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        黃河流域礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況及輸沙路徑分析

        2019-04-26 02:58:16殷守強(qiáng)于加春胡振琪楊超元
        關(guān)鍵詞:研究

        李 晶,殷守強(qiáng),于加春,胡振琪,楊 震,楊超元

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        黃河流域礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況及輸沙路徑分析

        李 晶1,殷守強(qiáng)1,于加春1,胡振琪2,楊 震1,楊超元1

        (1. 中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)地球科學(xué)與測(cè)繪工程學(xué)院,北京 100083;2. 中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)環(huán)境與測(cè)繪學(xué)院,徐州 221116)

        引黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾采煤沉陷地是減輕黃河淤積和提升礦區(qū)復(fù)墾率的有效途徑,有助于改善區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境。該文以黃河主要淤積河段及沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)的23個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)為研究區(qū),分別采用沙量平衡法和開采沉陷預(yù)計(jì)法估算了黃河流域礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙的供給量和需求量,初步分析了適宜引黃充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)并設(shè)計(jì)了概略輸沙路徑。研究結(jié)果表明:1950—2013年,黃河主要淤積河段的總泥沙淤積量約為144.31億t;截至2013年,各規(guī)劃礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾總需沙量約為225.12億t;綜合考慮泥沙供需狀況和輸沙距離2個(gè)因素,包頭、義馬、焦作、鄭州、肥城、黃河北、淄博7個(gè)近距離礦區(qū)和烏海、平頂山、晉城、鶴壁、新汶5個(gè)中距離礦區(qū)適宜黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾,需沙量和需調(diào)用水量分別為90.19和148.81億t;各適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度處于21.98~109.02 km,總長(zhǎng)度約為643 km。研究成果可為黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)推廣提供前期專題性基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),為后續(xù)可行性研究、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)及充填復(fù)墾等相關(guān)政策制定提供參考。

        土地復(fù)墾;排水;煤礦;黃河流域;國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū);泥沙充填復(fù)墾;供需狀況

        0 引 言

        黃河流域分布有全國9大煤炭基地,涉及58個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū),為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了大量煤炭資源,但同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了大面積的采煤沉陷地甚至積水區(qū)[1],嚴(yán)重影響了礦區(qū)生產(chǎn)生活和生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況。充填復(fù)墾采煤沉陷地和挖損地是提高礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾率的重要途徑之一,但由于煤矸石、粉煤灰等傳統(tǒng)充填復(fù)墾材料數(shù)量不足等原因,目前中國礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾率不到30%[2],且復(fù)墾后土地存在潛在污染性[3]。黃河作為連接河源、上中下游及河口等濕地生態(tài)單元的“廊道”,具有防洪蓄水、水源涵養(yǎng)等多種功能,但黃河以“水少沙多、含沙量高”而著稱,部分河段持續(xù)淤積,嚴(yán)重影響了正常功能的發(fā)揮。為了減輕河道淤積,保障防洪安全,2013年國務(wù)院批復(fù)的《黃河流域綜合規(guī)劃(2012—2030年)》[4]明確提出了以“攔、排、調(diào)、放、挖”為重點(diǎn)的泥沙利用基本思路。引黃河淤積泥沙充填復(fù)墾采煤沉陷地,正是踐行這一思路的有效途徑。為保護(hù)河流生態(tài)環(huán)境和河道安全,目前國家實(shí)行采砂許可制度,限制泥沙開采,只要堅(jiān)持趨利避害,選擇適宜的區(qū)域和時(shí)段適度取沙,就能充分發(fā)揮引黃充填復(fù)墾的積極作用,同時(shí)改善河流和礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境。

        目前,國內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)引黃充填復(fù)墾的可行性、技術(shù)方法、效果等方面進(jìn)行了研究。張夢(mèng)虹等[5]、何強(qiáng)等[6]分析了引黃充填復(fù)墾的可行性。中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)胡振琪團(tuán)隊(duì)等針對(duì)引黃充填復(fù)墾進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的理論研究和工程實(shí)踐:通過開展黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾的試驗(yàn),比較了復(fù)墾土地與附近農(nóng)田在地貌景觀、理化性質(zhì)、作物長(zhǎng)勢(shì)等方面的差異,論證了引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)的可行性[7-8];胡振琪等[9-10]、邵芳等[11]、王培俊等[12]、朱琦等[13]、陳亞凱等[14]通過深入的研究,形成了包括取沙、輸沙、填沙及土壤重構(gòu)、沉沙后排水等泥沙充填復(fù)墾采煤沉陷地的整套技術(shù)體系,并在山東邱集煤礦等地開展了工程實(shí)踐;許濤等[15]開展了引黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾采煤沉陷地的區(qū)域適用性評(píng)價(jià)研究。

