常雙雙,李萌,厲秀梅,石玉祥,張敏紅,馮京海
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日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽和盲腸菌群 多樣性的影響
常雙雙1,2,李萌1,厲秀梅1,石玉祥2,張敏紅1,馮京海1
(1中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所/動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2河北工程大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,河北邯鄲 056021)
【目的】應(yīng)激可改變畜禽腦腸軸功能,同時(shí)改變腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu),其中熱應(yīng)激是影響畜禽健康最為主要的環(huán)境影響因素之一。研究日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽和盲腸菌群多樣性的影響,為肉雞健康養(yǎng)殖提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā窟x取22d健康、體重相近愛拔益加(AA)肉雞120只,隨機(jī)分成2個(gè)處理組,每組6個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)10只雞(公母各5只)。將2個(gè)處理組的肉雞轉(zhuǎn)入環(huán)境控制艙,在環(huán)境溫度為21℃,相對(duì)濕度為60%的條件下適應(yīng)7d。29d時(shí)開始正式試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)組環(huán)境溫度采用24h循環(huán)變溫(26℃—29℃—32℃—29℃—26℃),相對(duì)濕度為60%;對(duì)照組環(huán)境溫度為21℃,相對(duì)濕度為60%,試驗(yàn)條件維持至試驗(yàn)結(jié)束,共計(jì)14d。分別于試驗(yàn)第7和14天,每組隨機(jī)選取6只肉雞(公母各半,每個(gè)重復(fù)1只肉雞),肉雞采用靜脈采血,采用ELISA測(cè)定血清中5-HT、VIP、SP的含量。同時(shí)用無(wú)菌收集盲腸內(nèi)容物,將同一處理組的6個(gè)樣品迅速混勻,裝置無(wú)菌離心管中,液氮速凍,-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩2捎?6S rDNA的PCR-DGGE分子技術(shù),結(jié)合共性和特異性條帶割膠回收DNA進(jìn)行克隆和測(cè)序,分析日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽和盲腸菌群多樣性的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】(1)試驗(yàn)第7天時(shí),日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清5-HT含量顯著高于對(duì)照組(<0.05);而對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞VIP和SP并無(wú)顯著差異。試驗(yàn)第14天時(shí),日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清VIP含量顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.05),對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清5-HT和SP并無(wú)顯著差異。(2)試驗(yàn)第7天,日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞盲腸細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)低于對(duì)照組,第14天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組與對(duì)照組細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)相同,但日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞盲腸菌群多樣性下降。(3)對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞盲腸共性菌群為、、和;而日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組利于和的生長(zhǎng),抑制和的定植?!窘Y(jié)論】(1)日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組與對(duì)照組相比,試驗(yàn)第7天肉雞血清5-HT的含量增加;試驗(yàn)第14天肉雞血清VIP的含量下降;SP無(wú)顯著差異。(2)日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境影響肉雞盲腸菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性。
肉雞;偏熱環(huán)境;腦腸肽;腸道菌群
【研究意義】應(yīng)激可改變腦腸軸功能和腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)[1],其中熱應(yīng)激是影響畜禽健康最為主要的環(huán)境影響因素之一。【前人研究進(jìn)展】筆者所在課題組近年來初步探討了偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞生理、行為、物質(zhì)代謝、腸道菌群和生產(chǎn)性能等方面的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),26和30℃偏熱處理影響肉雞休息行為且30℃偏熱處理顯著升高肉雞體核溫度[2];持續(xù)偏熱處理(26和31℃)影響肉雞糖脂代謝及禽類解偶聯(lián)蛋白(av UCP)m RNA表達(dá),降低肉雞生長(zhǎng)性能,且不同偏熱程度對(duì)肉雞影響程度不同[3];持續(xù)偏熱處理(26 和31℃)與 21 ℃相比,降低肉雞盲腸菌群多樣性[4]。