劉旭燕 朱新杰 陸友才 潘登
摘要:
對鋰離子電池中硅/碳負(fù)極材料的納米結(jié)構(gòu)、摻雜改性以及三元復(fù)合等制備工藝及其電化學(xué)性能、相關(guān)機(jī)理進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。通過研究不同改性方法對硅/碳負(fù)極材料電化學(xué)性能的影響,以找到較為優(yōu)異的改性路徑。經(jīng)過對比發(fā)現(xiàn),通過采用納米結(jié)構(gòu)、原子摻雜以及三元復(fù)合的方法均可顯著提升硅/碳負(fù)極材料的電化學(xué)性能。最后對硅/碳負(fù)極材料發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了簡要分析,并對其研究前景進(jìn)行了展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:
鋰離子電池; 硅/碳負(fù)極; 納米化; 改性
中圖分類號: TQ 152 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A
Preparation and Application of Silicon/carbon Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries
LIU Xuyan, ZHU Xinjie, LU Youcai, PAN Deng
(School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China)
Abstract:
The electrochemical properties of silicon/carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries with nanostructures,doping modification and ternary composites and the relevant mechanism are summarized in this paper.In orde to find out better modification methods for silicon/carbon anodes,the influence of various ways on their electrochemical performance are also investigated in detail.Besides,it is found that modification methods such as using nanostructures,heteroatom doping and ternary compound methods can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of silicon/carbon anode materials.In addition,the current development situation of the silicon/carbon anode materials is briefly analyzed and the research prospects are also discussed.
Keywords:
lithium-ion batteries; silicon/carbon anodes; nanostructures; modification
鋰離子電池因其具有較高的容量和穩(wěn)定的循環(huán)壽命,被認(rèn)為是滿足便攜式電子器件、電動及混合動力汽車日益增加的能源需求的新型電源[1-4]。在不同負(fù)極材料中,硅的理論比容量(最高可達(dá)4 200 mA·h·g-1)是傳統(tǒng)碳負(fù)極材料理論比容量(約372 mA·h g-1)的10倍,且硅較低的脫嵌鋰電位(<0.5 V vs.Li/Li+)使得鋰離子電池能獲得更高的功率[5]。但是,硅負(fù)極材料具有較低的導(dǎo)電性,且在充放電過程中存在嚴(yán)重的體積膨脹問題,導(dǎo)致活性材料的損耗和短暫的循環(huán)壽命,故硅負(fù)極材料在鋰電池中的應(yīng)用并不可觀[6]。納米管、納米線、納米棒、納米片、多孔、中空或帶防護(hù)涂層的封裝硅顆粒等結(jié)構(gòu),通常用于改善硅負(fù)極材料的結(jié)構(gòu)以及其電化學(xué)性能[7-8]。另外,制備這些納米結(jié)構(gòu)的方法(如氣液固法,磁控濺射)都有技術(shù)復(fù)雜和步驟多等缺點(diǎn)[9-10]。因?yàn)槭投嗫滋荚阡嚮^程中體積變化相對較小(如石墨的體積膨脹率僅為10.6%),且具有良好的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性和電導(dǎo)率,而成為極具潛力的負(fù)極材料。與硅材料相比,碳材料具有與其相似的性質(zhì),且它們可以緊密結(jié)合,所以碳材料自然地被選為用于分散硅顆粒的襯底材料(即分散載體)[11-12]。通過硅/碳復(fù)合,鋰離子電池可獲得更高的比容量、更好的導(dǎo)電性與循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性[13]。
