潘治利,駱洋翔,艾志錄,楊聯(lián)芝,范 雯,黃忠民
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不同凍藏溫度條件下速凍湯圓品質(zhì)變化及其機(jī)制
潘治利1,2,駱洋翔1,3,艾志錄1,楊聯(lián)芝4,范 雯5,黃忠民1※
(1.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,鄭州 450002;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部大宗糧食加工重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,鄭州 450002;3.河南省冷鏈?zhǔn)称饭こ碳夹g(shù)研究中心,鄭州 450002;4.中州大學(xué)化工食品學(xué)院,鄭州 450044;5.鄭州思念食品有限公司,鄭州 450002)
為探究不同恒溫凍藏條件下速凍湯圓品質(zhì)的變化規(guī)律,將速凍湯圓置于-5、-15、-25℃3種恒定凍藏條件下,定期測(cè)量含水率、酸價(jià)、過氧化值、質(zhì)構(gòu)等品質(zhì)指標(biāo),并結(jié)合核磁共振成像、快速黏度分析儀、掃描電子顯微鏡測(cè)定粉團(tuán)水分遷移、糊化特性、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)等,揭示凍藏溫度對(duì)其品質(zhì)變化的影響。結(jié)果表明:凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓的含水率、過氧化值、酸價(jià)、質(zhì)構(gòu)等均有顯著性影響(<0.05),凍藏時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),凍藏溫度越高,速凍湯圓含水率下降越多,過氧化值、酸價(jià)、硬度、咀嚼性增加也越大,其中在第40天,-5℃與-15、-25℃凍藏條件相比,速凍湯圓含水率率先下降至平穩(wěn)點(diǎn),過氧化值、酸價(jià)增長(zhǎng)率(14%和20%)遠(yuǎn)高于其它2組,第90天,-5℃凍藏條件下速凍湯圓含水率減少11.32%,過氧化值、酸價(jià)分別上漲23%和30%,硬度、咀嚼性由392.11、66.24 g增大到511.78、90.11g,且與-25℃凍藏條件相比有顯著性差異(<0.05)。核磁共振、糊化特性、掃面電鏡顯示:較高溫度凍藏條件下速凍湯圓水分自由度增長(zhǎng)較大,冰晶的生長(zhǎng)及大冰晶的形成使得淀粉顆粒受到機(jī)械損傷,破損淀粉填充糯米粉團(tuán)空隙,致密的組織結(jié)構(gòu)抑制蒸煮時(shí)水分進(jìn)入以及熱量的傳遞,使得速凍湯圓硬度、咀嚼性大幅上漲;破損淀粉易吸水膨脹,占有較多的空間,致使峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度降低,從而影響速凍湯團(tuán)品質(zhì)特性。以上研究結(jié)果為速凍湯圓在凍藏期間的品質(zhì)保持提供理論參考。
凍藏;溫度;品質(zhì)控制;速凍湯圓
湯圓源于宋朝,為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日食品,隨著速凍技術(shù)的發(fā)展,逐步成為普及日常生活銷量第二大速凍食品[1]?,F(xiàn)國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)速凍湯圓研究主要集中在配方工藝及品質(zhì)控制,李真等[2]利用響應(yīng)面法優(yōu)化了速凍湯圓品質(zhì)工藝參數(shù),確定了加水量和3種改良劑的最佳配比,孔欣欣等[3]研發(fā)了一種水晶桂花速凍湯圓的新配方,于章龍等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糯性黑小麥粉與糯米粉配比為1:1時(shí),利用冷水法制作糯性黑小麥粉湯圓感官品質(zhì)最好,周顯青等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)糯米粉中蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為6.5%時(shí),較適宜于速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)的制作,張印等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低蛋白糯米粉與普通糯米粉配比為1:3時(shí),能明顯改善速凍湯圓的品質(zhì),朱嬋嬋[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)羥丙基糯米淀粉添加量為1%時(shí),能更好地改善速凍湯圓產(chǎn)品品質(zhì),艾志錄等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三聚磷酸鈉、黃原膠、單甘酯的添加量分別為0.2%、0.19%、0.23%,可以有效增強(qiáng)速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)持水性,王小英等[9]將3種改良劑復(fù)配,有效地抑制速凍湯圓的開裂,但關(guān)于凍藏條件下速凍湯圓品質(zhì)變化規(guī)律的研究較少。
