王申瑩,胡志超,吳 峰,于昭洋,曹明珠,高學(xué)梅
全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量建模與試驗(yàn)
王申瑩,胡志超※,吳 峰,于昭洋,曹明珠,高學(xué)梅
(農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所,南京 210014)
為解決中國(guó)全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)因喂入量波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致作業(yè)性能下降甚至出現(xiàn)機(jī)械故障,而花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)研究又缺失的問(wèn)題,該文以團(tuán)隊(duì)前期所研制的4HLJ-3000型全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)為研究對(duì)象,提出了基于撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩的喂入量監(jiān)測(cè)方法。通過(guò)對(duì)撿拾臺(tái)進(jìn)行動(dòng)力分析,得出了撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩和喂入量的數(shù)學(xué)模型。利用撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速、扭矩和功率等工況數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)存儲(chǔ)分析管理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了扭矩和喂入量的道路監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn)。對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了線性函數(shù)、冪函數(shù)、指數(shù)函數(shù)和二次函數(shù)擬合回歸分析,結(jié)果表明二次函數(shù)模型擬合度較高,其決定系數(shù)2為0.990。對(duì)二次函數(shù)擬合曲線進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)喂入量小于等于3.0 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加扭矩緩慢增加;當(dāng)喂入量大于3.0 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加,扭矩急劇增加,且轉(zhuǎn)速隨之降低。模型驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明,所建立的二次函數(shù)模型具有較好的準(zhǔn)確性,絕對(duì)偏差率范圍為0.42%~2.43%,平均偏差率為1.40%,且喂入量越大,偏差率越大。對(duì)喂入量和扭矩的函數(shù)模型進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,扭矩偏差率范圍為1.90%~3.58%,平均偏差率為2.65%。研究結(jié)果可為全喂入式花生及其他作物撿拾收獲機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)及喂入量的智能測(cè)控提供參考。
農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;建模;試驗(yàn);花生;全喂入收獲機(jī);撿拾臺(tái);喂入量;扭矩
花生是世界油料生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易中僅次于大豆的油料作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一[1-3]。2017年,中國(guó)花生種植面積4.61×106hm2,產(chǎn)量1.71×107t,分別位居世界前列。但中國(guó)花生收獲機(jī)械化水平較美洲國(guó)家相對(duì)滯后,大部分花生種植區(qū)仍以半機(jī)械化和分段收獲為主[4-8],2017年,中國(guó)花生機(jī)械化收獲水平僅為39.72%[9]?,F(xiàn)有的花生撿拾收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)多參考國(guó)外技術(shù)或借鑒稻麥聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)相關(guān)技術(shù),專(zhuān)業(yè)的研究比較少,故障率高、作業(yè)性能質(zhì)量不理想,嚴(yán)重制約了花生產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。喂入量的監(jiān)測(cè)和控制是花生撿拾收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一,各個(gè)部件的工作性能均與喂入量密切相關(guān)。收獲時(shí)若喂入量小于設(shè)計(jì)喂入量,會(huì)降低收獲機(jī)的作業(yè)效率,增加收獲成本;若大于設(shè)計(jì)喂入量,則會(huì)造成收獲機(jī)后續(xù)輸送、脫粒分離及清選等部件的作業(yè)性能下降,當(dāng)喂入量遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)各工作部件的承受能力時(shí),將會(huì)出現(xiàn)擁堵現(xiàn)象甚至出現(xiàn)機(jī)械故障。
國(guó)外對(duì)農(nóng)作物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)喂入量方面的研究起步早,但多集中在稻麥聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)方面[10-15],對(duì)花生收獲機(jī)喂入量的研究較少(因?yàn)閲?guó)外花生品種多為蔓生形,收獲時(shí)花生果秧相互交織在一起類(lèi)似地毯,喂入量相對(duì)均勻穩(wěn)定)。Robert[16]通過(guò)一定的控制算法改變稻麥?zhǔn)斋@機(jī)的行走速度穩(wěn)定滾筒負(fù)荷,從而獲得穩(wěn)定的喂入量。Miosz[17]對(duì)稻麥?zhǔn)斋@損失率及喂入量進(jìn)行了研究,建立了收割機(jī)作業(yè)速度控制模型。Gomez-Gil等[18]利用GPS技術(shù)和顆粒重量傳感器及田間試驗(yàn),建立了谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)喂入量和作業(yè)速度的數(shù)學(xué)模型。Bajema等[19]設(shè)計(jì)了馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)2級(jí)傳輸裝置,并根據(jù)第二級(jí)輸送裝置所承受的負(fù)載量控制收獲機(jī)的前進(jìn)速度。