本文主要總結(jié)了多種鋰離子電池硅/碳負(fù)極材料的合成方法、結(jié)構(gòu)和電化學(xué)性能,綜述了硅/碳負(fù)極材料的研究現(xiàn)狀。
1 硅/碳負(fù)極材料的合成方法
1.1 氣相沉積法
氣相沉積法包括化學(xué)氣相沉積法(CVD法)和物理氣相沉積法(PVD法)。CVD法是一種用于生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量、高性能的固體材料的化學(xué)方法,通常應(yīng)用于半導(dǎo)體領(lǐng)域的薄膜制造。PVD法是一種真空沉積法,可以用來制作薄膜和涂層。PVD法中,材料經(jīng)歷了凝聚態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅鈶B(tài),然后再轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟蹜B(tài)薄膜的變化過程。PVD法最常用到的處理方法是濺射和蒸發(fā)。PVD法常用于制造具有力學(xué)、光學(xué)、化學(xué)或電學(xué)性能的薄膜[14]。
1.2 高溫固相合成法
高溫固相合成是一種在高溫(1 000~1 500 ℃)下,通過固體界面之間的接觸、反應(yīng)、成核和晶體生長反應(yīng)生成大量的復(fù)合氧化物的方法。高溫固相合成是制備硅/碳負(fù)極材料的一種常用方法,為了防止惰性相硅/碳的生成,反應(yīng)溫度通??刂圃? 200 ℃[15]。在反應(yīng)過程中,升溫速率、反應(yīng)前驅(qū)物的選擇和反應(yīng)溫度將直接影響材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能。高溫固相合成技術(shù)因工藝簡單,工藝參數(shù)易于控制,重現(xiàn)性好而被廣泛應(yīng)用。
1.3 機(jī)械合金化法
機(jī)械合金化是一種固態(tài)粉末加工技術(shù),是通過采用重復(fù)冷焊、壓裂和在高能球磨機(jī)中重新焊接混合粉末粒子,得到均勻材料的一種方法,已被證明能夠從混合元素或預(yù)合金粉末中合成各種平衡和非平衡合金相[16]。
與高溫固相合成法相反,機(jī)械合金化法制備的材料通常具有更小的粒度,更大的比表面積和更均勻的組織[17]。
1.4 靜電紡絲法
靜電紡絲技術(shù)融合了電噴涂和傳統(tǒng)的溶液干法紡絲纖維的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[18],纖維直徑一般為幾百納米。靜電紡絲過程不需要使用化學(xué)凝固或高溫從溶液中產(chǎn)生紡絲,這使得該工藝特別適用于生產(chǎn)大而復(fù)雜的微粒纖維[19-20]。靜電紡絲法可利用各種材料制備納米纖維,是一種低成本、工藝簡單的通用方法。同軸靜電紡絲法是一種改進(jìn)的靜電紡絲技術(shù),可制備納米管和核殼結(jié)構(gòu)納米纖維[21]。
2 硅/碳負(fù)極材料的結(jié)構(gòu)
碳納米材料因其具有獨(dú)特的性能,而應(yīng)用在輕量化構(gòu)造、電子、能源、環(huán)保、醫(yī)藥等領(lǐng)域[22-23]。納米材料的物理和化學(xué)性能與普通材料的物理、化學(xué)性能不同,甚至更優(yōu)于普通材料,這些優(yōu)異的性能通常由材料組織的微結(jié)構(gòu)決定[24-25]。碳材料因其具有良好的力學(xué)性能,高導(dǎo)電性和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,在無黏結(jié)劑電極和輕質(zhì)電極研究領(lǐng)域備受關(guān)注。近年來,納米線、納米纖維、納米管、納米球等硅/碳納米結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常被應(yīng)用于鋰離子電池中。
2.1 硅/碳納米線
納米線是納米級應(yīng)用的一種,產(chǎn)業(yè)化的納米線直徑分布在50~100 nm[26]。圖1為硅/碳核殼納米線的SEM形貌。將非晶硅包覆在碳納米線上制備的硅/碳核殼納米線材料[27]可制作高功率和長壽命的鋰電池負(fù)極,其容量可達(dá)2 000 mA·h·g-1,且具有良好的循環(huán)壽命。該材料初始庫倫效率為90.0%,隨后周期的庫倫效率仍高達(dá)98.0%~99.6%。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),均勻和完整的碳涂層可以緩解硅納米線完全鋰化產(chǎn)生的膨脹。催化生長的碳納米纖維的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)有十幾年,碳納米纖維已經(jīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)化,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)度較高,導(dǎo)熱性和導(dǎo)電性好[28-29]?;旌霞{米結(jié)構(gòu)硅/碳納米纖維負(fù)極在比容量和循環(huán)壽命方面表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越的性能。碳納米纖維不僅提供了良好的應(yīng)變/應(yīng)力松弛層,而且還提供了電子的傳輸路徑[30-31]。