凍藏期間由于水分的散失[10-12]、冰晶的生長(zhǎng)[13-15]、脂肪的氧化[16-17]等,易造成產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)的下降,因此,研究?jī)霾販囟葘?duì)速凍湯圓品質(zhì)的影響,對(duì)于速凍湯圓的品質(zhì)控制具有重要意義。本文以速凍湯圓為研究對(duì)象,設(shè)置不同凍藏溫度條件,通過測(cè)定凍藏期間速凍湯圓的含水率、酸價(jià)、過氧化值、質(zhì)構(gòu)等品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的變化,并結(jié)合NMR、RVA、SEM等分析手段,研究?jī)霾仄陂g速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)的水分狀態(tài)、糊化特性、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)變化等,揭示凍藏溫度對(duì)其品質(zhì)變化的影響,同時(shí)為后期的貨架期研究及流通過程中的預(yù)警體系開發(fā)提供具體的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。以期為速凍湯圓在凍藏期間的品質(zhì)保持及貨架期預(yù)測(cè)提供一定的理論參考依據(jù)。
速凍湯圓(黑芝麻大湯圓):根據(jù)試驗(yàn)需求由鄭州思念食品股份有限公司提供(批號(hào):20170818),三氯甲烷(北京鑫鼎鵬飛科技發(fā)展有限公司)、碘化鉀(西隴科學(xué)股份有限公司)、硫代硫酸鈉(國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司)、石油醚(天津市富宇精細(xì)化工有限公司)、無(wú)水乙醚、冰乙酸、無(wú)水硫酸鈉、可溶性淀粉、異丙醇、乙醚、95%乙醇、酚酞、重鉻酸鉀(天津市永大化學(xué)試劑有限公司),皆為分析純。
R201B-Ⅱ旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)器(上海申順生物科技有限公司);SHZ-D(Ⅲ) 循環(huán)水真空泵(鄭州智誠(chéng)科技發(fā)展有限公司);MDF-U5412 醫(yī)用低溫箱(三洋電機(jī)株式會(huì)社);肖邦CD.1實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)シ蹤C(jī) (法國(guó)雷諾公司);TA.XA PLUS質(zhì)構(gòu)儀 (英國(guó)Stable Micro System公司);RVA 4500快速黏度測(cè)試儀 (瑞典波通儀器公司);DHG-9143BS-Ⅲ電熱恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱(上海新苗醫(yī)療器械制造有限公司);BD/BC-210SA變溫冷凍冷藏箱 (浙江星星冷鏈集成股份有限公司);LGJ-10D真空冷凍干燥機(jī)(北京四環(huán)科學(xué)儀器廠有限公司);S-3400N-Ⅱ掃描電子顯微鏡(日本日立公司);MicroMR核磁共振分析儀(蘇州紐邁分析儀器股份有限公司)。
將速凍湯圓置于-5?、-15?、-25℃恒溫?cái)?shù)控冷柜中凍藏,采用GPS溫度變送器進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,每10 d進(jìn)行一次速凍湯圓含水率、過氧化值、酸價(jià)等理化指標(biāo)檢驗(yàn),每30 d進(jìn)行一次質(zhì)構(gòu)特性測(cè)定。40、90 d測(cè)定速凍湯圓水分遷移、90 d觀察微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、以初始-18℃速凍湯圓為參照,試驗(yàn)周期為90 d。
1.3.1 含水率
參照:GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中水分的測(cè)定》進(jìn)行測(cè)定;每組樣品做5次平行試驗(yàn)。
1.3.2 過氧化值
參照:GB 5009.227-2016《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中過氧化值的測(cè)定》進(jìn)行測(cè)定;每組樣品做5次平行試驗(yàn)。
1.3.4 酸價(jià)
參照:GB 5009.229-2016《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中酸價(jià)的測(cè)定》進(jìn)行測(cè)定;每組樣品做5次平行試驗(yàn)。
1.3.5 質(zhì)構(gòu)剖面分析
取速凍湯圓置于100℃沸水中,煮制5 min置于0℃冰水中冷卻l min,采用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀進(jìn)行TPA測(cè)試,參照朱津津方法[18],測(cè)試條件如下:探頭P/50;觸發(fā)力:5 g;測(cè)試壓縮比例:60%;測(cè)前速率與測(cè)后速率均為2 mm/s,測(cè)試速率為1 mm/s,停留時(shí)間2 s;每組樣品做7次平行試驗(yàn)。
1.3.6 CPMG試驗(yàn)