中國(guó)花生收獲機(jī)械的研究多集中在半喂入聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)研究[20-23]、花生挖掘收獲機(jī)的研制[24-26]、花生收獲機(jī)摘果、清選和自動(dòng)控制等關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化研究[27-31]以及花生撿拾聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)撿拾器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)優(yōu)化[32-35]。目前,中國(guó)花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量的大小主要憑借駕駛員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)調(diào)控,針對(duì)全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量的學(xué)術(shù)研究鮮有報(bào)道,喂入量的相關(guān)研究多集中在稻麥聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)方面。李耀明等[36]研究了谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)喂入量與脫粒滾筒凹板篩后側(cè)油缸壓力和脫粒分離總損失的關(guān)系。陳進(jìn)等[37]借助試驗(yàn)臺(tái)對(duì)谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)傾斜輸送器喂入主動(dòng)軸扭矩與喂入量的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究。劉元元等[38]分析了谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)割臺(tái)螺旋輸送器動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,對(duì)螺旋輸送器功率和喂入量的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究。盧文濤等[39]設(shè)計(jì)了谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)脫粒滾筒液壓無(wú)級(jí)變速系統(tǒng),并通過(guò)臺(tái)架試驗(yàn)得出了喂入量與油壓力之間的關(guān)系方程。陳度等[40]對(duì)稻麥聯(lián)合收割機(jī)喂入量和收獲損失的影響因素進(jìn)行了分析,建立了喂入量與收獲過(guò)程損失的數(shù)學(xué)模型。介戰(zhàn)等[41]研究了一種由喂入量擠壓力測(cè)試原理、喂入量測(cè)試模型建立和當(dāng)量喂入量測(cè)試方法組成的GPS聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)隨機(jī)喂入量實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)試的理論和技術(shù)。張振乾等[42]設(shè)計(jì)了基于谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)割臺(tái)傳動(dòng)軸扭矩的喂入量監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),并建立了喂入量預(yù)測(cè)模型。尤惠媛等[43]基于谷物聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)脫粒滾筒無(wú)級(jí)變速液壓缸油壓力設(shè)計(jì)了喂入量模糊控制系統(tǒng)。
本文旨在前期研制的全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)一種喂入量測(cè)量方法,建立撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩與喂入量的數(shù)學(xué)模型,以期為花生撿拾收獲機(jī)自動(dòng)控制研究提供理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)參考,主要研究?jī)?nèi)容包括:1)分析全喂入花生收獲機(jī)撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩與喂入量間的數(shù)學(xué)模型;2)設(shè)計(jì)一種全喂入花生收獲機(jī)喂入量監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)和方法;3)通過(guò)試驗(yàn)分析喂入量和輸入軸扭矩的具體函數(shù)關(guān)系。
前期所研制的4HLJ-3000型全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)撿拾臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示,主要由限深輪、壓秧?xiàng)U、滑秧板、撿拾彈齒、螺旋輸運(yùn)器等組成。主要完成花生秧果撿拾、推送集中并向后輸送等作業(yè)。其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)如圖2所示,其動(dòng)力由撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸(3)提供,動(dòng)力經(jīng)傳動(dòng)鏈帶動(dòng)螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸(2)旋轉(zhuǎn),再經(jīng)撿拾器驅(qū)動(dòng)鏈(8)和3個(gè)張緊輪(4、5、1)帶動(dòng)撿拾器軸(7)的旋轉(zhuǎn),并實(shí)現(xiàn)螺旋輸運(yùn)器和撿拾器的反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸和螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的傳動(dòng)比1=1.0,螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸和撿拾器軸的傳動(dòng)比2=3.5。撿拾臺(tái)主要參數(shù)如表1所示。
1.撿拾彈齒 2.滑秧板 3.滑秧板交接支撐架 4.螺旋輸運(yùn)器凹板 5.螺旋輸運(yùn)器 6.限深輪 7.壓秧?xiàng)U