圖1 硅/碳核殼納米線的SEM形貌[27]
Fig.1 SEM image of Si/C NWs after 5 cycles[27]
2.2 硅/碳納米纖維
Shu等[32]利用CVD法研制了空心硅/碳納米纖維復(fù)合材料,所得的負(fù)極材料具有優(yōu)異的倍率特性。在0.6 C(C為倍率)下,硅/碳納米纖維電極的初始放/充電容量分別為1 197.8和941.4 mA·h·g-1,循環(huán)20個周期后的可逆充電容量為733.9 mA·h·g-1,其容量保持率高達(dá)77.9%。硅/碳納米纖維負(fù)極材料具有優(yōu)異的電化學(xué)性能,既可以為硅顆粒之間提供導(dǎo)電橋和集電器,也可以為抑制硅顆粒體積膨脹而提供緩沖區(qū)。
2.3 硅/碳納米管
近年,基于碳納米管的鋰電池負(fù)極材料的制備是
圖2 純硅與硅/碳納米纖維循環(huán)前后電極結(jié)構(gòu)比較[32]
Fig.2 Comparison of pure Si and Si/CNFs electrodes before and after cycling[32]
業(yè)內(nèi)的研究熱點(diǎn)之一[33]。以往使硅與碳納米管外表面產(chǎn)生電子連接的研究,主要集中在通過簡單的機(jī)械混合、碳納米管在硅材料上的生長、碳納米管表面硅原子的植入或者在碳納米管薄膜上沉積硅以形成硅/碳納米管薄膜等方面。但是,由于硅顆粒的不均勻分布,碳納米管的約束能力不強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致硅在納米空間內(nèi)并沒有被碳納米管網(wǎng)絡(luò)充分約束[34]。Zhao等[35]采用CVD法原位合成了一種硅/非晶碳納米管核殼復(fù)合負(fù)極材料。在100 mA·g-1下,該電極容量可達(dá)1 496 mA·h·g-1,在300個循環(huán)周期后仍有80%容量保持率,具有良好的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性。
圖3 不同尺寸的硅/非晶碳納米管復(fù)合材料的TEM圖[35]
Fig.3 TEM images of different microstructure size of the Si/ACNT composite [35]
2.4 硅/碳納米球
碳納米球由石墨結(jié)構(gòu)中分布不連續(xù)的玻璃態(tài)石墨層組成[36]。由于碳納米球具有高比表面積,良好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和熱穩(wěn)定性等特性,可以用于制備高強(qiáng)度高密度的碳/碳復(fù)合材料、高效液相色譜柱、高比表面積活性碳材料、鋰電池負(fù)極材料以及一系列高性能碳材料。碳納米球具有很強(qiáng)的吸附能力,可以重復(fù)利用[37-38]。
圖4 化學(xué)還原后及未進(jìn)行化學(xué)還原的不同尺寸下的硅/碳復(fù)合材料的TEM圖[39]
Fig.4 TEM images of different microstructure size of Si/C nanospheres composite[39]
Zhou等[39]用簡單的化學(xué)方法制備了硅/碳納米球。通過熱處理,硅顆粒被非晶碳包覆,從而抑制了原始硅的集聚,緩解了硅在循環(huán)過程中巨大的體積膨脹。在200 mA·g-1下,該材料的初始可逆容量為888.6 mA·h·g-1。在50次循環(huán)后,電極的充電容量仍有610.7 mA·h·g-1。在鋰化過程中,硅/碳納米球能有效地緩沖硅納米顆粒的體積膨脹/收縮,具有優(yōu)異的電化學(xué)性能和循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性。
3 摻雜型硅/碳負(fù)極材料
在摻雜型硅/碳負(fù)極材料中,硅和碳緊密地結(jié)合形成了一個穩(wěn)定均勻的系統(tǒng)。在充放電過程中,硅原子是電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的活性中心,碳原子是鋰化的載體。另外,碳載體還可作為電子傳輸通道和支撐的結(jié)構(gòu)體。
3.1 氮摻雜型硅/碳負(fù)極材料
由于氮摻雜所造成的缺陷,氮摻雜的碳具有較高的導(dǎo)電性和電化學(xué)活性,并有助于界面中鋰離子的傳輸[40]。氮摻雜層可以防止電極材料與電解液的直接接觸,且可提高復(fù)合材料和鋰離子在電極和電解液界面上的傳輸速率[41]。氮摻雜的碳涂層在促進(jìn)和保持穩(wěn)定的SEI層中提供了一個有效的電子傳輸途徑,促進(jìn)了脫嵌鋰化反應(yīng)[42]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)摻雜氮的碳涂層比原始碳涂層有著更高的導(dǎo)電性和鋰離子遷移率[43-44]。