腦腸肽是一類同時(shí)存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和胃腸道的胃腸肽類激素,以旁分泌、自分泌或內(nèi)分泌等形式作用于胃腸效應(yīng)細(xì)胞[5],調(diào)控著腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)、感覺、分泌等功能,由血液所攜帶的腦腸肽是胃腸道向腦內(nèi)傳遞的重要化學(xué)信號(hào)?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、血管活性肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)、P物質(zhì)(substance P,SP)等腦腸肽與胃腸活動(dòng)相關(guān)[6]。腦腸肽影響腸道菌群的多樣性,VIP可以改善腸道微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)腸道有益菌的定植[7]。反過來,腸道菌群及其代謝產(chǎn)物也影響腦腸肽的分泌[8],如產(chǎn)芽孢細(xì)菌(SP)及其代謝產(chǎn)物短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)[9-10]可以影響5-HT的產(chǎn)生;腸道菌群紊亂可導(dǎo)致5-HT水平的失衡,而利用益生菌制劑后可以明顯緩解5-HT的失衡[11]。可見,腦腸肽分泌與腸道菌群多樣性之間存在著相互影響的關(guān)系。另外也發(fā)現(xiàn),不同變溫模式對(duì)腦腸肽和菌群的影響不一樣,如長(zhǎng)期熱應(yīng)激(31±1.5℃)影響膽囊收縮素(CCK)的表達(dá)[12]。急性熱應(yīng)激(35±1℃)發(fā)生時(shí),腦腸肽(如促生長(zhǎng)素Ghrelin和CCK)在對(duì)食欲的調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)揮重要的作用,尤其是腺胃、十二指腸和空腸中增加Ghrelin是導(dǎo)致采食量降低的重要原因[13]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前有關(guān)環(huán)境溫度對(duì)肉雞腸道菌群的影響大多集中于32℃以上且通常采用恒溫模式,但實(shí)際養(yǎng)殖過程中多數(shù)情況下環(huán)境溫度都不是恒定的;近年來,主要研究熱應(yīng)激下腦腸肽(CCK與Ghrelin等)對(duì)機(jī)體攝食行為的控制作用,而有關(guān)環(huán)境溫度對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽5-HT、VIP和SP影響的相關(guān)研究尚未見報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本試驗(yàn)通過檢測(cè)肉雞血清腦腸肽的含量與盲腸菌群16SrDNA DGGE圖譜分析,探討日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽和盲腸菌群多樣性的變化。
研究于2016年10—11月在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室昌平基地的人工環(huán)境控制艙完成。
選取22d健康、體重相近愛拔益加(AA)肉雞120只,隨機(jī)分成2個(gè)處理組,每組6個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)10只雞(公母各5只)。試驗(yàn)在動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的環(huán)境控制艙內(nèi)進(jìn)行,溫、濕度自動(dòng)控制(精度±1℃、±7%),無(wú)風(fēng)、24 h 光照。試驗(yàn)肉雞均采用單層平養(yǎng),所選用籠具為動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室研發(fā)的單層平養(yǎng)籠具[14],自由采食與飲水,常規(guī)免疫。試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物所用飼糧與文獻(xiàn)[2-4]的試驗(yàn)配方一致。
將2個(gè)處理組的肉雞轉(zhuǎn)入環(huán)境溫度為21℃、相對(duì)濕度為60%的環(huán)境控制艙適應(yīng)7d。29d時(shí)開始正式試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)組環(huán)境溫度采用24h循環(huán)變溫(26℃-29℃-32℃-29℃-26℃)見表1,相對(duì)濕度為60%;對(duì)照組環(huán)境溫度恒定為21℃,相對(duì)濕度為60%,試驗(yàn)條件維持至試驗(yàn)結(jié)束,共計(jì)14d。
表1 環(huán)境溫度變化時(shí)間表
1.3.1 血液采集與測(cè)定方法 分別于試驗(yàn)第7和14天,每組隨機(jī)選取6只肉雞(公母各半,每個(gè)重復(fù)1只肉雞),肉雞采用靜脈采血,靜置2h后,3 000r/min低溫離心10min吸取血清,至-80℃冰箱保存。
采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),委托北京方程生物科技有限公司測(cè)定血清中5-HT、VIP、SP的含量。
1.3.2 腸道樣品的采集與測(cè)定方法
1.3.2.1 盲腸樣品的收集 分別于試驗(yàn)第7和14天,每組隨機(jī)選取6只肉雞(公母各半,每個(gè)重復(fù)1只肉雞)剪斷頸靜脈處死,全身消毒后剖開腹腔,分離腸道,結(jié)扎回盲交界處,剪下盲腸迅速移至超凈工作臺(tái),用無(wú)菌剪刀剪開腸壁,收集盲腸內(nèi)容物,將同一處理組的6個(gè)樣品迅速混勻,裝置無(wú)菌離心管中,液氮速凍,-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3.2.2 細(xì)菌16S rDNA片段的PCR擴(kuò)增 以樣品基因組 DNA 為模板,采用細(xì)菌通用引物 GC-338F 和 518R 擴(kuò)增樣品 16S rDNA 高變區(qū)序列,引物信息見表2。
表2 引物信息
PCR 擴(kuò)增體系(50 μL)為:10×PCR buffer 5 μL;dNTPMixture(2.5 mmol·L-1)3.2 μL;ExTaq(5 U·μL-1)0.4 μL;GC-338F(20 μmol·L-1)1 μL;518R(20 μmol·L-1)1 μL;模板 DNA 50 ng;補(bǔ)ddH2O至50 μL。
PCR 擴(kuò)增程序?yàn)椋?4℃預(yù)變性 5 min;94℃變性 1 min,55℃復(fù)性 45 s,72℃延伸 1 min,30 個(gè)循環(huán);最終 72℃延伸 10 min。