        理論研究和工程實(shí)踐表明,引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)可行,有利于變“泥沙隱患為復(fù)墾之利”,提升礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾率的同時(shí)改善河流和礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境,在黃河流域適宜河段和礦區(qū)推廣這項(xiàng)技術(shù)意義重大。由于受多方面因素的影響,該項(xiàng)技術(shù)推廣工作很難一蹴而就,需要分前期專題基礎(chǔ)性研究、中期可行性研究和后期規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)和施工等多個(gè)階段完成。其中,黃河泥沙淤積和礦區(qū)采煤沉陷狀況分別反映了引黃充填復(fù)墾泥沙的最大供給潛力和需求狀況,是影響引黃充填復(fù)墾規(guī)模與布局的重要基礎(chǔ)因素,但迄今為止,尚未見區(qū)域乃至國家等宏觀尺度的相關(guān) 研究。

        本文以黃河主要淤積河段及沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)的23個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)為研究范圍,通過分析黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙供給與各礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙需求的關(guān)系,據(jù)此概略劃分出適宜引黃充填復(fù)墾的礦區(qū),并設(shè)計(jì)各河段到礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑,以期為后續(xù)國家及區(qū)域復(fù)墾政策制定、引黃充填復(fù)墾可行性研究和相關(guān)規(guī)劃等奠定前期探索性研究基礎(chǔ)和提供參考。

        1 區(qū)域概況

        1.1 黃河水文概況

        黃河西起巴顏喀拉山,東至渤海,北臨陰山,南到秦嶺,全長(zhǎng)約5 464 km,流域面積達(dá)79.5 萬km2,干流通常劃分為上、中、下3段[16],不同河段的泥沙主要來源和淤積特征不同。黃河上游的蘭州—頭道拐河段,流域內(nèi)有沙漠風(fēng)積沙、十大“孔兌”所攜帶的泥沙匯入,其中巴彥高勒—頭道拐河段為沖積性的平原型河道,每年有一定量的泥沙淤積,河床緩慢上升。頭道拐—孟津的中游河段,流經(jīng)黃土高原,土壤侵蝕嚴(yán)重,盡管河流含沙量較高,但流速極快,河道淤積程度較輕。孟津以下的河段,流域內(nèi)植被覆蓋度較高,土壤侵蝕程度很弱,區(qū)間來沙可忽略不計(jì),由于河道寬廣而平緩,水流緩而散亂,成為巨大的泥沙沉積場(chǎng),逐漸演變?yōu)椤暗厣虾印薄?/p>

        按照水文觀測(cè)站劃分,黃河主要淤積河段包括上游的巴彥高勒—三湖河口、三湖河口—頭道拐,中游的孟津—花園口,下游的花園口—高村、高村—艾山、艾山—利津,見圖1。上述河段泥沙淤積比較嚴(yán)重,供沙潛力較大,采集泥沙更加有利。

        圖1 黃河水文觀測(cè)站和主要淤積河段

        1.2 黃河流域礦區(qū)分布概況

        黃河流域分布有寧東、神東、陜北、晉北、晉中、黃隴、晉東、河南、魯西9大煤炭基地,涉及58個(gè)全國規(guī)劃礦區(qū),總面積約為13.62萬km2,主要分布在寧夏、內(nèi)蒙古、陜西、山西、河南和山東等6個(gè)省級(jí)行政區(qū),見圖2。

        圖2 黃河流域國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)空間位置示意圖

        1.3 研究區(qū)范圍和引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)流程

        相關(guān)研究與工程實(shí)踐案例表明,國內(nèi)外高濃度礦漿管道輸送距離可達(dá)幾百千米[17-20],但高濃度泥漿管道輸沙距離最遠(yuǎn)只有160 km[21]??紤]到最遠(yuǎn)輸沙距離的制約,本文以黃河主要淤積河段及其沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)的23個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)為研究區(qū),并按照距離黃河0~60 km、>60~120 km和>120~150 km的空間差異,將礦區(qū)劃分成近距離(S1)礦區(qū)、中距離(S2)礦區(qū)和遠(yuǎn)距離(S3)礦區(qū)3種類型。為便于計(jì)算和分析,礦區(qū)與黃河淤積河段的距離用礦區(qū)的幾何中心點(diǎn)與黃河的最短距離表示。