Shen等[45]用離子液體輔助制備的硅/氮摻雜碳納米顆粒與硅/碳納米顆粒進(jìn)行比較。在420 mA·g-1下,經(jīng)過100次循環(huán)后,所制備的硅/氮摻雜碳復(fù)合材料表現(xiàn)出較高的可逆容量,約為725 mA·h·g-1,是同種方法制備的硅/碳材料的兩倍(360 mA·h·g-1)。該材料電化學(xué)性能的改善得益于納米復(fù)合材料穩(wěn)定的核殼結(jié)構(gòu),更重要的是氮摻雜到碳?xì)ぶ?。包覆的氮摻雜碳層不僅改善了材料的導(dǎo)電性,且緩解了鋰化過程體積膨脹產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力。
圖5 不同電流密度下,硅/氮摻雜碳,硅/碳和硅納米顆粒的循環(huán)性能[45]
Fig.5 Cycling performance and rate capability of Si/N-C,Si/C and Si nanoparticles at different current density[45]
3.2 硅/碳/石墨負(fù)極材料
硅負(fù)極材料最大的缺陷是當(dāng)硅最大鋰化時,其體積膨脹率高達(dá)300%[46]。減少硅體積膨脹效應(yīng),并充分利用硅超高可逆容量的一種方法是將石墨與其結(jié)合[47]。石墨因其良好的穩(wěn)定性、低成本、低工作電壓等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為了新型復(fù)合負(fù)極材料的理想選擇[48]。石墨、碳和硅復(fù)合材料可提供可觀的可逆容量,并可有效減少負(fù)極材料的體積膨脹[49]。
Wang等[50]通過噴霧干燥自組裝法將熱解碳和天然石墨包覆在亞微米硅片上成功制備了硅/碳/石墨復(fù)合材料。該材料的初始庫倫效率高達(dá)82.8%,在100 mA·g-1下循環(huán)100個周期后仍有1 524.0 mA·h·g-1的容量保留,這種層級結(jié)構(gòu)的材料與純硅相比有著多層碳涂層和空隙,有效地緩解了硅充放電過程中的體積膨脹。
3.3 硅/碳/石墨烯負(fù)極材料
近年來,石墨烯由于具有高導(dǎo)電性、高強(qiáng)度、高化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、超高的比表面積和開放的多孔結(jié)構(gòu)等特性,具有對鋰電池電極材料體積變化的靈活約束作用,被認(rèn)為是最有前景的碳材料[51]。由于具有大比表面積、高導(dǎo)電性和良好的放電能力,石墨烯可以提高硅基復(fù)合電極的電化學(xué)性能,改善大電流密度下的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性,是一種極具研究價值的碳材料[52-53]。
圖6 顆粒截面的SEM圖[50]
Fig.6 SEM images of partical cross sections[50]
圖7 硅/碳和硅/碳/石墨烯復(fù)合材料電化學(xué)性能比較[54]
Fig.7 Comparision of the electrochemical performance of Si/C and Si/C/RGO composite[54]
Pan等[54]先采用工業(yè)通用的噴霧干燥法然后采用煅燒工藝制備了硅/碳/石墨烯球形微結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合材料。碳?xì)ず腿嵝允┑慕Y(jié)合可有效提高復(fù)合材料的電導(dǎo)率,并可適應(yīng)硅在循環(huán)過程中巨大的體積變化。在100 mA·g-1的低電流密度下,該種材料的初始可逆性為1 599 mA·h·g-1,當(dāng)在200 mA·g-1下循環(huán)多次后的容量保持率高達(dá)94.9%。此外,即使在2 000 mA·g-1的高電流密度下,硅/碳/石墨烯負(fù)極也仍有951 mA·h·g-1的高可逆比容量。硅在脫嵌鋰過程中易發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)變化。研究表明,石墨烯是一種防止該變化的有效緩沖物質(zhì),且可極大地提高鋰電池的可逆容量、循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性和倍率特性[55]。
4 展 望
表面涂覆改性是電極材料制備的基本工藝,對材料的比例和循環(huán)性能的改進(jìn)研究主要集中在用摻雜、改性或噴霧干燥等方法對材料進(jìn)行納米化,提高電子和離子的傳輸速率以改善材料的導(dǎo)電性和穩(wěn)定性。具有良好的彈性、高電導(dǎo)率和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性的碳材料在鋰離子電池硅/碳負(fù)極材料的發(fā)展中具有巨大的潛力。此外,對于鋰離子電池硅/碳負(fù)極材料脫嵌鋰機(jī)理的研究,以及與硅/碳材料更相容的黏結(jié)劑和電解液的探索,也是未來的研究熱點(diǎn)。
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