參照白潔方法[19],利用CPMG(carr purcell meiboom gill)脈沖序列測(cè)定樣品的自旋-自旋弛豫時(shí)間(2)。將速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)樣品置于永久磁場(chǎng)中心位置的射頻線圈中心,進(jìn)行CPMG脈沖序列試驗(yàn)。CPMG序列參數(shù)如下:采樣點(diǎn)數(shù)TD=80 140,重復(fù)掃描次數(shù)NS=8,重復(fù)時(shí)間TR=2 000 ms,半回?fù)軙r(shí)間=200s。利用反演擬合軟件計(jì)算出2數(shù)值。
1.3.7 糯米粉糊化特性
剪取速凍湯圓表面糯米粉團(tuán)約60 g,置于40℃烘箱中,烘干粉碎,過100目。準(zhǔn)確稱?。?.00±0.01)g糯米粉和(25.00±0.01)g蒸餾水于鋁盒內(nèi),按濕基14%校正,制備測(cè)試樣品。在攪拌過程中,罐內(nèi)溫度變化如下: 50℃條件下保持1 min;以12℃/min的速率由50上升到 95℃(3.75 min)并恒溫保持2.5 min;再以同樣速率下降到50℃ (3.75 min);50℃下保持1.4 min。攪拌器在起始時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)速度為960 r/min,10 s之后保持在160 r/min。波通快速黏度分析儀軟件讀取計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù);每組樣品做5次平行試驗(yàn)。
1.3.8 微觀結(jié)構(gòu)
切取經(jīng)不同處理的速凍湯圓表面糯米粉團(tuán)(0.5 cm×0.5 cm),置于- 40℃中預(yù)凍24 h后進(jìn)行真空冷凍干燥。利用刀片將凍干樣品切開,對(duì)樣品觀察面進(jìn)行鍍金處理,在30 kV的操作電壓下, 使用掃描電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 對(duì)樣品拍照觀察。
速凍湯圓在不同凍藏溫度條件下的含水率變化如圖1所示。由圖1可見,含水率隨凍藏時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)呈先下降后平緩的趨勢(shì),其中,第10天時(shí)-5 ℃凍藏條件下的含水率與初始比較呈現(xiàn)顯著變化(<0.05),第40天時(shí)趨于平穩(wěn),且與-15、-25℃凍藏溫度組出現(xiàn)顯著差異(<0.05),第90天時(shí),-5、-15、-25℃條件下的含水率由最初的41.36%分別下降至36.68%、38.11%、39.65%,含水率分別減少11.32%、7.86%、4.13%,且各組間均呈現(xiàn)顯著差異(<0.05)。其主要原因是因?yàn)樗賰鰷珗A水蒸汽壓處于飽和狀態(tài),而凍藏環(huán)境的水蒸汽壓是不飽和的,由于水蒸汽壓差的存在,使得冰晶升華至周圍環(huán)境,-5℃相對(duì)-15、-25℃而言,對(duì)水分子束縛力較小,水分子移動(dòng)強(qiáng),有利于冰晶升華,第40天時(shí)速凍湯圓水蒸汽壓與凍藏環(huán)境蒸汽壓達(dá)到相對(duì)平衡狀態(tài),由此可見,水分是影響速凍食品品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo)之一,較低的凍藏溫度可延緩速凍湯圓的水分散失。
圖1 不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓含水率的影響
速凍湯圓在不同凍藏溫度條件下的餡料油脂氧化的變化如圖2所示。由圖2可知,速凍湯圓餡料過氧化值、酸價(jià)隨凍藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)均呈先急后緩的上漲趨勢(shì)。-5℃凍藏條件下過氧化值、酸價(jià)變化尤為明顯,第40天其過氧化值、酸價(jià)分別增長(zhǎng)14%和20%,且與-15、-25℃凍藏條件相比出現(xiàn)顯著差異(<0.05),第90天-5、-15、-25℃條件下過氧化值增長(zhǎng)率為23%、17%、12%,酸價(jià)增長(zhǎng)率為30%、12%、7%,且各組間均有顯著差異(<0.05)。這可能由于-5℃相對(duì)-15、-25℃而言,氧分子較為活躍,油脂氧化相對(duì)較快,隨著凍藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),在第40天時(shí)因混合在餡料中的氧氣消耗而使氧化速率減慢。這一變化趨勢(shì)與Laia等[20]研究結(jié)果相似
a.不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓過氧化值的影響
a. Effect of different refrigeration temperatures on peroxide value of rice dumplings
b.不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓酸價(jià)的影響
速凍湯圓在不同凍藏溫度條件下的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性變化見表1。
表1 不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓質(zhì)構(gòu)特性的影響
注:同列不同字母表示差異性顯著,<0.05,下同。
Note: The data with different small letters in the same column indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level, the same below.
