馬黎
“鳳舞紫禁:清代皇后的藝術(shù)與生活”特展今夏在美國波士頓迪美博物館開展。這場遠在美國的展覽,通過北京故宮博物院的官方微博介紹后,在國內(nèi)也引來極大的關(guān)注。原來,該展涉及了近期在國內(nèi)熱播的影視劇《延禧攻略》和《如懿傳》中的歷史人物原型——富察氏和甄嬛在歷史上究竟什么樣,穿什么、用什么,都在這個展覽里。
此次展覽由美國迪美博物館、史密森學會弗雷爾/塞克勒藝術(shù)博物館和故宮博物院合作舉辦。200余件展品絕大多數(shù)來自故宮博物院,少量為上述兩個美國博物館館藏。中國絲綢博物館也應(yīng)邀提供了清代絲織品的種類樣本,以輔助展覽。
該展主要聚焦于三位重要人物:崇慶太后(1693年~1777年)、孝賢皇后(1712年~1748年)與慈禧太后(1835年~1908年)。崇慶太后就是《延禧攻略》中宋春麗和《如懿傳》中鄔君梅飾演的鈕祜祿·甄嬛的歷史原型。而孝賢皇后,就是《延禧攻略》中秦嵐和《如懿傳》中董潔飾演的富察氏,國內(nèi)的觀眾已經(jīng)很熟悉了。
200多件展品包括精美絕倫的書畫、龍袍、珠寶首飾、金銀器、玉器、御用瓷、家具與佛教文物,向觀眾講述宮廷女性鮮為人知的故事,展現(xiàn)她們對國事、家事、宮廷藝術(shù)和宗教的影響。
該展是以清代皇后為主題的首次國際大展。其中,以金發(fā)塔為代表的許多展品首次與美國觀眾見面。
這件重達110公斤、嵌滿寶石的金發(fā)塔,是1777年崇慶太后去世,乾隆下旨由內(nèi)務(wù)府制作而成,為故宮金發(fā)塔中最大的一件,塔身內(nèi)供奉著乾隆母親的頭發(fā),以示祈福?!安貍鞣鸾淘谇宕鷮m廷里是很重要的宗教信仰,這個塔也是在藏傳佛教的體系中。塔內(nèi)有一件無量壽佛,從乾隆的意愿來說,應(yīng)該還是為母親在極樂世界里面能夠獲得永生而祈福?!泵绹ㄊ款D迪美博物館中國與東亞藝術(shù)部主任兼策展人王伊悠介紹道。
崇慶太后原名鈕祜祿氏,更為人熟知的稱號為孝圣憲皇后或熹妃,她11歲時以侍妾的身份進入雍親王府,18歲生下她的獨子,即后來的乾隆皇帝。母以子貴,乾隆帝尊親法祖,強調(diào)“以孝治天下”,尊養(yǎng)太后。本次展覽也展出了兩件大幅崇慶太后肖像畫,為其六十、七十大壽而創(chuàng)作,生動地再現(xiàn)了她“母儀天下”的形象。
展覽中,有一件迪美博物館館藏的《清乾隆孝賢純皇后像》,端莊美麗,服飾細節(jié)清晰。“這幅孝賢皇后像軸特別珍貴,我用了4年時間研究它。”王伊悠說,孝賢皇后與乾隆帝青梅竹馬,感情深厚。
孝賢皇后原名富察氏,在15歲時,成為了未來乾隆帝的嫡福晉。在乾隆繼承皇位后,她被冊封為皇后。乾隆十三年,也就是1748年,36歲的孝賢皇后不幸病逝。
乾隆帝提筆作詩,悼念愛妻。這首挽詩也在該展中首次與觀眾見面。據(jù)了解,乾隆4萬多首詩里,1萬多首都是寫給富察氏的。而這首挽詩的展出,真的難得。
展覽中,還有一幅通高5米的慈禧太后油畫像屏極具視覺沖擊力。美國女畫家凱瑟琳·卡爾的這幅畫作,呈現(xiàn)了這位執(zhí)掌晚清朝政近半個世紀的女性統(tǒng)治者在政務(wù)之外,對容貌的關(guān)愛和對服飾的考究。
為什么會著重展覽這三位皇后的東西?策展人王伊悠說,乾隆皇帝一天的生活如何,有相應(yīng)的書籍出版,也有人在這方面做過策展的考慮,但是皇后就很難。
“絕大多數(shù)的女性記錄都非常少,很難從文獻里面找到她一日的詳細生活情況。而乾隆每天早上起來給母親請安等記述,只是從男性的活動視角去看到女性活動。從迪美博物館的角度而言,我們的展覽選題希望選擇有新意的,更重要的是選擇能夠讓美國觀眾看懂的展覽,所以這次集中探討清代宮廷女性在國事、家事、以及宗教藝術(shù)方面的一些成就和影響,扎根于歷史。我們沒有過多加入現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)的元素,但在布展的時候也會注意到。絕大多數(shù)的美國觀眾并不了解中國清代的歷史和皇后的各種具體情況,所以我們的策展首先最重要的是突出展品的精彩?!蓖跻劣普f。
她還補充道:“清宮有二十多個皇后,選取這三位,從客觀角度來講并不是每一位后妃的材料都足夠充實,缺乏相應(yīng)文物的展覽只能是空中樓閣,而主觀上我們希望選擇的后妃是在歷史上留下較深印記的。這三位在年齡和背景上有一定的代表性,兩個是清中期,一個是清晚期,在時代上有一定的跨度,年齡也可以與觀眾有一些共鳴:孝賢純皇后三十多就去世了,是一個年輕的皇后。崇慶皇太后是乾隆的母親,是一位八十多歲的德高望重的老太太,慈禧則從中年步入晚年都有探討。三個人的背景和性格都不同,就像電影中的不同角色一樣?!?img alt="" src="https://cimg.fx361.com/images/2018/11/17/qkimageswhjlwhjl201811whjl20181117-2-l.jpg"/>
王伊悠介紹,這次展覽集中研究了一批肖像畫,“我個人在學術(shù)研究方面主攻壽皇殿,在皇家舉行大祭的時候使用的一批肖像的研究。這次展出的一些肖像就屬于這一批。它們有特別的樣式、畫法,包括構(gòu)圖都是程式化的。所以通過這個線索進行梳理,尺幅、畫面布局、使用方面都與其他用途的畫像有很大區(qū)別,依靠內(nèi)務(wù)府造辦處活計檔的文獻記錄,可以獲得比較準確的辨認。通過這次展覽,這批畫像中孝賢皇后這件的作者和創(chuàng)作年代都獲得了確認?!?/p>
據(jù)悉,該展覽在迪美博物館展出六個月(2018年8月18日~2019年2月10日),明年三月底會在華盛頓的國家亞洲藝術(shù)博物館,也就是史密森的佛利爾/賽克勒藝術(shù)博物館再展三個月(2019年3月30日~6月23日),明年6月之后文物就回國了。
Empresses of China's Last Dynasty Make U.S. Debut
“Women in Forbidden City: Empresses of Qing Dynasty” Exhibition Wows the US Audience
By Ma Li
An exhibition exploring the role of the empresses of China's last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), opened recently at the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) in Salem, Massachusetts, triggering heated discussion among Chinas vigilant netizens after the success of the exhibition was broadcast on the Weibo platform of the Palace Museum.
For the fans of television blockbusters The Story of Yanxi Palace and Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace, both reaping overwhelming rave reviews in China, the exhibition offers interesting clues about the everyday life of the prototypes of the heroines of the palace dramas, one based on Emperor Qianlongs consort Empress Xiaoyichun and the other on Empress Hoifa Nara, the second wife of Emperor Qianlong. The heat wave from the ancient palace even spread overseas, as many foreign audiences have been searching for the dramas English subtitles.