PCR產(chǎn)物采用OMEGA公司DNAGel Extraction Kit 純化回收。
PCR 儀為 Biometra 公司生產(chǎn)的 T-gradient,凝膠成像儀為 Bio-Rad 公司的 Gel-Doc2000 凝膠成像系統(tǒng)。
1.3.2.3 PCR產(chǎn)物的變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE)分析取10 μL PCR 的產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE)分析。采用變性梯度為 35%—55%、濃度為 7%的聚丙烯酰胺凝膠在 1×TAE緩沖液中 150V 60℃下電泳5h。
變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE)完畢后、采用銀染法染色、步驟如下:
a) 固定液(乙醇 50 mL、冰醋酸 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL)固定 15 min;
b) Milli-Q純水清洗、20 s 和 2 min各一次;
c) 銀染液(硝酸銀 1 g、37%甲醛 0.75 mL、定容 500 mL)染色 15 min;
d) Milli-Q純水清洗、20 s 和 2 min各一次;
e) 顯色液(氫氧化鈉 7.5 g、37%甲醛 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL)顯色 5—7 min;
最后用終止液(乙醇 50 mL、冰醋酸 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL)終止反應(yīng)。
1.3.2.4 DGGE 圖譜中優(yōu)勢(shì)電泳條帶的序列測(cè)定 DGGE 凝膠條帶回收后,以338F/518R 為引物進(jìn)行 PCR 擴(kuò)增,PCR 產(chǎn)物純化后連接到pMD18-T載體上,轉(zhuǎn)化至DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞中,篩選陽(yáng)性克隆測(cè)序。測(cè)序結(jié)果與GenBank 中的序列進(jìn)行比對(duì),得到條帶所代表的細(xì)菌類型。每個(gè)回收條帶選取3個(gè)克隆進(jìn)行了序列測(cè)定。
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)使用SAS9.2統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行單因素分析(One-way ANOVA),<0.05為差異顯著;采用軟件Quantity One分析DGGE圖譜多樣性。
由表3可以看出,試驗(yàn)第7天時(shí),日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清5-HT含量顯著高于21℃組(<0.05);而對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞VIP和SP并無(wú)顯著差異。試驗(yàn)第14天時(shí),日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清VIP含量顯著低于對(duì)照組(<0.05),對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清5-HT和SP并無(wú)顯著差異。
表3 日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境對(duì)肉雞血清腦腸肽的影響
同列數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)字母或相同字母表示差異不顯著(>0.05) ,不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(<0.05)
In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (>0.05) ,while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (<0.05)
2.2.1 肉雞腸道菌群PCR-DGGE擴(kuò)增指紋圖譜 通過肉雞腸道菌群PCR-DGGE指紋圖譜(圖1)可以看出,試驗(yàn)第7天,日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組較對(duì)照組細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)減少2條;試驗(yàn)第14天,對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)相同。
2.2.2 肉雞腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性分析 由表4可以看出,試驗(yàn)第7天,對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組細(xì)菌間的相似系數(shù)為79.9%;試驗(yàn)第14天,對(duì)照組和日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組細(xì)菌間的相似系數(shù)為66.1%;試驗(yàn)第14天與第7天相比,日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組細(xì)菌間相似系數(shù)下降。
2.2.3 肉雞腸道特異性菌群和共性菌群分析 從肉雞腸道菌群16S rDNA V3區(qū)PCR-DGGE指紋圖譜中分別割膠回收了2條特異性條帶和5條共性條帶,由圖1和表5可以看出,試驗(yàn)第7天和14天肉雞盲腸內(nèi)容物中均檢測(cè)出共性條帶:1號(hào)菌條帶()、3號(hào)菌條帶()、4號(hào)菌條帶()、5號(hào)菌條帶()和7號(hào)菌條帶();日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境處理后,腸道菌群發(fā)生變化,試驗(yàn)第14天較第7天,日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組1、3和7號(hào)菌條帶豐富度下降而4號(hào)和5號(hào)菌條帶豐富度顯著增加;且試驗(yàn)第14天日循環(huán)化偏熱環(huán)境組并未檢測(cè)出2號(hào)菌條帶()和6號(hào)菌條帶()