1.第三張緊鏈輪 2.螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸 3.撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸 4.第一張緊鏈輪 5.第二張緊鏈輪 6.撿拾器鏈輪 7.撿拾器軸 8.螺旋輸送器撿拾器傳動(dòng)鏈 9.撿拾器驅(qū)動(dòng)鏈輪
表1 撿拾輸送裝置主要參數(shù)
工作時(shí),花生秧果在旋轉(zhuǎn)撿拾彈齒的帶動(dòng)及與壓秧?xiàng)U的相互作用下沿著滑秧板進(jìn)入到螺旋輸運(yùn)器,在螺旋輸運(yùn)器的旋轉(zhuǎn)聚攏作用下,花生秧果被聚集到中間并傳送給后續(xù)輸送裝置,運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑如圖1中箭頭所示。
收獲作業(yè)時(shí),撿拾臺(tái)的動(dòng)力分析如圖3所示。
注:T、T1、T2分別為撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸、撿拾器軸和螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的扭矩,N?m;n、n1和n2分別為撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸、撿拾器軸和螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,r?min-1;R為撿拾彈齒回轉(zhuǎn)半徑,m。
由圖3可知,撿拾臺(tái)總功率為
=/9550(1)
式中為撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸的總功率,kW;為撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩,N·m;為撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min。
設(shè)鏈輪與輸送鏈以及軸承之間的功率損失為0,根據(jù)能量守恒原理,總功率可分解為
式中1為撿拾器軸的功率,kW;1為撿拾器軸的扭矩,N?m;1為撿拾器軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min;2為螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的功率,kW;2為螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的扭矩,N?m;2為螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min;0為鏈輪與輸送鏈以及軸承之間因摩擦引起的扭矩,為常數(shù),N?m。
撿拾器撿拾的花生果秧為自然鋪放狀態(tài),花生果秧與滑秧板之間的摩擦力比較小,可忽略;撿拾器軸主要受到由于花生果秧重力引起的扭矩。近似認(rèn)為花生果秧集中作用在撿拾彈齒端部,則
1=0(3)
=0(4)
式中為花生果秧自然鋪放密度,kg/m3;為撿拾臺(tái)寬度,m;為花生果秧自然鋪放厚度,m;0為收獲機(jī)前進(jìn)速度,m/s;為重力加速度,m/s2;為撿拾彈齒回轉(zhuǎn)半徑,m;為喂入量,kg/s。
由式(3)和式(4)可知
1=(5)
花生果秧經(jīng)撿拾器撿起并傳送到螺旋輸運(yùn)器后,在螺旋輸運(yùn)器擠壓、推送的作用下被輸送到后續(xù)輸送裝置。螺旋輸運(yùn)器不僅受到垂直于螺旋葉片表面的花生果秧重力的作用,還受到沿螺旋葉片切向摩擦阻力F的作用。該摩擦阻力F和花生果秧與螺旋葉片間的擠壓力F成正比[36]。取花生莢果、花生葉和莖稈與螺旋輸運(yùn)器之間的綜合摩擦系數(shù)為,則
2=/2+FD/2(6)
F=F(7)
參考文獻(xiàn)[36]和[44]可知,擠壓力F與花生果秧受擠壓程度有關(guān),且有
F=K(max/)(8)
max=/[(1+)ρvw](9)
式中K為系數(shù);max為非谷粒物料自然鋪放厚度,mm;為螺旋葉片與凹板之間的間隙,mm;為一實(shí)數(shù);為果秧質(zhì)量比;v為果秧在螺旋輸運(yùn)器中的平均線速度,m/s;為螺旋輸運(yùn)器寬度,m,即等于撿拾臺(tái)寬度。
由式(5)~(8)可知
由式(1)、式(2)、式(4)和式(9)以及上述傳動(dòng)比可知撿拾臺(tái)總功率為
將式(1)帶入上式得
由上式可知,當(dāng)其他參數(shù)(花生果秧密度和果秧比)一定、撿拾收獲機(jī)穩(wěn)定均勻喂入時(shí),撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩主要受喂入量的影響。上式可化簡(jiǎn)為
式中0、1、2為常系數(shù)。
2.2.1 總體結(jié)構(gòu)
為實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),本文設(shè)計(jì)了花生撿拾臺(tái)工況監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),主要監(jiān)測(cè)撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速、扭矩和功率。監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框圖如圖4所示,系統(tǒng)主要由傳感器單元、數(shù)據(jù)采集和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)分析3個(gè)部分組成。傳感器單元把撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速轉(zhuǎn)換成頻率信號(hào),數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊將頻率信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速值顯示,并通過(guò)RS485總線和RS485轉(zhuǎn)USB傳送到計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)。
圖4 監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框圖
2.2.2 傳感器單元
轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器采用北京三晶聯(lián)合科技有限公司生產(chǎn)的SL06-2000AT型扭矩傳感器,主要用來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)撿拾臺(tái)總動(dòng)力輸入軸的轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩,主要參數(shù)如表2所示。
表2 傳感器主要參數(shù)