The exhibition displays nearly 200 spectacular objects, most of which are from the unrivalled collection of the Palace Museum, once known as the Forbidden City and also home to the empresses, and a few from PEM and The Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery from the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art in the United States. The exhibits include imperial portraits, jewelry, garments, Buddhist sculptures, and decorative art objects.
The Hangzhou-based China Silk Museum also contributed to the exhibition.
The exhibition is organized by the 219-year-old PEM, the Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D.C. and the Palace Museum to honor the 40th anniversary of the establishment of U.S.-China diplomatic relations. Located on the south side of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the Freer and Sackler galleries house the largest Asian art research library in the US.
The exhibition features three key figures, Empress Dowager Chongqing (1693-1777), Empress Xiaoxian (1712-1748) - Qianlong Emperors beloved wife, and Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908), one of the most powerful women in Chinese history. Their life experiences revolve around six core themes: imperial weddings, power and status, family roles, lifestyle, religion, and political influence.
The exhibition is the first one of its kind unveiled to an audience outside China, opening the eye of the visitors with a selection of exhibits that had never been publicly displayed and some rare treasures that had never been on view in America. One of the highlights is a 110-kilogram gold “hair pagoda”, ordered by Qianlong Emperor to be made for his mother to achieve immortality in her Nirvana.
Empress Dowager Chongqing, better known as Empress Xiaoshengxian, gave birth to a boy at the age of 18. The boy grew to be Qianlong Emperor, the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Two of the treasures displayed at the exhibition show the filial piety of the emperor.
One of the exhibits is a portrait of the Empress Xiaoxian, currently in the collection of PEM. “I spent four years studying this beautiful portrait that not only is a piece of art but also embodies the deep, deep love of the emperor as a husband," said Daisy Yiyou Wang, PEM's curator of Chinese and East Asian Art. Empress Xiaoxian died when she accompanied the emperor on one of his tours to southern China, at the age of only 36. More than 10,000 of the more than 40,000 poems written by Qianlong Emperor were dedicated to her. The twos love stories were featured in a special section of the exhibition.
One of the exhibits is an oil work by Katharine Augusta Carl (1865-1938), an American portrait painter and author. She spent nine months in China in 1903 painting a portrait of the Empress Dowager Cixi for the St. Louis Exposition. On her return to America, she published a book about her experience, titled With the Empress Dowager.
As the wives of the emperors, the empresses were the most powerful women in ancient China. However, their time in the palace and their roles in shaping politics, art, religion and even the Chinese history were often underestimated. And the mystery, caused by the stringent palace rules that kept each of them largely away from public view and the scarcity of historical date regarding this elite group of women, only adds to their charismatic glamour.
The exhibition in the US is scheduled to close in June, 2019.