        引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)流程如圖3所示[7],包括:1)采用挖沙船切削河道淤積泥沙,使用潛沙泵設(shè)備將黃河河床沖起來的泥沙顆粒與水混合形成高濃度泥漿;2)應(yīng)用輸沙管道和加壓泵站等,把高濃度泥漿運(yùn)輸?shù)酱龔?fù)墾區(qū)域,泥沙輸送過程不會(huì)對(duì)自然河道造成人工侵蝕破壞; 3)泥漿運(yùn)輸?shù)酱龔?fù)墾區(qū)域后,采用沉沙排水技術(shù),使 泥沙沉積充填待復(fù)墾區(qū)域,并把清水排到附近的溝渠、河道中,根據(jù)相關(guān)政策和地方用水需求,使之返回黃 河或者作為當(dāng)?shù)赜盟?,確保充填復(fù)墾后水資源得到充分利用。

        圖3 引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)流程

        2 研究方法和數(shù)據(jù)來源

        本文把黃河主要淤積河段作為充填復(fù)墾泥沙的供給河段,首先采用沙量平衡法估算這些河段的泥沙淤積量;然后運(yùn)用開采沉陷預(yù)計(jì)法估算研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)各礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾需沙量;在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析引黃充填復(fù)墾泥沙的供需狀況及其空間差異,初步劃分適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū),并設(shè)計(jì)黃河到各礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑。

        2.1 黃河泥沙淤積量的估算

        黃河泥沙淤積量的估算方法包括同流量水位法、斷面法、沙量平衡法等[22]。結(jié)合所搜集的數(shù)據(jù)資料,本文采用沙量平衡法[23]估算1950—2013年不同淤積河段的總淤積量,見式(1)。

        從中國水利部發(fā)布的《2013年中國河流泥沙公報(bào)》[24]中,獲取1950—2013年黃河不同水文觀測(cè)站的累計(jì)輸沙量數(shù)據(jù)。通過文獻(xiàn)查閱、專家咨詢、實(shí)地調(diào)查等方式,獲取不同河段的區(qū)間來沙和取沙數(shù)據(jù)。其中,各河段區(qū)間來沙主要考慮流域內(nèi)支流攜帶泥沙狀況,區(qū)間取沙主要考慮引黃灌溉取沙、采沙場(chǎng)取沙和引黃充填復(fù)墾試驗(yàn)取沙3種途徑。

        孟津—花園口段,1990—2013年共建81個(gè)采沙場(chǎng),年均取沙量約499萬m3[27],歷年累計(jì)取沙11 976萬m3,按照黃河中游泥沙密度為2.73×103kg/m3[28]進(jìn)行折算,采沙場(chǎng)累計(jì)取沙約3.27億t;花園口—高村段,采沙場(chǎng)年取沙量約為99萬m3[27],1990—2013年累計(jì)取沙2 376萬m3,按黃河下游泥沙密度為2.71×103kg/m3[28]折算,累計(jì)取沙約為0.64億t;高村—艾山段,采沙場(chǎng)年均取沙約20萬m3[27],1990—2013年累計(jì)取沙480萬m3,約為0.13億t。

        高村—艾山段,近年來山東省濟(jì)寧市等開展了引黃充填復(fù)墾試驗(yàn),泥沙輸送濃度可達(dá)400 kg/m3,利用了約0.02億t黃河泥沙[7,29],治理沉陷地面積約48.67 hm2。

        黃河下游河道年均引黃灌溉取沙約0.8125億t[30],1950—2013年累計(jì)引黃灌溉取沙量約為52.00億t,分別按照引黃灌溉取沙比例為18%、30%、22.5%和29.5%[30-31]進(jìn)行估算可知,孟津—花園口、花園口—高村、高村—艾山和艾山—利津的引黃灌溉累計(jì)取沙量分別為9.36、15.60、11.70和15.34億t。

        綜上分析,分別匯總得到1950—2013年黃河主要淤積河段的區(qū)間取沙狀況(表1)和泥沙輸移狀況(表2)。

        表1 1950—2013年黃河主要淤積河段的區(qū)間取沙狀況

        注:累計(jì)區(qū)間取沙量=采沙場(chǎng)累計(jì)取沙量+引黃充填復(fù)墾試驗(yàn)累計(jì)取沙量+引黃灌溉累計(jì)取沙量。

        Note:Sediments outflow = sediments outflow by sand excavation + sediments outflow by filling reclamation experiments + sediments outflow by irrigation.