左圖編號(hào)2代表為試驗(yàn)第7天對(duì)照組;編號(hào)5為試驗(yàn)第7天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組;右圖編號(hào)2為試驗(yàn)第14天對(duì)照組;第二個(gè)編號(hào)5為試驗(yàn)第14天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組
表4 戴斯系數(shù)比較PCR-DGGE圖譜的相似性
1:試驗(yàn)第7天對(duì)照組;2:試驗(yàn)第7天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組;3:試驗(yàn)第14天對(duì)照組;4:試驗(yàn)第14天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組
1: Control group 7 d; 2: Treatment group 7 d; 3: Control group 14 d; 4: Treatment group 14 d
表5 DGGE 圖譜中條帶的基因片段序列比對(duì)
從測(cè)序結(jié)果可見,7條菌群序列均分布于厚壁菌門()和擬桿菌門(),與 GenBank 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中細(xì)菌的同源性絕大多數(shù)都在90%以上。
腦腸肽可以直接作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),由血液所攜帶的腦腸肽是胃腸道向腦內(nèi)傳遞的重要化學(xué)信號(hào),這些信號(hào)物質(zhì)可以通過腦干的最后區(qū)直接入腦而作用于腦干迷走復(fù)合體,進(jìn)而影響迷走神經(jīng)的傳出功能,參與胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)、食欲及攝食功能的調(diào)節(jié)[15]。
5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT),又名血清素(serotonin),是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),也是重要的腸道生理調(diào)節(jié)器,主要由腸內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,參與調(diào)解腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)、感覺,直接或間接刺激腸道分泌。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)第7天,日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清5-HT含量顯著高于對(duì)照組(<0.05),而試驗(yàn)第14天并無(wú)顯著差異。由此可推斷血清5-HT的增加可能會(huì)通過腸道分泌和運(yùn)動(dòng)的變化而引起腸道菌群的變化。
血管活性腸肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)是一種非膽堿能非腎上腺素能抑制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),對(duì)胃腸活動(dòng)起抑制性調(diào)節(jié)作用,引起全胃腸環(huán)形肌松弛[16]。研究報(bào)道,血管活性腸肽分泌神經(jīng)元可刺激胰液和腸液分泌,保護(hù)腸黏膜,調(diào)節(jié)胃腸吸收[17]。此外還能改善腸黏膜組織微循環(huán)及內(nèi)環(huán)境,為腸上皮細(xì)胞提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧,并清除過多的氧自由基等有害物質(zhì)[18]。有研究表明,VIP含量減少,對(duì)腸道動(dòng)力的抑制作用減小,致使腸道蠕動(dòng)增強(qiáng),改變腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果得出,試驗(yàn)第7天和14天,日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組肉雞血清VIP均低于對(duì)照組。從以上相關(guān)研究結(jié)果可以認(rèn)為,本試驗(yàn)血管活性腸肽的下降可能將導(dǎo)致腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境及菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。
P物質(zhì)(substance P,SP)本身又是一種速激肽,可增加胃腸蠕動(dòng),強(qiáng)烈促消化道平滑肌收縮,加強(qiáng)結(jié)腸的集團(tuán)推進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng),刺激小腸、結(jié)腸黏膜分泌水和電解質(zhì),使胃腸道的血管擴(kuò)張,通透性增高,血漿外滲,并參與炎癥過程和免疫反應(yīng)[19]。該研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),試驗(yàn)第7和14天,兩組肉雞血清SP并無(wú)顯著差異。
早先研究表明肉雞盲腸腸道內(nèi)含有復(fù)雜的微生物菌群[20-23],主要以厚壁菌門()為主,其次為變形菌門()、擬桿菌門()和放線菌門()[24-25]。而家禽在生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中,溫度過高改變家禽腸道微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)[26]。研究報(bào)道,持續(xù)偏熱環(huán)境(26℃和31℃)下肉雞盲腸細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)和菌群多樣性下降[4]。本研究通過對(duì)肉雞盲腸微生物進(jìn)行圖譜條帶和多樣性分析得出,第7天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組較對(duì)照組,肉雞盲腸細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)下降,第14天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組和對(duì)照組細(xì)菌條帶數(shù)相同但細(xì)菌間相似性下降,結(jié)果表明日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境影響肉雞盲腸菌群平衡,且隨著偏熱環(huán)境時(shí)間的增加,對(duì)菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的影響增大。