采用應(yīng)變電測(cè)原理測(cè)量扭矩,將應(yīng)變計(jì)粘貼在應(yīng)變軸上,當(dāng)應(yīng)變軸受扭力產(chǎn)生微小變形時(shí),應(yīng)變計(jì)阻值發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化。測(cè)量電橋由具有相同應(yīng)變特性的應(yīng)變計(jì)組成,可將應(yīng)變電阻的變化轉(zhuǎn)化為電壓信號(hào)的變化,如圖5所示。電源經(jīng)能源輸入耦合器耦合后傳輸?shù)綉?yīng)變軸上,再經(jīng)穩(wěn)壓電路形成穩(wěn)定電壓。應(yīng)變橋?qū)?yīng)變軸的微小變形轉(zhuǎn)化為電壓信號(hào),并經(jīng)放大器放大后送到V/F變換器,再經(jīng)輸出信號(hào)耦合器和信號(hào)輸出電路輸出調(diào)頻方波信號(hào)。
轉(zhuǎn)速的測(cè)量采用光電開(kāi)關(guān)碼盤(pán)原理,當(dāng)測(cè)速碼盤(pán)連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),通過(guò)光電開(kāi)關(guān)輸出具有一定周期寬度的脈沖信號(hào),轉(zhuǎn)速可根據(jù)下式計(jì)算得出
=60f/(14)
式中f為實(shí)測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)速輸出頻率值,Hz;為傳感器測(cè)速碼盤(pán)齒數(shù)。
1. 能源輸入耦合器 2.穩(wěn)壓電路 3.應(yīng)變橋 4.放大器 5.V/F變換器 6.輸出信號(hào)耦合器 7.信號(hào)輸出電路
傳感器的安裝方法為:將撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸剪斷分為2個(gè)半軸,傳感器通過(guò)兩端的內(nèi)外花鍵安裝在2個(gè)半軸中間。
2.2.3 數(shù)據(jù)采集
數(shù)據(jù)采集采用北京三晶聯(lián)合科技有限公司生產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)試儀。該采集儀可實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)顯示撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸的扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速,并可設(shè)定扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速的小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置,同時(shí)通過(guò)計(jì)算顯示實(shí)時(shí)功率。該測(cè)試儀精度0.1%,外供電源12VDC,轉(zhuǎn)速輸入脈沖1~20000Hz,扭矩輸入脈沖5~15 kHz,扭矩變送4~20mA,轉(zhuǎn)速變送4~20mA,RS485數(shù)據(jù)輸出。
2.2.4 數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)分析
數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)分析軟件采用與數(shù)據(jù)采集控制器配套的M400數(shù)據(jù)采集管理軟件。該軟件可實(shí)時(shí)顯示扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速和功率曲線及數(shù)值,亦可存儲(chǔ)歷史數(shù)據(jù)和曲線,并可調(diào)出任意時(shí)刻的曲線和數(shù)據(jù)。
為了確定喂入量與撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩的數(shù)學(xué)模型,利用4HLJ-3000型花生撿拾聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)在河南省駐馬店市進(jìn)行了道路收獲試驗(yàn)。其它試驗(yàn)器材有標(biāo)桿、秒表、卷尺、電子秤等。
試驗(yàn)花生品種為皖花2號(hào),種植模式為單壟雙行,土壤為沙壤土,壟距平均為800 mm,株距平均為260 mm,花生株高平均在400 mm,每株平均結(jié)果16顆,產(chǎn)量7 500 kg/hm2?;ㄉ聿捎檬袌?chǎng)上常見(jiàn)的5HZ-175型花生挖掘收獲機(jī)挖掘后,放在田間自然晾曬3 d,花生秧含水率為20%~30%。
參照GB/T5262-2008《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械試驗(yàn)條件測(cè)定方法的一般規(guī)定》和NY/T 2204-2012《花生收獲機(jī)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)規(guī)范》,試驗(yàn)分別測(cè)定全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)不同工作條件下的扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速、前進(jìn)速度及喂入量。在花生試驗(yàn)田內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取9個(gè)小區(qū)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),每個(gè)小區(qū)長(zhǎng)度為20 m,寬度為花生撿拾聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)作業(yè)幅寬。為方便試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)、降低試驗(yàn)成,人工將每個(gè)小區(qū)內(nèi)花生果秧收集并按照挖掘收獲后田間的狀態(tài)(小區(qū)內(nèi)花生挖掘收獲后呈現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)度、寬度和鋪放厚度)將花生果秧重新鋪放到水泥道路上。每次試驗(yàn)待收獲機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到額定轉(zhuǎn)速進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)后再進(jìn)行收獲試驗(yàn)。應(yīng)用M400數(shù)據(jù)采集管理軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),選取每個(gè)試驗(yàn)小區(qū)扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速動(dòng)態(tài)曲線達(dá)到穩(wěn)定后的時(shí)間段作為測(cè)定時(shí)間,將此時(shí)間段內(nèi)每0.5 s的扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速數(shù)值導(dǎo)出,分別取此時(shí)間段內(nèi)扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的的平均值。用秒表監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)間,計(jì)算出每次試驗(yàn)的平均前進(jìn)速度。每次試驗(yàn)后,將掉落的花生秧果、集秧箱中花生秧及糧倉(cāng)中的花生莢果進(jìn)行稱重,結(jié)合每次試驗(yàn)所用的時(shí)間計(jì)算出每次試驗(yàn)的平均喂入量。為減小誤差,試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,結(jié)果取均值。試驗(yàn)情況如圖6所示。