        表2 1950—2013年黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙輸移狀況

        2.2 引黃充填復(fù)墾需沙量的估算

        估算各礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾需沙量,可以采用物理模擬試驗(yàn)、數(shù)值模擬分析、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)、理論分析預(yù)測(cè)等開采沉陷預(yù)計(jì)方法。其中,除了理論分析預(yù)測(cè)外,其余方法多針對(duì)某一礦山開采區(qū)域,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)要求比較高[32]?;诿禾慨a(chǎn)量和下沉系數(shù)的開采沉陷預(yù)計(jì)方法[6,33]是一種理論分析預(yù)測(cè)方法,不需要很復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù),普遍適用于中宏觀礦區(qū)的開采沉陷預(yù)計(jì),應(yīng)用該方法預(yù)計(jì)研究范圍內(nèi)各礦區(qū)的采煤沉陷體積和引黃充填復(fù)墾需沙量,見式(2)和式(3)。

        式中為采煤沉陷體積,億m3;為引黃充填復(fù)墾需沙量,億t;為煤炭產(chǎn)量,億t;為下沉系數(shù);為煤炭容重,t/m3;為泥沙平均密度,kg/m3。

        從中國煤炭地質(zhì)總局發(fā)布的《我國大型煤炭基地區(qū)域含水層保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略研究》[34]中,獲取截至2013年黃河流域9大煤炭基地國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)的煤炭產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)。通過查找相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),獲取不同礦區(qū)的下沉系數(shù)。為了便于估算,采用全國不同礦區(qū)各煤層的平均容重,約為1.4 t/m3[35-37]。黃河上游、中游和下游的泥沙平均密度分別為2.74×103、2.73×103和2.71×103kg/m3[28]。

        2.3 概略輸沙路徑設(shè)計(jì)方法

        輸沙路徑是指連接黃河到礦區(qū)采煤沉陷地的輸沙管道布局線路。遵循“技術(shù)可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理”的原則,須統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)各礦區(qū)的輸沙路徑,遠(yuǎn)距離礦區(qū)與近距離礦區(qū)統(tǒng)籌考慮,輸沙管道建設(shè)相互銜接,由近及遠(yuǎn),分步實(shí)施。不考慮地形、地類等其他因素的影響,應(yīng)用ArcGIS最短路徑分析功能,分析各礦區(qū)距離黃河主要淤積河段的最短距離及周圍毗鄰礦區(qū)距離,并計(jì)算S1、S2、S3礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度,見式(4)。

        式中T1、T2、T3分別表示S1、S2、S3礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度,km;L1表示S1礦區(qū)與黃河主要淤積河段 的最短距離,km;L1S2表示S1礦區(qū)與周圍S2礦區(qū)的 最短距離,km;L2S3表示S2礦區(qū)與周圍S3礦區(qū)的最短距離,km。

        3 結(jié)果與分析

        3.1 充填復(fù)墾黃河泥沙供需狀況及其空間差異

        3.1.1 黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙淤積量

        根據(jù)黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙輸移狀況(表2),采用式(1)估算出1950—2013年黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙淤積量。結(jié)果表明,1950—2013年黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙總淤積量約為144.31 億t,年均淤積量約為2.25億t。其中,孟津—花園口、花園口—高村的淤積程度最嚴(yán)重,總淤積量為114.75億t,占所有主要淤積河段總淤積量的79.52%。與相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析說明,見表3,本文對(duì)不同河段淤積量的估算結(jié)果相對(duì)可靠,與其他多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)所得估算結(jié)果接近,能夠較好地反映黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙淤積狀況。