據(jù)報(bào)道,肉雞暴露于34—38℃下,熱應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致擬桿菌屬、柔嫩梭菌屬、顫螺菌屬、梭菌屬、考拉桿菌屬、薩特氏菌屬、Dorea 豐度比例降低;而毛螺旋菌科和瘤胃菌科的瘤胃球菌屬、厭氧原體屬、豐度比例增加[27]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)第14天日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組和豐度下降而和豐度顯著增加,同時(shí)日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境組不利于和的定植。和屬于擬桿菌門,擬桿菌門是腸道革蘭氏陰性菌中數(shù)量最大的一類細(xì)菌,產(chǎn)降解植物細(xì)胞壁的酶,參與植物細(xì)胞壁的降解,從而與腸道的消化功能有關(guān)。和屬于厚壁菌門,研究表明,后腸微生物區(qū)系中的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群是厚壁門菌,其含量大約占60%—70%,其中丁酸鹽產(chǎn)生菌對(duì)腸上皮細(xì)胞的發(fā)育具有重要作用[28],而宿主腸道內(nèi)丁酸鹽產(chǎn)生菌大多來自厚壁菌門中的柔嫩梭菌類群(IV)和球狀梭菌類群(XIVa)。瘤胃球菌()是最重要的一種可水解纖維素的細(xì)菌,它通過一系列可被纖維素衍生物抑制的作用機(jī)制吸附在纖維素上,進(jìn)而參與纖維素的降解消化,在腸道的消化功能上起到重要作用[29]。在肉雞腸道內(nèi)的作用機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究探討。
腸道內(nèi)既定植著400—1 000種細(xì)菌,總數(shù)達(dá)一百萬(wàn)億,是人體自身細(xì)胞總數(shù)的10倍[30-31],這些細(xì)菌具有維持宿主腸道微生態(tài)平衡、調(diào)節(jié)腸道動(dòng)力、提高免疫功能、影響營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收等多種重要的生理功能[32-36];同時(shí)腸道也是人體最大的內(nèi)分泌器官,能分泌胃泌素、胃動(dòng)素、膽囊收縮素等多種肽類激素。有研究表明[7-11],腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和種類與腦腸肽分泌之間存在相互影響的關(guān)系。5-HT的產(chǎn)生受到腸道菌群及其代謝產(chǎn)物影響,特別是產(chǎn)芽孢細(xì)菌(SP)和短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)[8-9]。宿主腸道內(nèi)SCFA丁酸鹽產(chǎn)生菌大多來自厚壁菌門中的柔嫩梭菌類群,而丁酸鹽產(chǎn)生菌對(duì)腸上皮細(xì)胞的發(fā)育具有重要作用;來自健康老鼠和人類微生物群的固有的SP促進(jìn)結(jié)腸EC產(chǎn)生5-HT[37]。據(jù)報(bào)道,在生命早期缺乏菌群的時(shí)候,會(huì)導(dǎo)致血漿色氨酸水平的升高[38]。還有研究表明雙歧桿菌可以影響色氨酸的代謝[39],口服嬰兒雙歧桿菌可誘導(dǎo)大鼠神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺、5-HT血漿濃度升高[40]。腸道菌群紊亂可導(dǎo)致5-HT水平的失衡,而利用益生菌制劑后可以明顯緩解5-HT失調(diào)的癥狀[11]。反過來,腦腸肽也會(huì)影響菌群的多樣性。VIP可以改善腸道微環(huán)境,減少脂多糖對(duì)腸黏膜的損傷,促進(jìn)有益菌的定植使菌群比例恢復(fù)正常[7]。以上結(jié)果說明,本試驗(yàn)得出的5-HT和VIP含量的變化與肉雞菌群多樣性的變化是有關(guān)系的,但是5-HT含量的增加和VIP含量降低與細(xì)菌菌群結(jié)構(gòu)變化(和的增加,以及和的減少)的確切關(guān)系還需進(jìn)一步研究。
4.2 日循環(huán)變化偏熱環(huán)境降低肉雞盲腸細(xì)菌多樣性,改變菌群結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)和的生長(zhǎng),抑制和的定植。且隨著日循環(huán)偏熱環(huán)境作用時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),肉雞盲腸菌群相似性差異增大。
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(責(zé)任編輯 林鑒非)
Effects of the Daily Cycle Variation of the Moderate Ambient Temperatures on the Serum Brain Gut Peptide and the Diversity of Caecal Microflora in Broilers
CHANG ShuangShuang1,2, LI Meng1, LI XiuMei1, SHI YuXiang2, ZHANG MinHong1, FENG JingHai1
(1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193;2College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, Hebei)
