)懂小提琴。
為了探索民族風(fēng)格的現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作,1958年初,上音管弦系選拔“尖子生”,組成“小提琴民族化實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”,成員包括何占豪、俞麗拿、丁芷諾、沈西蒂、張欣、朱英等。
“所以我為什么會(huì)用小提琴拉越劇,并且把這種風(fēng)格傳到上海音樂(lè)學(xué)院,源頭在浙江。所以《梁?!肥侵袊?guó)音樂(lè)界、戲曲界幾代人的勞動(dòng)成果,是集體智慧的結(jié)晶,我何占豪真的沒(méi)有什么。”
(三)
中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)慶十周年前夕,“實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”討論搞一個(gè)小提琴協(xié)奏曲給共和國(guó)獻(xiàn)禮。當(dāng)時(shí),“實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”上報(bào)了三個(gè)選題,《女民兵》《大煉鋼鐵》和《梁?!贰:握己捞嶙h的《梁?!放旁谧钅?,按照時(shí)代背景來(lái)說(shuō),大家都認(rèn)為前兩個(gè)入選的可能性要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于《梁祝》。
“當(dāng)時(shí)我們的黨委書記叫孟波,是延安來(lái)的老作曲家,他毫不猶豫地在《梁?!飞袭嬃艘粋€(gè)鉤。他說(shuō)何占豪既會(huì)越劇,又會(huì)小提琴,只有這個(gè)有希望。”何占豪感嘆,沒(méi)有孟波的一槌定音,也就不會(huì)有《梁?!?。
然而,這在當(dāng)時(shí)是一種冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的選擇——拿西洋樂(lè)器演奏中國(guó)樂(lè)曲,洋不洋、中不中,好像是在糟蹋高雅藝術(shù)。
組織“實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”的管弦系老師劉品鼓勵(lì)何占豪大膽探索民族的交響樂(lè)。
“當(dāng)時(shí),劉品帶我們‘實(shí)驗(yàn)小組成員赴溫州慰問(wèn)解放軍。他和我睡一間房,晚上促膝交談到深夜?!钡诙煲辉?,劉品有事先回上海。何占豪一覺(jué)醒來(lái),看到桌上放著一盆橘子,盆底壓了一張老師留下的紙條。萌老頭愛(ài)拿這件事開(kāi)玩笑:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)苦口婆心地做思想工作,還“做到了床上”。
于是,何占豪與同小組的丁芷諾合作,開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作《梁祝》協(xié)奏曲。
在浙江越劇團(tuán)樂(lè)隊(duì)工作多年,許多熟悉的越劇旋律都在他的腦子里,比如“同窗三載”小快板主題,就是根據(jù)他以前寫的越劇折子戲“跑驢”中的一段插曲改編而成的。
小的段落有了,但全曲攝人心魄的著力點(diǎn)在哪里?
上海人民大舞臺(tái)當(dāng)時(shí)在上演尹派越劇《紅樓夢(mèng)》。為了搜集創(chuàng)作素材,他接連幾個(gè)晚上都去聽(tīng)。尹桂芳那句“林……妹……妹……呀”,一下子觸動(dòng)了何占豪。他用具有戲曲風(fēng)格的演奏手法,在小提琴上反復(fù)試奏,創(chuàng)作了全曲的核心:《梁?!窅?ài)情主題。
《梁祝》愛(ài)情主題和三載同窗副題都寫出來(lái)了,但是小的合奏寫好后,大的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)的配器他們不會(huì)寫。
當(dāng)時(shí),他找到作曲系的陳鋼來(lái)幫忙。
1959年2月,何占豪與陳鋼正式合作,對(duì)樂(lè)曲的曲式進(jìn)行了重新規(guī)劃,旋律部分主要由何占豪寫,鋼琴伴奏和樂(lè)隊(duì)伴奏部分由陳鋼寫。
初稿完成之后,他們到院里演奏,何占豪拉提琴,陳鋼彈鋼琴伴奏,到祝英臺(tái)投墳殉情就結(jié)束了。
孟波問(wèn):“為什么沒(méi)有化蝶?”