        3.1.2 引黃充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的需沙量

        研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)共有23個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū),包括淄博、肥城、黃河北、巨野、焦作、鄭州、義馬、準(zhǔn)格爾和包頭等9個(gè)S1礦區(qū),新汶、兗州、濟(jì)寧、鶴壁、平頂山、晉城、府谷、神東、萬利、烏海等10個(gè)S2礦區(qū),棗滕、潞安、霍東、霍州等4個(gè)S3礦區(qū),見圖4。

        采用式(2)和式(3)估算出至2013年研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)各國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾需沙量,見表4。經(jīng)試驗(yàn)測(cè)定,當(dāng)前技術(shù)條件下遠(yuǎn)距離管道輸沙最大經(jīng)濟(jì)含沙量約為500 kg/m3[7],即每1 m3的泥漿包含約500 kg的泥沙。按照黃河泥沙密度統(tǒng)一取值為2.73×103kg/m3進(jìn)行估算,1 m3的泥漿中含0.183 m3的黃河泥沙,泥沙與水的體積比約為1∶4.5,按照水的密度為1×103kg/m3估算可知,每充填1 億m3的采煤沉陷空間需調(diào)用約4.5億t的水資源。因此,可根據(jù)各礦區(qū)的采煤沉陷體積估算出各礦區(qū)的需調(diào)用黃河水量,見表4。

        表3 黃河泥沙淤積量估算結(jié)果的文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比情況

        注:“—”表示相應(yīng)河段沒有參與計(jì)算,無對(duì)比數(shù)據(jù)。

        Note:“—” means no data on the corresponding river segment for not involving in the calculation.

        圖4 研究區(qū)內(nèi)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)及其距黃河最短距離

        截至2013年,研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)各礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾總需沙量為225.12億t,累計(jì)需調(diào)用黃河水量371.16億t。其中,S1、S2和S3礦區(qū)的需沙量分別約為72.86、111.62和40.64億t,分別占總需沙量的32.36%、49.58%和18.05%。神東、河南、魯西、晉東、晉中煤炭基地的需沙量分別約為67.81、58.70、46.49、26.21和25.91億t,分別占總需沙量的30.12%、26.07%、20.65%、11.64%和11.51%。

        表4 研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾需沙量和需調(diào)用水量

        3.1.3 充填復(fù)墾黃河泥沙供需狀況空間差異分析

        表5中黃河主要淤積河段的總泥沙淤積量小于研究范圍內(nèi)礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾的總需沙量,供需差距為80.81億t。其中,巴彥高勒—三湖河口、花園口—高村和艾山—利津3個(gè)河段,泥沙淤積量分別為2.42、40.08和9.43億t,各河段沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)礦區(qū)的充填復(fù)墾需沙量分別為1.56、3.01和8.75億t,泥沙供給量均大于需求量,因此僅考慮充填物料是否充足這項(xiàng)因素,這3個(gè)河段沿岸所有礦區(qū)均適宜采用黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾。三湖河口—頭道拐、孟津—花園口和高村—艾山3個(gè)河段,泥沙淤積量分別為12.99、74.67和4.72億t,各河段沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)礦區(qū)的需沙量分別為66.25、107.81和37.74億t,泥沙供給量遠(yuǎn)小于需求量,因此考慮到黃河泥沙供需狀況,這3個(gè)河段沿岸部分礦區(qū)適宜采用黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾,為了節(jié)約輸沙成本,按照距黃河由近到遠(yuǎn)的順序確定適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)。

        綜上分析,綜合考慮充填復(fù)墾泥沙量供需狀況和輸沙距離的制約,黃河沿岸適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)包括包頭、義馬、焦作、鄭州、肥城、黃河北、淄博7個(gè)S1礦區(qū)和烏海、平頂山、晉城、鶴壁、新汶5個(gè)S2礦區(qū),需沙量分別為45.31和44.88億t,總計(jì)為90.19億t,見表5,占研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)總需沙量的40.06%,相當(dāng)于黃河主要淤積河段總淤積量的62.50%,黃河泥沙充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)需累計(jì)調(diào)用黃河水量約為148.81 億t。從經(jīng)濟(jì)合理、工程技術(shù)便于操作、生態(tài)安全等角度綜合考慮,引黃充填復(fù)墾工程宜有選擇地分期推廣,且泥沙充填復(fù)墾完沉沙回水后,大部分水仍將返回黃河,不會(huì)影響黃河供水安全。

        表5 不同河段礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況

        注:“*”表示適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū),“—”表示相應(yīng)礦區(qū)沒有參與計(jì)算,無對(duì)比數(shù)據(jù)。

        Note: “*”denotes the suitable filling reclamation mining area, “—” means no data on the corresponding mining areas for not being involved in the calculation.