【Objective】Stress can alter the function of brain - gut axis and the structure of intestinal flora, among which heat stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the health of livestock and poultry. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures on the serum brain gut peptide and the diversity of caecal microflora in broilers, and to provide a theoretical basis for the healthy broiler breeding mode. 【Method】 The study included trials with Arbor Acres (AA) broilers. At the 22d, 120broilers with equal average body weights were selected, randomly divided into 2treatments × 6 replicates of 10 birds each(male and female half and half) . The pretest period lasted for 7 days and broilers were kept at 21℃ and 60% relative humidity. When the chickens were aged 29 days, formal tests began. The environmental temperature was changed by 24h cycle (26 -29, -32, -26, -29), and the relative humidity was set to 35%, 60%, 85%, respectively. Both kept constant until the end of the experiment. The trial period lasted for 14 days. On day 21 and 42, one birds from each replicate were randomly selected and killed. The broiler was sampled with jugular vein. The contents of 5-HT, VIP and CCK in serum of broilers were measured with Elisa kit. Meanwhile cecal contents were aseptically collected, placed in a centrifugal tube, rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80℃. The effect of different humidity on serum brain gut peptide and bacterial diversity in the ceacal digesta of broilers at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures was studied by using 16S r DNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). 【Result】(1) At the 7d , the content of Serum 5-HT at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures was higher than control group (<0.05); the content of serum 5-HT and VIP in the control group and were no significant difference; at the 14d, the content of serum VIP in broilers at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures was lower than the control group (<0.05); the content of serum 5-HT and SP in the control group and were no significant difference. (2)At the 7d, the bacteria bands at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures were lower than the control group; at the 14d, the bacteria bands at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures and the control group were same, but broiler cecal microflora diversity decreased at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures. (3) Common microflora of broiler cecum includedand; The daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures was beneficial to the growth ofand, and inhibited the colonization ofand.【Conclusion】Compared with the control group, at the 7d, the content of serum 5-HT in broilers increased at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures , and at the 7d, the serum VIP content in broilers decreased at the daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures , and there was no significant difference in SP between the two groups; The daily cycle variation of the moderate ambient temperatures affected the cecal microflora structure and diversity in broilers.
broiler; moderate temperatures; serum brain gut peptide; caecal microflora
2018-02-21;
2018-09-12
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃課題“肉禽舒適環(huán)境的適宜參數(shù)及限值研究”(2016YFD0500509);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)
常雙雙,Tel:15733078872;E-mail:2403486624@qq.com。
張敏紅,Tel:010-62895517;E-mail:zmh66@126.com
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.22.014