何占豪回:“人死了不會(huì)化蝶,我們年輕人不相信迷信?!泵喜ň蛯?duì)他們說(shuō),還是要加上“化蝶”,這是一種浪漫主義的寫作,也是我們的傳統(tǒng)。這才有了尾聲中的一段“化蝶”,纏綿悱惻又充滿新生力量。
1959年5月4日,《梁祝》在上海音樂(lè)學(xué)院大禮堂首次試演,就是3天前何占豪給陳鋼打電話的那個(gè)畫面。
5月27日,《梁?!吩谏虾Lm心劇院首次公演,參加上海市音樂(lè)舞蹈會(huì)演(即“上海之春”的前身)。新作首次對(duì)外公演,選誰(shuí)來(lái)演奏也是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。當(dāng)時(shí)有兩個(gè)人選,一位是“實(shí)驗(yàn)小組”的俞麗拿,另一位是她的同班同學(xué)沈榕。
何占豪是這樣描述兩位同學(xué)的:俞麗拿的演奏充滿了激情,但音準(zhǔn)略有欠缺;沈榕音準(zhǔn)沒(méi)問(wèn)題,但激情不如余麗拿。
考慮到新作品需要用激情來(lái)打動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾,最終決定俞麗拿首演,上音學(xué)生管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)協(xié)奏,指揮系的四年級(jí)學(xué)生樊承武指揮。
當(dāng)最后一個(gè)音符落下,臺(tái)下靜默幾秒后,霎時(shí)掌聲雷鳴。
主創(chuàng)人員們?cè)谂_(tái)上謝幕多次,掌聲還是響個(gè)不停?!耙?yàn)槭切伦髌芬魳?lè)會(huì),我們根本就沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備返場(chǎng)曲目。最后沒(méi)轍了,只好把整首曲子從頭到尾再來(lái)一遍。兩遍加起來(lái),一共拉了50分鐘?!庇猁惸谜f(shuō),這是她唯一一次在舞臺(tái)上把同一支曲子演奏了兩遍。
從這天起,《梁祝》風(fēng)靡全國(guó)。當(dāng)年26歲的何占豪作為主創(chuàng)之一,也成了家喻戶曉的名人。信像雪片一樣飛來(lái),“連俄羅斯姑娘都寫信來(lái)追求我?!?/p>
(四)
如今,何占豪還在創(chuàng)作《梁祝》。民族音樂(lè)現(xiàn)代化,是他說(shuō)了一輩子的話,也是他一生的追求,他將《梁?!犯木幊闪烁吆?、二胡、琵琶和古箏協(xié)奏曲。前段時(shí)間,群體古箏加鋼琴的新版《梁?!吩谏虾A料?。
26歲,因?yàn)椤读鹤!罚耙磺擅钡墓适抡娴陌l(fā)生在這個(gè)又帥又有才的年輕人身上,但這個(gè)符號(hào),也讓何占豪這么多年來(lái)有苦說(shuō)不出。
“其實(shí)很不公平,《梁?!凡荒芨爬ㄎ业囊磺?。因?yàn)椤读鹤!诽忻?,它的盛名把我的《莫愁女》《孔雀東南飛》《別亦難》等一大批作品湮沒(méi)了?!庇幸淮危形幌愀塾浾邅?lái)采訪,問(wèn)起他的其他作品。“我說(shuō)你知道《別亦難》是誰(shuí)寫的嗎?他說(shuō)是徐小鳳唱的,我說(shuō)那是我寫的?!蹦俏挥浾叻浅s@訝:“我不知道啊,那是你寫的啊?”
“彈指一揮間,轉(zhuǎn)眼60年,前浪推后浪,我的學(xué)生都成了今天的大師,指揮大師、作曲大師、一流的演奏家。自己年輕的時(shí)候培養(yǎng)了一批能給國(guó)家挑大梁、帶動(dòng)國(guó)家藝術(shù)水平的藝術(shù)家,他們能在今天國(guó)家的藝術(shù)活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮這樣的作用,這是我最高興的一件事?!?/p>
他看著身邊齊齊坐著的一排學(xué)生,繼續(xù)說(shuō)——
“雖然你們都是大師,但我希望我們當(dāng)年的那種探索的精神你們不要丟掉。不但自己要這樣做,希望你們把這種精神一代代傳下去。我相信我們中國(guó)的音樂(lè)文化,在你們一代或再下一代會(huì)達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平。‘越是民族的越是世界的,這話只對(duì)一半,只有把民族的藝術(shù)提高到世界先進(jìn)水平,才能對(duì)人類有所貢獻(xiàn)?!?/p>
(圖片除署名由新華社及視覺(jué)中國(guó)提供)
86-Year-Old Composer Talks about 60-Year-Old Violin Concerto
Text by Ma Li, Yang Lin
The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the creation and debut of the violin concerto? (Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai or simply Liang & Zhu as known to most Chinese music lovers).
