江蘇 張祥美
英語中的名詞按其是否可以用數(shù)目來計算可分為可數(shù)名詞(可用數(shù)目計算)和不可數(shù)名詞(不可用數(shù)目計算)。這兩種名詞在用法上是有區(qū)別的,具體有以下幾種區(qū)別:
一、可數(shù)名詞有單、復數(shù)之分。表示一個人或事物時,用單數(shù);表示一個以上的人或事物時,用復數(shù)。如:an apple— two apples;a tomato— ten tomatoes;a baker—two bakers。而不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式,只有單數(shù)形式。如:a lot of beef,some pork。
【友情提醒】不可數(shù)名詞表示不同的類別時,可用復數(shù)。比如fish作“魚肉”講時是不可數(shù)名詞,指魚的種類時則是可數(shù)名詞。
二、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時,前面要用不定冠詞a/an;而不可數(shù)名詞前不能用a/an。例如:
Song Hong is a manager.She can't see milk on the table.宋虹是個經(jīng)理。她看不見桌子上的牛奶。
【友情提醒】在表示特指時,可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前都要用定冠詞the。例如:
Pass me the onions,please.請把洋蔥遞給我。
The chicken on the plate is yours.盤子里的雞肉是你的。
三、可數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量意義時可用many,a few,few等詞修飾;不可數(shù)名詞則要用much,a little,little等詞修飾。例如:
There are many potatoes in the basket,but not much meat.籃子里有許多土豆,但肉不多。
There is little water in the bottle.瓶子里幾乎沒有水。
【友情提醒】這兩類名詞都可以被some,any,a lot of,lots of等詞修飾。如:some carrots,any brushes,some rice,a lot of milk等。
四、可數(shù)名詞前通??捎镁唧w的數(shù)詞來修飾;不可數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量的多少時,必須與表示數(shù)量的名詞連用,即“數(shù)詞+表示數(shù)量的名詞(可數(shù)名詞)+of+不可數(shù)名詞”。例如:
There are three women under the tree.樹下有三個婦女。
There are two glasses of milk on the table.桌上有兩杯牛奶。
五、可數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)要與主語的單復數(shù)保持一致;不可數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)形式。例如:
There is some rice in the bowl.碗里有些米飯。
All the students are in the classroom.所有的學生都在教室里。
【友情提醒】當不可數(shù)名詞前面有表示數(shù)量的名詞,且該名詞為復數(shù)形式時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。例如:
There are four glasses of coffee on the table.桌子上有四杯咖啡。
六、對可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量提問時用how many,對不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量提問時用how much。例如:
We have got ten bananas in the fridge.→How many bananas have you got in the fridge?
There is some pork in the basket.→How much pork is there in the basket?
I want two cups of tea.→How many cups of tea do you want?
七、英語中,有些名詞本身常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如:trousers,clothes,glasses(眼鏡)等。當這些名詞作主語時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。若表示“一條;一雙”等時,可用“a pair of...”來表示,這時謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
A pair of shoes is under the bed.一雙鞋在床下。
有些名詞在漢語中是可數(shù)名詞,但在英語中卻是不可數(shù)名詞,如:money(錢),jiao(角),bread(面包)等。而有些名詞,既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞,如:orange作“橙汁”講時是不可數(shù)名詞,作“橙子”講時又是可數(shù)名詞。
另外,有些集合名詞也是可數(shù)名詞,但不同的是,它們以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示復數(shù)意義,如:people,police,family等。而有些可數(shù)名詞本身就以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如:clothes,glasses(眼鏡)等。還有些可數(shù)名詞單、復數(shù)形式相同,如:sheep,Chinese,Japanese等。
1.There's a little _______left at home.Go and buy some,dear.【2016·海南中考題】
A.carrots B.potatoes C.rice
【答案與解析】C 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。故選C項。
2.—Alice, which season do you like best?
—Autumn.The fallen ________ are like a thick blanket on the ground.What beautiful scenery it is!
【2018·哈爾濱中考題】
A.leaf B.leafs C.leaves
【答案與解析】C 本題考查可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。名詞leaf的復數(shù)形式是將f改為v再加-es。故選C項。
3.They are thirsty.Will you please give them _______?
【2017·西藏中考題】
A.some bottles of waters
B.some bottles of water
C.some bottle of water
D.some bottle of waters
【答案與解析】B 本題考查不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的表達。water為不可數(shù)名詞,不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量應(yīng)用恰當?shù)牧吭~來表示,其結(jié)構(gòu)為“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”,bottle是可數(shù)名詞,“幾瓶水”為some bottles of water。故選B項。
4.—How many _______doctorsare there in your hospital,David?
—________them _______overone hundred.
【2018·眉山中考題】
A.woman;The number of;is
B.women;A number of;are
C.woman;A number of;is
D.women;The number of;is
【答案與解析】D 本題考查名詞的單、復數(shù)形式。當man/woman后面的名詞為復數(shù)形式時,那么man/woman也應(yīng)變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式;a number of意為“許多;一些”,后接名詞復數(shù)作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù),the number of意為“……的數(shù)量”,后接名詞復數(shù)作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。故選D項。
5.—There _____many foreign students in her class.
—Yes.I know two of them are _______.
【2017·營口中考題】
A.are;Japanese B.is;Australian
C.are;Germany D.is;America
【答案與解析】A 本題考查謂語動詞與主語的關(guān)系以及集合名詞的用法。上句中的主語為可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式,下句中的主語為復數(shù)形式,后面的名詞也要用復數(shù)形式。故選A項。
將下面句子中的錯誤找出,并改正吧!
1.Those woman teachers are cleaning their office.
2.Lilyand Jim do theirhomeworks every evening.
3.There are only tea here.
4.—How many meat do you want?
—Half a kilo.
5.A pair of shoes are under the chair.
6.There are a lot of rice in my bag.
7.The trousers is too long for me.
8.How much bottles of milk do you want?