圖6 道路試驗(yàn)情況
扭矩、轉(zhuǎn)速、前進(jìn)速度及喂入量的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表3所示。
表3 道路試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
應(yīng)用SPSS數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件對(duì)表3中的扭矩和喂入量進(jìn)行擬合回歸分析。參考文獻(xiàn)[40],利用線性函數(shù)、冪函數(shù)、指數(shù)函數(shù)和二次函數(shù)對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合分析,擬合曲線如圖7所示。
從擬合結(jié)果可知,二次函數(shù)的2值最高,說(shuō)明試驗(yàn)所得的二次函數(shù)模型對(duì)該樣機(jī)的擬合精度較高,即在聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)工作穩(wěn)定、喂入均勻、作物狀態(tài)(密度和鋪放厚度)基本一致時(shí),撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩與喂入量的二次函數(shù)模型與前述理論分析得出的數(shù)學(xué)模型式(13)吻合度較高。
由圖7二次函數(shù)擬合曲線可以看出,當(dāng)喂入量小于等于3 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加扭矩增加比較緩慢,因?yàn)樵摌訖C(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)喂入量為2 kg/s,喂入量的小幅增加,主要是由于花生果秧重量的增加導(dǎo)致?lián)焓捌鬏S和螺旋輸運(yùn)器軸的扭矩小幅增加,增加幅度尚在撿拾臺(tái)的容許范圍內(nèi)。但當(dāng)喂入量大于3 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加,扭矩急劇增加,這是因?yàn)槲谷肓康拇蠓黾樱瑢?dǎo)致螺旋輸運(yùn)器中花生果秧層厚增加,物料層和螺旋輸運(yùn)器凹版之間的擠壓作用顯著增大,摩擦阻力快速增加,導(dǎo)致扭矩急劇增加。同時(shí),由表3分析可知,隨著喂入量的大幅增加,動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速也隨之降低,這是因?yàn)槁菪斶\(yùn)器的摩擦阻力矩過(guò)大,而撿拾臺(tái)能提供的最大功率一定,轉(zhuǎn)速就會(huì)降低,導(dǎo)致花生果秧無(wú)法及時(shí)的向后輸送,堆積在螺旋輸運(yùn)器中,物料層厚進(jìn)一步增大,轉(zhuǎn)速進(jìn)一步降低,直至堵塞卡死。這也解釋了實(shí)際收獲過(guò)程中,短暫的喂入量過(guò)大導(dǎo)致的撿拾臺(tái)堵死,甚至造成撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸安裝軸承斷裂現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的原因。
圖7 喂入量與扭矩不同關(guān)系模型擬合結(jié)果
為了檢測(cè)建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型的正確性,本文按照上述試驗(yàn)方法和數(shù)據(jù)提取方法對(duì)建立的喂入量與撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩?cái)?shù)學(xué)模型式(20)進(jìn)行了5次驗(yàn)證性試驗(yàn)。驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表4所示。
表4 驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
從表4可以看出,實(shí)測(cè)撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩與數(shù)學(xué)模型計(jì)算值的偏差率。驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,根據(jù)道路監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn)樣本建立的喂入量與動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩的二次函數(shù)模型具有較好的準(zhǔn)確性,絕對(duì)偏差率范圍為0.42%~2.43%,平均偏差率為1.40%。同時(shí),從表4可以看出,喂入量越大,偏差率越大,說(shuō)明隨著喂入量的增加,撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩變化的不確定性增加,擬合的二次函數(shù)模型準(zhǔn)確性降低。
為了檢驗(yàn)建立的二次函數(shù)數(shù)學(xué)模型在田間實(shí)際收獲時(shí)的適應(yīng)性和正確性,按照上述試驗(yàn)方法和數(shù)據(jù)提取方法于2018年10月在河南省駐馬店市汝南縣馬鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)花生品種、種植模式、田間狀態(tài)及挖掘收獲方式等與道路試驗(yàn)相同。挖掘后晾曬5 d,此時(shí)花生植株含水率為18%~25%。田間試驗(yàn)如圖8所示,結(jié)果如表5所示。
圖8 田間試驗(yàn)
表5 田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
從表5可知,田間試驗(yàn)的扭矩偏差率范圍為1.90%~3.58%,平均偏差率為2.65%。且實(shí)測(cè)扭矩較計(jì)算扭矩偏小,這可能是因?yàn)樘镩g試驗(yàn)的花生果秧在收獲前晾曬時(shí)間較道路試驗(yàn)的長(zhǎng),為5 d,花生果秧含水率降低,果秧任性降低,脆性升高;收獲時(shí),花生果秧易折斷,不易纏繞,所需扭矩減小。
