陳超巧 金約西 程丹 林曉蕾 聶莉
[摘要] 目的 探討喉罩和氣管插管不同氣道管理麻醉方案在先天性白內(nèi)障兒童手術(shù)的影響研究。 方法 選擇2016年6月~2018年6月在我院進行兒童白內(nèi)障手術(shù)的158例患兒作為研究對象。隨機將患者分為喉罩組和氣管插管組,其中喉罩組79例,氣管插管組79例,所有患兒手術(shù)前均完善血液及影像學檢查,麻醉誘導后,喉罩組采用喉罩麻醉,氣管插管組采用氣管插管麻醉。比較兩組患兒總麻醉效果、導管置入時間、拔管時間;誘導前(T0)、插入喉罩或氣管插管后即刻(T1)、插入喉罩或氣管插管后3 min(T2)、拔管后即刻(T3)、拔管后3 min(T4)時收縮壓、舒張壓、心率及眼壓變化,同時觀察手術(shù)過程中麻醉并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 兩組患兒性別、年齡、體重等一般資料無明顯差異(P>0.05);喉罩組患兒麻醉總有效率明顯高于氣管插管組(P<0.05);喉罩組患兒導管置入與拔管時間均明顯短于氣管插管組(P<0.05);T1、T2、T3及T4時,氣管插管組患兒平均動脈壓、平均心率及眼壓較T0時均明顯升高(P<0.05);T1、T2、T3及T4時,氣管插管組患兒平均動脈壓、平均心率及眼壓均明顯高于同時段喉罩組(P<0.05);喉罩組患兒術(shù)中維持麻醉藥物用量均明顯低于氣管插管組(P<0.05);喉罩組患兒麻醉并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率明顯低于氣管插管組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 兒童白內(nèi)障手術(shù)對眼壓維持要求較高,喉罩麻醉對患兒平均動脈壓、平均心率及眼壓的影響較小,且置入時間較氣管插管短,可有效縮短麻醉時長,并能明顯降低麻醉并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,值得臨床推廣應用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒童白內(nèi)障手術(shù);喉罩麻醉;氣管插管麻醉
[中圖分類號] R726.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)33-0092-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of two different airway management anesthesia schemes (laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation) on the congenital pediatric cataract surgery. Methods A total of 158 children who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital from June 2016 to June 2018 were selected as subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into the laryngeal mask group and the tracheal intubation group, with 79 subjects in each group. Blood and imaging tests were completed in all patients before surgery. After anesthesia induction, the laryngeal mask group was anesthetized by laryngeal mask airway and the tracheal intubation group was anesthetized by tracheal intubation. The general anesthetic effect, catheter placement time and extubation time of the two groups were compared. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and intraocular pressure change of the two groups were observed before induction (T0), immediately after the placement of laryngeal mask or insertion of tracheal intubation (T1), 3 minutes after the placement of laryngeal mask or insertion of tracheal intubation (T2), immediately after extubation (T3), and 3 minutes after extubation (T4) and compared. The complications of anesthesia during the surgery were also observed. Results There were no significant differences in gender, age, weight and other general information between the two groups(P>0.05). The total anesthetic effective rate of the laryngeal mask group was significantly higher than that of the tracheal intubation group (P<0.05). The catheter placement time and the extubation time of the laryngeal mask group were both significantly shorter than those of the tracheal intubation group (P<0.05). At T1, T2, T3 and T4, the average arterial pressure, heart rate and intraocular pressure in the tracheal intubation group were significantly higher than those at T0 (P<0.05). At T1, T2, T3 and T4, the average arterial pressure, heart rate and intraocular pressure in the tracheal intubation group were significantly higher than those in the laryngeal mask group at the same time (P<0.05). During the surgery, the maintenance anesthetic dosage of the laryngeal mask group was significantly lower than that of the tracheal intubation group (P<0.05). The overall incidence of anesthesia complications of the laryngeal mask group was significantly lower than that of the tracheal intubation group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Cataract surgery in children requires high quality of intraocular pressure maintenance. The influence of laryngeal mask airway anesthesia on the average arterial pressure, heart rate and intraocular pressure of patients is small, and its catheter placement time is shorter than that of tracheal intubation. Thus, the laryngeal mask airway can effectively shorten the time required in anesthetizing patients. It can also significantly reduce the incidence of anesthesia complications. Therefore, it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