In early May 2019, a series of activities was held in Hangzhou in commemoration of the 60 years of the concerto. The 86-year-old He (the surname in Chinese is pronounced most like “her” in English) Zhanhao came to Hangzhou. He not only attended a forum on the composition, but also conducted at a concert that featured his other major compositions. Three concerts were held commemoratively. One featured Hes compositions. One presented works by Hes students. One highlighted Hes compositions for , a Chinese stringed instrument.
He Zhanhao is a legend. A native of Zhuji in Shaoxing where Yueju Opera originated and flourished, he grew up fully exposed to the beauty of Yueju Opera and Shaoju Opera arias. He came to Hangzhou at 12 and became an artist. He joined the band of Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe and began to learn violin. At that time, there were 16 young musicians at the troupe. They proposed that western instruments could also be used to accompany Yueju Opera arias. They actually did it. But they ran into strong opposition. The mixed sound of Chinese and western instruments puzzled many people. Some artists said violin ruined the style of Yueju Opera. He Zhanhao was disheartened and disappointed. “How could such a beautiful sound ruin the Yueju Opera style?” He couldnt find a convincing answer. At that time, he was taking violin lessons from a language teacher at Zhijiang University. Then he met He Renzhong, a famed? instrumentalist. “Dont lose heart. Their objection doesnt mean they are right. Let me teach you how to play the Chinese traditional style on the violin,” said the teacher encouragingly. He Renzhong taught He Zhanhao how to play , a famed? masterpiece. In the summer of 1957, he got accepted by Shanghai Conservatory of Music as a violin major. Professionally, he was one of the poorest violinists in the department. But when it came to the performance of? on the violin, he was the only one who could do it. His teachers and classmates all wondered how he would have chosen to play a traditional? masterpiece on the violin in the traditional Chinese style.
The creation of the concerto sounds like a legend, too. In early 1958, some violinists organized themselves into an experimental group with the aim of creating violin compositions in the traditional Chinese style. The group came up with three composition proposals. The first proposal picked a theme that would sing of militia women; the second would be an ode to the nations massive drive to boost steel production; the third idea was Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, proposed by He Zhanhao. The CPC secretary of the department Meng Bo, a veteran composer who had worked at Yanan, the headquarters base of the communists during Chinas war of resistance against Japanese aggression, took a look at the three proposals and picked Hes idea. Meng explained his decision later this way: He Zhanhao, a violinist with wide-range knowledge of Yueju Opera arias, was the only hope of making something unusual. He Zhanhao wrote separate pieces based on the Yueju Opera arias which he was extremely familiar with. He worked in collaboration with Ding Zhinuo, a member of the experimental group. With some pieces written, He wanted to write a theme that would best portray the romance. After watching Yueju Opera play? at Shanghai Peoples Theater for several nights on a roll, he found his inspiration. He tried the melody out on the violin repeatedly until it was perfect. With all the melodies ready, he needed someone who could write a full score for a symphony orchestra. He went to Chen Gang for assistance. A student composer at the conservatory, Chen wrote a score for piano and a score for a symphony orchestra. In February, the two young composers were ready to present their work for audition. He Zhanhao played the composition on the violin, accompanied on piano by Chen Gang. Meng Bo asked why the piece did not have the traditional finale in which Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai become butterflies and fly away together happily. He Zhanhao explained he deliberately left it out because he feared it might be associated with superstition. Meng said the butterfly metamorphosis part was necessary for the composition, for it not only added a final touch of romance to the ethos of the composition but also highlighted the essence of Chinese tradition. So the last part was added. On May 4th, 1959, the concerto was first performed at the concert hall on the campus. Three days before the concertos public debut at Lyceum Theater, Yu Lina was picked to be the solo violin. The public debut brought down the house and the audience burst into a long standing ovation. The composers and musicians answered the curtain call several times. As they hadnt expected such a sensational success, the orchestra hadnt prepared any encore. So the orchestra gave the performance for the second time. He Zhanhao made his name overnight. The concerto became a national hit and went international. It has long been a signature masterpiece of Chinese music.
Today, He Zhanhao thinks he owes the colossal success to Yueju Opera, an opera genre that touched his heart when he grew up, to the combined efforts of Chinese musicians and opera artists in many generations.
He Zhanhao as a composer has many regrets, however. He regrets that his other music works are unfairly eclipsed by the fame of the concerto he composed in collaboration with Chen Gang when he was just a 26-year-old student. Over the past six decades, many of his students have grown up to be prominent conductors and composers and musicians. They are now prominent masters.