由表1可知,速凍湯圓在不同凍藏溫度條件下隨凍藏時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)其硬度、咀嚼性均呈增加趨勢(shì),而恢復(fù)性無(wú)顯著性變化,凍藏溫度越高,相應(yīng)硬度、咀嚼性增強(qiáng)越多。第60天時(shí)-5℃凍藏的速凍湯圓的硬度、咀嚼性已與初始時(shí)相比出現(xiàn)顯著差異(<0.05),第90天,-5、-15、-25℃條件下速凍湯圓硬度、咀嚼性分別由初始時(shí)的392.11和66.24增大到約511.78、479.15、445.44g和90.11、88.30、72.22 g,其增長(zhǎng)率分別為31%、22%、14%和36%、33%、9%,可能是由于速凍湯圓在凍藏過程中,水分由內(nèi)向外的遷移,促進(jìn)冰晶生長(zhǎng),湯圓粉團(tuán)淀粉顆粒破碎,損傷淀粉鑲嵌空隙,使得組織緊密,抑制蒸煮時(shí)水分進(jìn)入以及熱量的傳遞,造成糯米淀粉不能充分糊化,致使速凍湯圓硬度、咀嚼性增強(qiáng)[10],而較高的凍藏溫度通過影響水分的遷移加速這一過程。
速凍湯圓在凍藏期間的品質(zhì)變化主要是由于水分的遷移。圖3為速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)在凍藏過程中的2分布變化圖。由圖3可知,2在0~15 ms階段皆有2個(gè)峰,其表明粉團(tuán)中有2種水分存在。第一個(gè)峰21(0~7 ms)為與蛋白質(zhì)大分子表面極性基團(tuán)緊密相結(jié)合的結(jié)合水[21-23]。第2個(gè)峰22(7~15ms)為多層水,是與糖類、淀粉等大分子相結(jié)合的“弱結(jié)合水”,其具有較大的自由度[24-26];隨著凍藏時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)21、22均有小幅降低現(xiàn)象。且相同凍藏時(shí)間,-5℃相對(duì)-15、-25℃凍藏條件速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)21幅度最低,可能是凍藏過程中,較高的凍藏溫度條件,使得結(jié)合水氫鍵結(jié)合變得不再牢固,自由度變大,結(jié)合水向多層水方向發(fā)生了遷移,多層水向自由水方向發(fā)生遷移,促進(jìn)冰晶的生長(zhǎng),水分自由度的增加導(dǎo)致湯圓粉團(tuán)失水干耗加重;這也合理解釋了2.1和2.2節(jié)中凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓含水率及餡料油脂氧化影響的根本原因。
圖3 不同溫度凍藏條件下T2弛豫圖譜隨凍藏時(shí)間的變化
湯圓粉團(tuán)糊化特性是決定速凍湯圓品質(zhì)的重要評(píng)判依據(jù),粉團(tuán)粘度的改變會(huì)大幅影響其感官評(píng)價(jià)[27]。由表2可知,隨凍藏時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)的峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度均顯著降低(<0.05),凍藏溫度越高,粉團(tuán)的糊化特性變化越大。第60天,-5、-15、-25℃與初始時(shí)的峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度均具有顯著差異性(<0.05)。速凍湯圓糯米粉初始時(shí)峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度分別約為1 834.67、921.67、1 247.00 mPa×s。第90天,-5、-15、-25℃凍藏條件速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度分別降至約1 528.50、647.50、1 098.00 mPa×s;1 669.50、714.00、1 142.50 mPa×s;1 679.00、711.00、1 208.00 mPa×s,且-5℃凍藏條件速凍湯圓粉團(tuán)峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度顯著低于其它2組(<0.05)。由此可見,隨凍藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),較高凍藏條件可以大幅降低湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)糊化特性,可能是由于較高凍藏溫度條件下致使原淀粉中的破損淀粉含量增加,破損淀粉容易吸水膨脹,膨脹后占據(jù)了較大的空間,降低了糊化后淀粉糊的濃度,從而致使峰值黏度和最終黏度下降,與岳鳳玲等[28-29]的研究結(jié)果有相似的變化趨勢(shì)。
表2 不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)糊化特性的影響
不同凍藏溫度及時(shí)間對(duì)速凍湯圓微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的影響如圖4所示。
圖4 不同凍藏條件下速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)掃描電鏡形態(tài)圖(×1 000倍)
速凍湯圓初始時(shí)分布疏松且糯米淀粉顆粒完整,第90天時(shí),-25℃糯米淀粉顆粒變化并不明顯且分布較為疏松,-15℃糯米淀粉排列分布略緊密且有破損淀粉小分子鑲嵌,-5℃糯米淀粉被大量細(xì)小的破損淀粉顆粒附著,并形成“黏連態(tài)”,由此可以發(fā)現(xiàn),隨凍藏時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),凍藏溫度越高,速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)淀粉分布越致密,淀粉顆粒個(gè)體差異越大,這可能是由于速凍湯圓在凍藏過程中,較高的凍藏溫度導(dǎo)致冰晶生長(zhǎng)加快及大冰晶的形成,使得淀粉顆粒產(chǎn)生機(jī)械損傷并產(chǎn)生大量小分子顆粒[30-31],小分子顆粒填充糯米淀粉縫隙,致使其更加緊密。破碎淀粉含量的增加及致密的組織結(jié)構(gòu)合理的解釋了凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓糯米粉團(tuán)糊化特性及質(zhì)構(gòu)特性影響的根本原因。
