王靜 孟慶娟

【Abstract】Maughams Of Human Bondage devotes to the quest of Philip for the freedom from the bondage of physical deformity， emotional bewilderment and spiritual disillusion. Struggling in vain， Philip is a swan trapped in his inner world and human nature.

【Key words】deformity； freedom； human bondage

【作者簡介】王靜，孟慶娟，山東理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院。

Of Human Bondage is the autobiographical writing of W. Somerset Maugham Hailed as one of the most representative works that probes deeply into the nature of human beings， Maughams Of Human Bondage depicts the life experience of the hero Philip， analyzing how Philip tries to break from the shackles of physical deformity， emotional bewilderment and spiritual disillusion， seeking for the freedom of life.

The story begins with the death of Helen Carey， the much beloved mother of nine-year-old Philip Carey. Philip has a club foot and his father had died a few months before. Now orphaned， he is sent to live with his aunt and uncle， Louisa and William Carey.

Due to the physical deformity， Philip was bullied by his classmates， which cast a shadow on his heart. When he grew older， this deformity prevented him from loving and being loved normally. At first an old spinster Miss Wilkinson seduced him. Then a women painter Fanny Price who was wretchedly poor， wanting of charm， and ill tempered “troubled” him with her passion. But Philip wasnt aware of her love until she hanged herself in hungry. Then another woman appeared. It was Mildred. Philip fell in love with her at the first sight and tried his best to do nearly everything for her. He knew she was shallow， empty-headed and vain， he also knew “it [was] not love， but a hunger of the soul， a painful yearning， a bitter anguish” （chapter57 344）， but he just couldnt help， just like he couldnt resist the seduction from Miss Wilkinson. This love affair was certainly a failure because Mildred never loved him seriously and what she bought to him were hurt and humiliation. Being frustrated and discouraged by the failures in his life， Philip attributed all his unhappiness to his clubfoot. He could never bear anyone call him “cripple”.

In order to remedy the defect， Philip learned music， painting and then took up medicine. He thought these things could help free him from his deformity. But he failed， because his bondage is not from his inborn deformity or physical weakness but from his inner world and his nature.

Since he was a young boy， he was clearly aware of his deformity and had subconsciously made use of it. In chapter13， when Luard broke his pen-holder， he made up a pathetic story to make Luard feel so sorry for him. He didnt know why but he fully KNEW what he was doing. He also remembered that when Emma told him of his mothers death， he insisted on speaking good-bye to the ladies so that they might see his grief and pity him. Later when Mildred was to refuse him completely， he talked about his deformity himself！ Though he felt disgusted with himself， his words did work—Mildred shed tears and accepted him.

Its true that Philip seems to deserve much sympathy because of his deformity. However， as a boy， he is not na?ve； as a teenager， he is oversensitive， and as a young man， he is a selfish coward. The real bondage that tortures him and trapped him so long is nothing else but his own morbid nature.

Due to his clubfoot， he could not walk fast neither could he play the games boys liked. In order to avoid being sneered he isolated himself as much as possible. As a result， he became so sensitive and hunger of love that the common friendship from a boy （Rose） weighed too much for him. In chapter19， when Rose forgot their appointment， Philip was so disappointed. He waited on the platform with eager eyes and a sinking heart. He thought he was bound by his deformity so he treasured the tender feelings from the outer world very much. Rose didnt mind his clubfoot and developed the friendship with him. This friendship might free Philip from his isolation and brought him companions. But his sensitiveness and “a devil” in his heart prevented him from saying some good words to reconcile with Rose after a quarrel. That is his pride deeply hidden in the bottom of his heart. He just wanted to guard his pride for a while but Roses “damn cripple” crushed all his hope to be freed from loneliness and humiliation.

When he was little， his clubfoot bound him from walking fast or playing freely； when he was a teenager， over -sensitiveness and pride kept him from getting friendship and companions； and when he grew older， he was bound by the love with women.

Philip is like a swan. It said that long， long ago， the swans could fly. They flied so well and so far that they flied over the earth from this part to the other half once a year. Loving their graceful figure， the noblemen of Middle Ages considered the swans the noblest among all the birds. They caught the swans and kept them in their manors to show off. At that time， there were three ways to prevent the swans from flying. One was to cut the feather of one wing， one was to bind the two wings together， and the third was to shorten the distance in breadth because swans should run a curtain distance to help themselves fly. The former two methods would damage the beauty of the swan or even injure them so the noblemen adopted the third method to keep the swans in the lakes or ponds. Many years passed， the swans got used to the comfortable and peaceable life. They forgot that their ancestors could have flown high and far.

Its very interesting that Maugham had given Philip so many chances to free him from the bondage. When he was young and ignorant， his uncle and aunt introduced him to books； when he felt lonely and isolated， he was converted to religion and then Rose came to him with friendship； when he wanted to be independent and freer， he got the opportunities to learn arts…But Philip let all the chances that might free him pass by. He would not devote him to religion. His sarcastic manner and words made his friendship with Rose broke. And when Norah， the vivacious and lovable lady stepped into his life， he refused her to receive Mildred. Hed rather be a servant or even a slave to Mildred than to keep Norah （The name reminds people of “Noah” in the Bible that saves the human being from the Flood） and live a happy and carefree life with her.

He fell， not to the hell but to the world of reality. During his practice as a doctor， the medical knowledge opened his eyes while the pains， despair， hopes， and courage of those people he met made him recognize how little things mattered and how unimportant life was with all its failures. The reality of the world made him mature and stronger. He seemed to be freed from his deformity. The most important thing was that he freed himself from the carnal and the blind love to women. It may be seen that when Mildred came back to him from Griffiths， Philip could face her calmly. He took the responsibility to take care of Mildred and her daughter and refuses her temptation several times. It seemed that he had made himself a real gentleman.

When Philip goes on a small summer vacation with the Athelnys， he finds that one of Athelnys daughters， Sally， likes him. It is Sally who takes the initiative to show her fondness to Philip. They have sex in a moment of romantic abandon and then Sally thinks she is pregnant. Philip decides to marry Sally and accept Dr. Souths offer， instead of traveling the world as he had planned. Philip becomes engaged to Sally， concluding that “the simplest pattern – that in which a man was born， worked， married， had children， and died – was likewise the most perfect.” He stops searching for happiness and decides to be content with his lot. Philips union with Sally implies that he falls into another bondage and reveals his failure in becoming a complete man and freeing himself from the bondages cast by his deformity and the human nature.

Its long believed that there must be a swan in everybodys heart. It soars freely with our thoughts and creativity. But because of the bondage of desires， ambitions， or the pond to aid flying being two small， many of us have lost the free and vast sky for the hearts to soar.

Philips clubfoot is like the swans wings of which feathers are cut off， his entanglement with Mildred is the shackle that bounds his mind， and the circle in which he associated with the models， artists， and scholars is like the stuffy pond for him to develop. All through his life， Philip has been struggling to seek for “freedom of action” and the “freedom of thought”. Miseries bring the best in human nature， and the union with Sally and giving up his plan of travelling implies the failure of Philip in freeing himself from the bondage that he has been trying so hard to break from. Struggling in vain， Philip is a swan trapped in his inner world and human nature.

References：

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[2]Zhao Qian.“An Interpretation to Of Human Bondage”.Journal of Heilongjiang College of Education：2007（11）：97-99.

[3]秦宏.英國成長史上的過渡之作：《人生的枷鎖》[J].外文研究， 2017（2）：23-16，32.

[4]虞慧紅.成長小說視野下的《人性的枷鎖》[J].安順學(xué)院學(xué)報， 2014（5）：3-4.