1)本文所研究的花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量與撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩的數(shù)學(xué)模型是通過(guò)水泥道路試驗(yàn)的方式所得,花生果秧狀態(tài)與田間挖掘收獲機(jī)自然鋪放的有一定程度的不同,且聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)道路行走和田間行走存在一定差別,這對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果會(huì)有一定的影響。但田間試驗(yàn)表明,雖然田間試驗(yàn)的扭矩偏差率較道路試驗(yàn)有所增大,但偏差率依然小于3.0%,擬合的二次函數(shù)模型仍具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性,對(duì)后續(xù)花生撿拾收獲機(jī)的智能測(cè)控及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)具有較好的指導(dǎo)作用。
2)由于花生收獲季節(jié)的限制,本文僅對(duì)河南駐馬店皖花2號(hào)花生品種進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn),且果秧晾曬天數(shù)(即果秧含水率)對(duì)扭矩的偏差率有一定的影響,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有一定的局限性,后續(xù)研究可加強(qiáng)對(duì)花生主產(chǎn)區(qū)不同花生品種不同晾曬天數(shù)的監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn),以優(yōu)化喂入量和扭矩之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系,獲得更精確的數(shù)學(xué)模型。
以前期所研制的4HLJ-3000型全喂入花生聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)撿拾臺(tái)進(jìn)行了動(dòng)力分析,得出了撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩和喂入量的數(shù)學(xué)模型。并設(shè)計(jì)了撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速、扭矩和功率等工況數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)存儲(chǔ)分析管理系統(tǒng)。
1)通過(guò)撿拾臺(tái)動(dòng)力輸入軸扭矩和喂入量的道路監(jiān)測(cè)試驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)擬合回歸分析,得出扭矩和喂入量的二次函數(shù)模型為=83.27?30.38+7.082,且當(dāng)喂入量小于等于3 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加扭矩增加比較緩慢;當(dāng)喂入量大于3 kg/s時(shí),隨著喂入量的增加,扭矩急劇增加,且轉(zhuǎn)速也隨之降低。
2)模型驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,所建立的二次函數(shù)模型具有較好的準(zhǔn)確性,偏差率范圍為0.42%~2.43%,平均偏差率為1.40%;田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,偏差率范圍為1.90%~3.58%,平均偏差率為2.65%;且喂入量越大,偏差率越大。該研究可為全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)以及其他作物喂入量的智能測(cè)控及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)提供理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)參考。
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Modeling and experiment of feeding rate for full-feed peanut pickup harvester
Wang Shenying, Hu Zhichao※, Wu Feng, Yu Zhaoyang, Cao Mingzhu, Gao Xuemei
(,s,210014,)
In order to solve the problem of performance degradation and even mechanical failure caused by fluctuation of feeding rate during the operation of full-feed peanut combine harvester in China, and the lack of basic research on feeding rate of full-feed peanut combine harvester, the structure and working principle of the pickup bench of the 4HLJ-3000 full-feeding peanut combine harvester developed by the author team were analyzed in this paper. The pickup bench is mainly composed of limited depth wheel, pressure rod, slide plate, pickup elastic teeth and screw conveyor. Based on the analysis of structure and working principle, a monitoring method of feeding rate based on the torque of power input shaft of pickup bench was proposed. Through the force analysis of the pickup bench, the mathematical relationship between the power input shaft torque and the feeding rate of the pickup bench was obtained. A working condition monitoring system of the speed input, shaft speed, torque and power of the power input shaft was designed, and the system was mainly composed of sensor unit, data acquisition, and data storage analysis. The sensor unit converts the torque and speed of the power