1)通過研究不同恒溫凍藏條件下速凍湯圓品質(zhì)的變化規(guī)律,結(jié)果表明:不同凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓的品質(zhì)有顯著性影響(<0.05),隨著凍藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),速凍湯圓含水率呈先下降后平緩的趨勢(shì),餡料油脂氧化呈現(xiàn)先急后緩的上漲,質(zhì)構(gòu)特性的硬度和咀嚼性逐漸增加。凍藏溫度越高,速凍湯圓含水率下降越多,餡料油脂氧化程度越高、硬度、咀嚼性增加越大。第40天,-5℃與-15、-25℃凍藏條件相比,速凍湯圓含水率率先下降至平穩(wěn)點(diǎn),過氧化值、酸價(jià)增長(zhǎng)率(14%和20%)遠(yuǎn)高于其他2組,第90天,-5℃凍藏條件下速凍湯圓含水率減少11.32%,過氧化值、酸價(jià)分別上漲23%和30%,硬度、咀嚼性由392.11、66.24 g增大到511.78、90.11g。
2)較高的凍藏溫度引起的水分自由度增加,促進(jìn)冰晶生長(zhǎng)及大冰晶的形成,由于蒸汽壓和溫度的作用,加速了冰晶的升華,使含水率快速下降,較高的凍藏溫度加快了油脂的氧化,與此同時(shí)冰晶的生長(zhǎng)及大冰晶的形成對(duì)糯米淀粉也有所損傷并產(chǎn)生小分子顆粒,小分子顆粒鑲嵌形成的致密的組織結(jié)構(gòu),抑制蒸煮時(shí)水分的進(jìn)入及熱量的傳遞,使得速凍湯圓硬度、咀嚼性大幅上漲,且破損淀粉易吸水膨脹,占有較多的空間,致使峰值黏度、崩解值、最終黏度降低。從而影響速凍湯團(tuán)品質(zhì)特性,以上結(jié)果說明凍藏溫度對(duì)速凍湯圓品質(zhì)的影響是由于不同凍藏溫度導(dǎo)致速凍湯圓水分狀態(tài)變化而引起的,-25℃凍藏條件可以有效的抑制速凍湯圓品質(zhì)變劣。
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Quality change and its mechanism of quick-frozen rice dumplings under condition of different frozen temperatures
Pan Zhili1,2, Luo Yangxiang1,3, Ai Zhilu1, Yang Lianzhi4, Fan Wen5, Huang Zhongmin1※
(1.450002,; 2.450002,; 3.450002,; 4.450044,; 5.450002,)
Constant refrigeration temperature has a great influence on the quality of quick-frozen sweet dumplings. For the purpose of investigating the effects of different temperatures on the quality of quick-frozen sweet dumplings, quick-frozen sweet dumplings were exposed under the constant temperature of -5, -15, and -25 ℃, and then the quality indices including moisture content, acid value, peroxide value, texture were termly measured. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, rapid viscosity analyzer and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the moisture migration, gelatinization characteristics and microstructure of quick-frozen sweet dumplings respectively, and to reveal the influence of frozen temperature on the quality of quick-frozen sweet dumplings. The results showed that the frozen temperature had a significant effect on all these aspects below: the moisture content, peroxide value, acid value and texture (<0.05). With the extension of frozen storage time, the moisture content of quick-frozen glutinous sweet dumplings decreased fast at first and then decreased gradually. In addition, the effect of the prolongation of the freezing time on the filling of the quick-frozen sweet dumplings was as follows: The oxidation of the filling oil appeared to rise quickly and then slowly, and the hardness and chewiness of the texture properties of the stuffing of the quick-frozen sweet dumplings gradually increased. The higher the frozen storage temperature of the quick-frozen sweet dumplings was, the more the moisture content in the dumplings dropped. At the same time, the higher the degree of the oxidation of fillings in the dumplings was, the more the hardness and chewiness of fillings increased. The longer the frozen storage time and the higher the frozen temperature, the more the moisture content decreasing of quick-frozen sweet dumplings, and the more the peroxide value, acid value, hardness, and chewiness increasing. On the 40thday, the moisture content of quick-frozen sweet dumplings at -5 ℃ fell to a plateau, faster than that under -15 and -25 ℃ refrigeration condition. The 14% and 20% growth rates of peroxide value and acid value