亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Pecking Order in an Imperial Harem

        2019-02-20 16:45:38ByBaiLiuli
        Special Focus 2019年5期

        By Bai Liuli

        Palace drama is terrifying yet intriguing,with twists and turns in its plot,which is rife with mysterious deaths of imperial heirs and royal concubines.

        Politics in the Inner Court

        The main task of the concubines in the royal palace is to give birth to babies.Despite the large number of “high-quality” concubines in a feudalistic harem,it turns out that the carefully selected ones do not necessarily accomplish the task of producing more offspring and prospering the royal family.

        The sons and daughters of Emperor Qianlong all died a horrific death.His first Empress,Xiaoxianchun,had two sons,among whom one died at the age of eight while the other younger than two; she also had two daughters,one of whom died at birth.In the end,she only had one daughter left.

        Qianlong’s second empress,Ruyi,who is the heroine in the dramaRuyi’s Royal Love in the Palace,is even more pitiful.She had two sons and one daughter,yet one son died at birth and the daughter didn’t live to see her sixth birthday.The other son died an early death in his twenties.So the second queen did not leave any offspring behind.

        Qianlong’s last empress,Imperial Noble Consort Ling,the most hateful and sinister woman inRuyi’s Royal Love in the Palace,gave birth to four sons,two of whom died shortly after birth.

        The rulers in the feudal dynasties always attached great importance to their first-born sons,which somehow seems to have accelerated the death of their princes.If we calculate the death rate of emperors’ sons,we’ll find the result staggering.The mortality rate of the sons of Empress Xiaoxianchun and her successor was 100%,while the last queen’s sons’ death rate also reached 50%.

        Life in the feudalistic palace was treacherous,which is understandable in regards to the laws of nature.We may call it the “pecking order” of the harem,which can help us unravel the offspring-shortage mystery of the royal families.

        Pecking Order

        William Muir,a biologist at Purdue University in the United States,was studying the productivity of chickens and conducted an experiment with two groups of chickens.

        First he chose a flock of chickens average in their productivity (measured by egg count) and left the group to itself for six generations.

        Then he made another group of “super chickens” by picking up the highest producing,the strongest,and the most competitive chickens and put them in one flock.By doing so,he expected to make every generation of the “super group” stronger than the last one.

        The outcome was surprising.The average chicken group performed well—all were plump and healthy—and showed an increased level of output versus the first generation.On the contrary,in the super chicken group,only three were left alive while all the others were pecked to death.

        William Muir’s deliberate screening proved tragic.Compared to the average chicken group with mild temperament,members of the “super chickens” were particularly aggressive and over-competitive,which made William Muir’s productivity plan a complete failure.

        The original intention of the feudal emperor in building a large harem with “high-quality” concubines was very similar to that of William Muir,and their outcomes are similar as well: the emperors didn’t get more and/or stronger offspring.

        Social Capital

        In fact,the pecking order culture exists not only in the feudal palaces,but also in every corner of today’s society.Many people overrate competition and believe persistent competition can lead to success.Yet more often the outcome turns out to be the contrary of what they have anticipated.Competitors who disregard the overall situation and hope to monopolize resources not only disrupt teamwork,but also cause a huge waste of resources,spread an unhealthy competitive spirit in the team,and render the whole team inefficient.

        Perhaps reducing the number of concubines in the royal palace could be a good way to counter play the pecking order effect and improve the quality and quantity of royal progeny.An example would be Yang Jian,the founding Emperor of the Sui Dynasty (581—618),who was solely devoted to his Queen Dugu.He had a quite empty harem,yet he had as many sons as Emperor Qianlong.Queen Dugu born him five sons and none of them died.The survival rate was 100%.

        In modern society,top companies have replaced competition with social capital.Social capital refers to one’s strong social relations built through mutual benefiting and cooperation with other people and other teams which may bring a wider range of resources.It is the opposite of the pecking order in that it promotes a culture based on helping each other.Abandoning the idea of being a super hero and strengthening collaboration with one another might be the very way to achieve goals faster and better.

        (FromSuper Science,Feburary 2019.Translation: Lu Qiongyao)

        国产一区二区在线观看视频免费| 久久人人玩人妻潮喷内射人人| 亚洲一二三区在线观看| 精品一区二区三区影片| 亚洲中文乱码在线观看| 每日更新在线观看av| 18成人片黄网站www| 亚洲一区二区欧美色妞影院| 日韩产的人妻av在线网| 国产精品视频永久免费播放| 99re热视频这里只精品| 亚洲成a∨人片在线观看无码| 精品蜜桃在线观看一区二区三区| 青青草 视频在线观看| 久久露脸国产精品| 日韩中文在线视频| 免费在线观看草逼视频| 亚洲国产精品二区三区| 久久国产黄色片太色帅| 色偷偷噜噜噜亚洲男人| 国产精品亚洲A∨天堂| 亚洲精品在线一区二区三区| 一区二区和激情视频| 亚洲av综合av国产av| 在线无码精品秘 在线观看| 亚洲免费在线视频播放| 久久久久久久久毛片精品| 在线看亚洲十八禁网站| 精品日本韩国一区二区三区| 亚洲成人av在线第一页| 免费人成再在线观看视频| 中文AV怡红院| 国产一区三区二区视频在线观看| 樱桃视频影院在线播放| 国产美女白浆| 亚洲男人在线天堂av| 一本大道av伊人久久综合| 亚洲暴爽av人人爽日日碰| 亚洲视频在线播放免费视频| 国产白浆在线免费观看 | 女女女女bbbbbb毛片在线|