input axis of the pickup bench into frequency signals, and the data acquisition module converts the frequency signals into torque and speed values and displays them, and transmits them to the computer for storage and analysis through RS485 bus and RS485 to USB. The data of torque and rotate speed of pickup bench power input shaft, forward speed of pickup harvester and feeding rate were obtained in different operating conditions by road monitoring tests. Linear function, power function, exponential function and quadratic function fitting regression analysis were used to obtain the function indicated the change of feeding rate with various torque based on the test results. The results showed that the quadratic function model had higher fitting precision, and its determination coefficient was0.990. The fitting curve of quadratic function was analyzed, and the results showed that when the feeding rate was less than 3 kg/s, the torque increased slowly with the increase of feeding rate, while the torque increased sharply and the rotation speed decreased with the increase of feeding rate. The model verification experiments were proposed, and the results showed that the established quadratic function model had good accuracy. The absolute deviation rate ranged from 0.42% to 2.43%, and the average deviation rate was 1.40%. The deviation rate increased with increasing the feeding rate. The field experiments also proved that there was a quadratic function relationship between feed rate and torque, and the torque deviation rate ranged from 1.90% to 3.58%, and the average deviation rate was 2.65% compared with the calculated results. This study can provide reference for the optimization design of the structure of full-feeding peanut picker and other crop pickers and the intelligent measurement and control of feed rate.
agricultural machinery;modeling; experiments; peanut; full-feed harvester; pickup bench; feeding rate; torque
王申瑩,胡志超,吳 峰,于昭洋,曹明珠,高學(xué)梅. 全喂入花生撿拾收獲機(jī)喂入量建模與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(23):29-36.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.004 http://www.tcsae.org
Wang Shenying, Hu Zhichao, Wu Feng, Yu Zhaoyang, Cao Mingzhu, Gao Xuemei. Modeling and experiment of feeding rate for full-feed peanut pickup harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(23): 29-36. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.004 http://www.tcsae.org
2019-07-20
2019-10-16
中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)“覆膜種植花生秧蔓飼料化利用關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與裝備研發(fā)”(S201916);國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“花生智能化高效聯(lián)合收獲關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與裝備研發(fā)(2016YFD0702102);國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)花生產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系收獲機(jī)械化崗位(CARS-13-收獲機(jī)械化崗位)。
王申瑩,助理研究員,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械裝備設(shè)計(jì)及機(jī)電液一體化技術(shù)和虛擬仿真技術(shù)研究。Email:465499517@qq.com
胡志超,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事土下果實(shí)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)與裝備研究。Email:nfzhongzi@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.004
S225.7
A
1002-6819(2019)-23-0029-08
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)2019年23期