1.4.2 血壓? 1~2歲兒童:收縮壓正常值為85~105 mmHg,舒張壓正常值為40~50 mmHg;2~7歲兒童:收縮壓正常值為85~105 mmHg,舒張壓正常值為55~65 mmHg;平均動脈壓指一個心動周期中動脈血壓的平均值,用于反映心臟功能及外周動脈阻力;平均動脈壓=(收縮壓+舒張壓×2)/3,平均動脈壓升高,說明心臟代償性肥大,心功能不全,平均動脈壓降低,說明心腦血管供血不足。
1.4.3 心率? 1歲正常值為(110~130)次/min,2~3歲正常值為(100~120)次/min。眼壓:主要維持眼球的正常形態(tài),保持正常屈光狀態(tài),正常范圍為(15.80±2.60)mmHg。
1.4.4 麻醉效果[9]? ①顯效:眼壓維持良好,手術(shù)過程中,牽拉刺激下患兒無明顯心率加快、血壓升高,鎮(zhèn)痛效果顯著;②有效:手術(shù)過程中,牽拉刺激下患兒有小幅度心率加快、血壓升高;③無效:手術(shù)過程中,牽拉刺激下患兒出現(xiàn)明顯心率加快、血壓升高。總有效=顯效+有效。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料采用配對t檢驗。計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗。有序分類變量資料采用秩和檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患兒總麻醉效果比較
喉罩組患兒麻醉總有效率明顯高于氣管插管組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患兒導管置入與拔管時間比較
喉罩組患兒導管置入與拔管時間均明顯短于氣管插管組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.3 不同時間段兩組患兒指標比較
T1、T2、T3及T4時,氣管插管組患兒平均動脈壓、心率及眼壓較T0時均明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);T1、T2、T3及T4時,氣管插管組患兒平均動脈壓、平均心率及眼壓均明顯高于同時段喉罩組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.4 兩組患兒術(shù)中維持麻醉藥物用量比較
喉罩組患兒術(shù)中維持麻醉藥物用量均明顯低于氣管插管組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表5。
2.5 兩組患兒麻醉并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較
手術(shù)過程中喉罩組未出現(xiàn)喉罩移位現(xiàn)象。喉罩組患兒麻醉并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率明顯低于氣管插管組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表6。
3 討論
正常情況眼壓可穩(wěn)定在一定范圍內(nèi)并維持眼球正常形態(tài),使屈光界面保持良好狀態(tài)[10]。影響眼壓因素很多,平臥、高齡及麻醉等均可引起眼壓波動[11]。仇曉娟[12]等報道,圍手術(shù)期對眼的影響以眼壓影響為主,多表現(xiàn)為麻醉藥物、麻醉操作、機械通氣以及手術(shù)體位導致眼內(nèi)壓升高或降低,眼內(nèi)壓的改變可導致術(shù)后患者出現(xiàn)新的眼部疾病或原有眼部疾病加重。有研究表明,高眼壓可導致眼部不適出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐癥狀,嚴重者造成視力下降甚至失明[13]。低眼壓可導致手術(shù)失敗、視力下降甚至眼球萎縮。張鵬程[14]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高眼壓可增加青光眼白內(nèi)障聯(lián)合手術(shù)患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。因此,維持正常眼壓范圍對眼科手術(shù)成敗具有重要意義[15]。氣管插管為氣管導管經(jīng)聲門置入氣管的一門技術(shù),氣管導管插入喉部時對咽喉刺激較大可引起交感腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)興奮,可導致心率增快、血糖升高、心肌收縮力增強等反應[16,17]。有研究表明,氣管插管時可刺激體內(nèi)釋放兒茶酚胺,使血管收縮及中心動脈血壓升高[18,19]。Mikhail M等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒茶酚胺可增加前房角及鞏膜靜脈竇阻力、減少房水的流出導致眼壓升高。喉罩操作簡單、成功率高、血流動力學穩(wěn)定且并發(fā)癥小,廣泛應用于全麻手術(shù)中。馬興對[21]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喉罩麻醉可有效保持術(shù)中患兒生命體征平穩(wěn),對呼吸道刺激小、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,喉罩組患兒導管置入時間明顯短于氣管插管組,提示喉罩較氣管插管操作簡單,能有效縮短麻醉時間減輕麻醉藥物對患兒氣管刺激。本研究結(jié)果顯示,T1及T2時氣管插管組患兒平均動脈壓、心率及眼壓明顯高于同時段喉罩組患兒,提示氣管插管對患兒氣管刺激及血流動力學影響較大,增加手術(shù)難度同時患兒易發(fā)生喉部痙攣、嗆咳、呼吸抑制等并發(fā)癥。有研究表明,全麻藥物可通過影響嬰幼兒神經(jīng)細胞間信號傳導引起短期或長期的大腦功能異常[22]。麻醉維持是指術(shù)中連續(xù)滴注麻醉藥物以維持麻醉效果的過程,臨床常以小劑量、副作用小為原則進行給藥。黃靜霞[23]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)小劑量芬太尼可顯著減輕七氟醚麻醉下的小兒眼科手術(shù)蘇醒期患兒躁動發(fā)生率。本研究結(jié)果顯示,喉罩組患兒術(shù)中各維持麻醉藥物用量明顯低于氣管插管組,提示喉罩麻醉對患兒刺激較小,可減少因刺激引起的應激反應并能降低因麻醉藥物藥量過大影響大腦發(fā)育的風險。喉罩組患兒麻醉并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率明顯低于氣管插管組,說明喉罩可達到較好的麻醉效果,具安全性較高。
綜上所述,兒童白內(nèi)障手術(shù)對眼壓維持要求較高,喉罩麻醉對患兒平均動脈壓、心率及眼壓的影響較小,且置入時間較氣管插管短,可有效縮短麻醉時長,并能明顯降低麻醉并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,值得臨床推廣應用。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-23)