        3.2 概略輸沙路徑分析

        在圖4基礎(chǔ)上,按照式(4)概略設(shè)計(jì)出適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的輸沙路徑并計(jì)算其長(zhǎng)度,見圖5和表6。適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度范圍為21.98~109.02 km,總長(zhǎng)度為643 km。其中,肥城、黃河北、焦作、鄭州等4個(gè)礦區(qū)概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度小于30 km,淄博、義馬礦區(qū)為30~50 km,包頭、鶴壁、晉城、平頂山、新汶、烏海礦區(qū)為>50~110 km,其中烏海礦區(qū)的輸沙路徑最長(zhǎng),約為109.02 km。

        圖5 適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑

        表6 適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度

        4 結(jié) 論

        本文以黃河主要淤積河段及沿岸150 km范圍內(nèi)的23個(gè)國家規(guī)劃礦區(qū)為研究范圍,估算了礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況和輸沙距離,分析了適宜引黃充填復(fù)墾的礦區(qū),并設(shè)計(jì)了概略輸沙路徑。結(jié)論如下:

        1)1950—2013年,黃河主要淤積河段的泥沙淤積量約為144.31億t;截至2013年,研究區(qū)范圍內(nèi)各礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾總需沙量約為225.12億t。

        2)巴彥高勒—三湖河口、花園口—高村和艾山—利津,泥沙供給量大于需求量,沿岸所有礦區(qū)適宜引黃充填復(fù)墾;三湖河口—頭道拐、孟津—花園口和高村—艾山,泥沙供給量小于需求量,沿岸部分礦區(qū)適宜引黃充填復(fù)墾。綜合考慮充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況和輸沙距離的制約,包頭、義馬、焦作、鄭州、肥城、黃河北、淄博7個(gè)近距離礦區(qū)和烏海、平頂山、晉城、鶴壁、新汶5個(gè)中距離礦區(qū)劃分為適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū),需沙量和需調(diào)用水量分別為90.19和148.81億t。

        3)適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū)的概略輸沙路徑長(zhǎng)度處于21.98~109.02 km,總長(zhǎng)度約為643 km。肥城、黃河北、焦作、鄭州等4個(gè)礦區(qū)概略輸沙路徑最短,烏海礦區(qū)最長(zhǎng)。

        本文從宏觀區(qū)域尺度分析了黃河泥沙淤積量與礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾需沙量的供需狀況,從泥沙供給關(guān)系、輸沙距離2個(gè)制約因素角度分析了適宜充填復(fù)墾礦區(qū),研究成果可以作為引黃充填復(fù)墾技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用的前期專題研究基礎(chǔ),為充填復(fù)墾可行性研究、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)和施工及充填復(fù)墾等國家和區(qū)域政策制定提供參考。針對(duì)顧及因素少、僅考慮泥沙供需關(guān)系和距離因素等不足,今后可采用演繹法,逐一疊加不同河段的自然生態(tài)狀況、其他用途的需水需沙狀況、水沙開采限制政策、各礦區(qū)已復(fù)墾情況、不同區(qū)域土地復(fù)墾的必要性和急迫性、最新觀測(cè)泥沙量數(shù)據(jù)和更加精準(zhǔn)的沉陷監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)等因素進(jìn)行修正,使研究成果更具前瞻性、指導(dǎo)性和可操作性。

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        Analysis of supply-demand and transportation path of sediments for filling reclamation of mining areas in Yellow River basin

        Li Jing1, Yin Shouqiang1, Yu Jiachun1, Hu Zhenqi2, Yang Zhen1, Yang Chaoyuan1

        (1.100083,; 2.221116,)

