A character to brighten up your day—or night

陽光下也有偏見

In the midst of the “dog days” of summer， Chinese netizens like to jokingly express gratitude to two figures from history： Willis Carrier， inventor of the modern air-conditioning unit， and mythological archer Hou Yi （后羿）. According to legend， there used to be 10 suns in the sky， but Hou Yi shot down nine of them to protect the planets inhabitants from burning to a cinder.

In Chinese， the characters 日（r#） and 陽 （y1ng） both represent the sun. The oracle bone script of the character陽 developed over 3，000 years ago， and consisted of a “mountain” radical， 阜 （f&）， on the left， and a representation of the rising sun， or 日， on the right. Its original meaning was “the side of a mountain exposed to the sun.”

In ancient Chinese philosophy， yang （陽） and yin （陰） are the opposite principles or forces co-existing in nature and human affairs. Pairs like the sun and moon， life and death， and male and female can all be represented by yin and yang. The 陽歷 （y1ngl#， solar calendar， or Gregorian calendar） was developed based on the rotation of the Earth around the sun， while the traditional 陰歷 （y～nl#， lunar calendar） in China corresponded to the moons orbit around the globe； 陽間 （y1ngji`n） refers to the world of flesh （or what we would call “reality”）， while 陰間 （y～nji`n） refers to the spirit world， including the afterlife.

According to Traditional Chinese Medicine， upsetting the balance of these opposing natures， or 陰陽失調(diào) （y～ny1ng sh～ti1o）， is the root of most illnesses in the human body. Even in modern medicine， the Chinese word for a negative test results is 陰性 （y～nx#ng， yin-type）， while a positive result is called 陽性 （y1ngx#ng， yang-type）. For example： 他的病毒檢測(cè)結(jié)果為陰性。 （T` de b#ngd% ji2nc- ji9gu6 w9i y～nx#ng. “He tested negative for the virus.”）

Generally， as indicated by most yin and yang related expressions， 陽 represents the positive or bright side， whereas 陰is negative and dark. For example， a conspiracy or underhand scheme is called a 陰謀 （y～nm5u）. Other terms involving 陰， such as 陰暗 （y～n3n， dim， dark）， 陰沉 （y～nch9n， overcast， gloomy）， 陰毒 （y～nd%， treacherous and vicious）， and 陰狠 （y～nh0n， sly and vicious） describe a host of undesirable traits.

Where gender is concerned， 陽 is the character traditionally associated with men， and 陰 with women： 陽剛 （y1ngg`ng） describes traditional masculine qualities （strong and tough）， whereas 陰柔 （y～nr5u） refers to feminine ones （gentle and soft）. Typical ancient attitudes about gender differences—many of which remain in place today—were reflected in the “Family Precepts to Descendants” （《訓(xùn)子孫文》）， an essay by Chinese historian， writer， and politician Sima Guang （司馬光） of the Northern Song dynasty （960 – 1127）： “The husband is the sky， the sun， and yang； the wife is the Earth， the moon， and yin.”

The phrase 太陽 （t3iy1ng） refers to the sun. More specifically， 朝陽 （zh`oy1ng） is the rising sun and 夕陽 （x～y1ng） the setting sun. These terms can also serve as adjectives such as 朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè) （zh`oy1ng ch2ny-， emerging industries） and 夕陽產(chǎn)業(yè) （x～y1ng ch2ny-， declining industries）.To express regret for all lifes ephemera， you can quote a line from poet Li Shangyin （李商隱） of the late Tang dynasty （618 – 907）—夕陽無限好，只是近黃昏 （X～y1ng w%xi3n h2o， zh@sh# j#n hu1ngh$n）， meaning “The setting sun is unrivaled in splendor； pity that the dusk fast approaches.”）

The phrase for sunshine is 陽光 （y1nggu`ng）， the source of 太陽能 （t3iy1ngn9ng， solar energy）. For a trip to the beach on a sunny day， you may need to protect yourself with gear such as 太陽鏡 （t3iy1ngj#ng， sunglasses） and 太陽傘 （t3iy1ngs2n， parasol）.

The character 陽 can be used to describe other warm， bright， or powerful subjects： 陽春 （y1ngch$n） is a warm spring， and 陽光少年 （y1nggu`ng sh3oni1n） are energetic youths. 陽關(guān)大道 （y1nggu`n d3d3o）， originally referring to the ancient Yangguan Pass along the ancient Silk Road in Dunhuang， Gansu province， has evolved to mean a metaphorical road to prosperity. If two collaborators do not see eye-to-eye on any matter， they may dissolve the partnership by saying， 你走你的陽關(guān)道，我走我的獨(dú)木橋 （N@ z6u n@ de y1nggu`nd3o， w6 z6u w6 de d%m&qi1o.; “You take the wide and easy road； I will cross the narrow log bridge.”）

Due to their opposition， 陰 and 陽 appear together in expressions related to unexpected or troubled topics. For example， 陰差陽錯(cuò) （y～nch` y1ngcu7， yin and yang are mismatched）， refers to mistakes arising from a strange combinations of circumstances. A person who is eccentric or abnormal is called 陰陽怪氣 （y～ny1ng gu3iq#， yin and yang are strange）.

There is even an idiom 陰盛陽衰 （y～nsh-ng y1ngshu`i， yin rises， yang falls） for a situation where women outperform men （but not the other way around）， such as the recent gaokao results. Traditionalists in China are always concerned that men will be emasculated by highly educated and high-achieving women. They ought to remember， though， that as in the yin-yang symbol， the two seemingly contrary forces actually complementary and interdependent in the natural world. A healthy physique， a truly balanced society， and a prosperous country are all the product of yin and yang equally.

- HUANG WEIJIA （黃偉嘉） AND TAN YUNFEI （譚云飛）