of quick-frozen sweet dumplings under -5 ℃ were much higher than that of the other 2 groups. On the 90thday, the moisture content of the quick-frozen sweet dumplings under -5 ℃ decreased by 11.32%, the peroxide value increased by 23%, and the acid value increased by 30%. Determination of the quick-frozen sweet dumplings’ texture properties showed that the hardness increased from 392.11 to 511.78 g, and the chewiness increased from 66.24 to 90.11 g, and significant difference was observed at the -25 ℃ refrigeration condition (<0.05). The results of nuclear magnetic resonance, gelatinization characteristics, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the higher the refrigeration temperature was, the more the hydrone’s freedom degree of quick-frozen sweet dumplings increased, which facilitated the growth of ice crystals and the formation of large ice crystals. Due to the effect of vapor pressure and temperature, the sublimation of ice crystals and the oxidation of the oil were accelerated, however the moisture content was rapidly decreased. At the same time, the growth of ice crystals and the formation of large ice crystals also had influence on glutinous sweet dumplings starch to a certain degree and did damage the glutinous sweet dumplings starch granules mechanically. And the broken glutinous sweet dumplings starch filled the glutinous sweet dumplings flour mass network, and the dense network space inhibited the entry of moisture and the transfer of heat during cooking process, making quick-frozen sweet dumplings’ hardness and chewiness raised sharply. Damaged glutinous sweet dumplings starches were prone to water swelling and occupied more space, resulting in lower peak viscosity, lower breakdown value and lower final viscosity of quick-frozen glutinous sweet dumplings starch group, which would affect the quality characteristics of quick-frozen sweet dumplings. Studying the effect of refrigeration condition on the quality of quick-frozen sweet dumplings is of great significance to the quality control of quick-frozen sweet dumplings. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the quality maintenance of quick-frozen sweet dumplings during frozen storage.
refrigeration;temperature; quality control; quick-frozen rice dumpling
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.21.038
X512
A
1002-6819(2018)-21-0304-07
2018-05-28
2018-08-13
河南省重大科技專項(xiàng)(151100110100);鄭州市科技重大專項(xiàng)(174PZDZX576);新鄉(xiāng)市科技重大項(xiàng)目(ZD16005)
潘治利,博士,副教授,主要從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工與品質(zhì)控制研究。Email:zl_pan@126.com
黃忠民教授,主要從事速凍食品研究。Email:zmhuang2000@163.com
潘治利,駱洋翔,艾志錄,楊聯(lián)芝,范 雯,黃忠民. 不同凍藏溫度條件下速凍湯圓品質(zhì)變化及其機(jī)制[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(21):304-310. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.21.038 http://www.tcsae.org
Pan Zhili, Luo Yangxiang, Ai Zhilu, Yang Lianzhi, Fan Wen, Huang Zhongmin. Quality change and its mechanism of quick-frozen rice dumplings under condition of different frozen temperatures[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(21): 304-310 (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.21.038 http://www.tcsae.org