        Subsided mined-land reclamation with Yellow River Sediments is an effective way and a win-win strategy for reducing the Yellow River sedimentation and accelerating mined land reclamation by using sediments as filling materials, which is of great significance to improve the regional ecological environment. In order to analyze the maximal supply amount and sediments demand for the filling reclamation of mining areas in the Yellow River basin, in this paper, we took the Yellow River and 23 national planning mining areas within 150 km away from the main sediments deposition segments of the Yellow River as the study area. Through the analysis of supply and demand of sediments for the filling reclamation of mining areas, the river segments and mining areas suitable for filling reclamation were preliminarily identified and the schematic sediments transport paths were also designed. Firstly, the sediments balance equation was used to estimatethe sedimentation amount in main sediments deposition segments of the Yellow River in 1950-2013. Secondly, the sediments demand for filling reclamation of all mining areas withinthe study area was estimated. Based on the above two steps, we analyzed the spatial difference on the relation of Yellow River sediments supply and demand for the filling reclamation in all main sediments deposition segments. Finally, the sediments transport paths of different mining areas were designed as a whole by following the principle that the path should be shortest for minimum construction and labor costs involved. The results showed that the main sediments deposition segments of the Yellow River are Bayangol-Toudaoguai and Mengjin-Lijin, whose total sedimentation amount was 14.431 billiontons in 1950 -2013.Therefore, the sedimentation was the most serious in the river segment called Mengjin-Gaocun, where the accumulated sedimentation amount was 11.475 billion tons in 1950-2013. By the distance difference from the Yellow River, those 23 mining areas were further divided into three types of mining groups, including nine short-distance (S1) mining areas, 10 middle-distance (S2) mining areas, and four long-distance (S3) mining areas, which were 0 - 60 km, >60 - 120 km and >120 - 150 km away from the Yellow River, respectively. Their total sediments demand amount was about 22.512 billion tons by 2013. The spatial relationship between the supply and demand of the Yellow River sediments was unbalanced, thus not all mining areas could be reclaimed with Yellow River Sediment for insufficient sediment in some river segments. In the river segments including Bayangol-Sanhuhekou, Huayuankou-Gaocun, Aishan-Lijin, the sedimentation amount could cover the reclamation demand, thus all the mining areas could be filling-reclaimed using the sediments only judging by the difference between the sediment supply and reclamation demand, but in the river segments including Sanhuhekou-Toudaoguai, Mengjin-Huayuankou and Gaocun-Aishan, the sedimentation amount was less than the reclamation demand, thus only part of the mining areas could be suitable for the sediment-filling reclamation application. As a result, 7 S1 mining areas and 5 S2 mining areas, including Baotou, Yima, Jiaozuo, Zhengzhou, Feicheng, Huang Hebei, Zibo, Wuhai, Pingdingshan, Jincheng, Hebi and Xinwen, were comparatively suitable for filling reclamation by both sediments transportation length and sediments sufficiency or not, whose total sediments demand was 4.531 billion tons around and 4.488 billion tons, respectively by 2013, about 9.019 billion tonsin total, accounting for about 40.06% of the total sediments demand of all mining areas and about 62.50% of the total sedimentation amount in the study area. The total water involved for sediment transportation to the mining areas suitable for filling reclamation was about 14.881 billion tons by 2013. The sediments transport paths length of the mining areas suitable for filling reclamation was about 21.98 - 109.02 km away from the Yellow River. The total sediments transport paths length to the suitable mining areas was about 643 km. The study is the foundation for the wide-scale promotion of the filling reclamation technology of mining areas with Yellow River sediments, and is helpful for the subsequent feasibility study, the relevant planning and reclamation policies making.

        land reclamation; drainage; coal mines; the Yellow River basin; national planning mining area; filling reclamation with sediments; difference between sediment amount and its demand

        2018-05-02

        2019-01-19

        國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41501564);國家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(2012BAC04B03)

        李 晶,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向?yàn)橥恋乩门c土地復(fù)墾、生態(tài)遙感、3S應(yīng)用。Email:lijing@cumtb.edu.cn

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.05.033

        TD88

        A

        1002-6819(2019)-05-0268-10

        李 晶,殷守強(qiáng),于加春,胡振琪,楊 震,楊超元. 黃河流域礦區(qū)充填復(fù)墾泥沙供需狀況及輸沙路徑分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(5):268-277.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.05.033 http://www.tcsae.org

        Li Jing, Yin Shouqiang, Yu Jiachun, Hu Zhenqi, Yang Zhen, Yang Chaoyuan. Analysis of supply-demand and transportation path of sediments for filling reclamation of mining areas in Yellow River basin[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(5): 268-277. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.05.033 http://www.tcsae.org

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