建筑設(shè)計：標準營造

共生院是標準營造繼微胡同、微雜院之后，對北京舊城四合院有機更新改造新模式的進一步探索實踐。目的是探索在傳統(tǒng)胡同格局中公共與私人共同生活的可能性，并實驗在局限空間中滿足全部基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施需求，創(chuàng)造胡同小尺度舒適生活。

基地位于白塔寺歷史保護區(qū)內(nèi)一處150m2的雜院。設(shè)計通過木屋架延伸連接，墻體整合強化等動作，用翻修取代重建，創(chuàng)造出3個不同尺度的豐富院落。共生院由一個只占據(jù)胡同一個開間模數(shù)的8m2大小包含日常生活所需一切基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的插入式居住單元和一個完整連續(xù)的公共展覽空間組成，并在公共空間中置入一個4.5m2集廚房、洗衣、衛(wèi)生間、儲物等一體化的功能模塊。私人居住與公共展覽環(huán)繞院子共生，創(chuàng)造多種生活方式共存的豐富狀態(tài)。

其中插入式居住單元和一體化功能模塊，結(jié)構(gòu)獨立，其產(chǎn)品化、集約化的特點可在舊城改造中積極推廣，最大化地改善影響胡同生活最迫切的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施問題。對于北京舊城保護片區(qū)中的更新改造具有普遍意義。□

Co-Living Courtyard further explores a sustainable renewal strategy for the historic fabric in old city Beijing, following the other two building experiments: Micro Hutong and Micro Yuan'er, also completed by ZAO/standardarchitecture. It aims to explore co-living possibilities between public and private in traditional courtyard structure, and challenge ways of infrastructure integration in limited space to create decent new hutong life.

Located in Baitasi historical area, the messy courtyard of 150m2is renovated into a co-existing space with three courtyards of various scales shared by two different properties. One is a minimum of 8 m2inserted by living units of only one bay for each, including all demands necessary for a person or couple to live in. The other relatively big and continues space is intended to be an exhibition open to the public. Furthermore, a service core of 4.5m2facilitated with kitchen, bathroom, laundry and storage is merged in the public space, providing amenities largely lacking in Hutongs.

Both the minimum inserted living unit and the service core are characterised by their possibilities of industrialisation like products. Once propagated throughout the old city, they may solve urgent infrastructure problems and dramatically improve the quality of life among hutong residents. □

1 總規(guī)劃/Situation

2 庭院/Courtyard

3.4 外景/Exterior views

5.6 內(nèi)景/Interior views

7 總平面/Site plan

8.9 改造后平面/Plans after regeneration

10.11 插入式居住單元平面/Inserted unit plans

12.13 草圖/Drafts

14-17 剖面/Sections

1-入口連廊/Porch

2-入口天井/Patio

3-庭院/Courtyard

4-插入起居單元/Inserted living unit

5-教室I/Classroom I

5'-臥室/Bedroom

6-功能模塊/Service core

7-走廊/Corridor

8-廊道/Corridor

9-入口門廳，工作臺/Entrance hall, working

9'-入口門廳，餐廳/Entrance hall, dining

10-教室II/Classroom II

10'-起居室/Living room

11-儲物架/Storage

11'-更衣室/Closet

12-衛(wèi)生間/WC

13-茶室，會客廳/Tea house, lounge

14-后院天井/Patio

18 入口/Entrance

評論

張悅：“共生院”是標準營造繼“微胡同”“微雜院”之后關(guān)于北京老城的又一次探索，它除了繼續(xù)在微小尺度上進行空間形式探索之外，還更加深入地貼近了老城的生活與就業(yè)共生，也更加謙遜地應(yīng)答了來自歷史保護和鄰里關(guān)系的苛刻制約。

在歷史環(huán)境中共生。北京老城被作為整體加以保護的共識正越來越強烈。據(jù)此，“共生院”在總平面設(shè)計上盡量保留原有院落格局，并通過西圍廊的補充和連續(xù)地臺的限定，使“合院”的原型性更加清晰；屋面與外立面也使用了與周邊環(huán)境相一致的色彩與質(zhì)感，使得整個建筑和諧地融入老城肌理。在內(nèi)檐墻設(shè)計中則拋棄了繁復(fù)的傳統(tǒng)木門窗做法，代之以最大的通透和極致的門窗框?qū)挾瓤刂?，更加突顯出傳統(tǒng)空間的內(nèi)向圍合意義。呈現(xiàn)出的兩堵僅有的原來的紅磚山墻，被結(jié)構(gòu)加固的混凝土所凝固，時間和記憶仿佛也就此被凝固，它們并不張揚，但當被人發(fā)現(xiàn)時卻十分沉重。

在鄰里關(guān)系中共生。北京老城在近當代城市化的過程中人口激增，人居環(huán)境呈現(xiàn)出高密度、碎片化的特征。任何新的改造設(shè)計，都須在緊張的鄰里關(guān)系和空間對峙之中承受壓力。從“共生院”的各向剖面設(shè)計中，就可看出其與相鄰房屋在檐高、脊高、坡度、坡向、窗口位置等方面的艱難應(yīng)答。從平面設(shè)計中也可以看出，在共墻或貼墻的情況下，設(shè)計盡量保留了原有墻體并從內(nèi)側(cè)進行加固，或采取一定退讓的姿態(tài)，以減小和避免對物理上和心理上的鄰里邊界的擾動。因此，相比于通常的四合院標準圖集做法或者一些不管不顧的強勢介入而言，“共生院”這種對鄰里關(guān)系的應(yīng)答充滿了生動性。

在設(shè)施改善中共生。北京老城基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施水平低下、特別是院內(nèi)廚衛(wèi)設(shè)施的缺失，是民生改善的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一。對此，“共生院”提出功能模塊的概念，很好地以模塊組合集成的方式來提高空間利用效率，以預(yù)制和裝配化的產(chǎn)品來降低成本和減小施工影響。其中，處于公共空間的模塊采取從中心面向四周使用的模式，很好地完成了對流動空間的轉(zhuǎn)向和分隔，以及對廁所私密性的保護；而在居住單元中的模塊，則采取了更節(jié)省空間的“把角”和“沿邊”模式，從而對更普遍意義上的老城狹小居室改造，形成示范和應(yīng)用價值。

在價值激發(fā)中共生。北京老城胡同院落的物質(zhì)環(huán)境內(nèi)，所裝載的已不再是古代居民和他們灰色單一的居住方式。城市文明帶來了多彩的生活和旺盛的需求，能否提供有力的服務(wù)和就業(yè)支撐，已經(jīng)成為老城能否實現(xiàn)自我造血、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵命題?！肮采骸痹趥鹘y(tǒng)的合院軀殼中兼容了當代空間的流動性和開放性，并通過設(shè)計品質(zhì)的提升、而非開發(fā)量的增長，向合院注入了更新、更高的價值。事實上，“共生院”在建成后被成功地作為一處兒童教育機構(gòu)來運營，它原本因空間緊張而縮減的尺度，現(xiàn)在卻恰恰很好地親近了兒童；在磚瓦、落葉、碎石庭院圍合的天空下，中國人居的精神或許將被這些少年們所感知和傳承。

Comment

ZHANG Yue:"Co-living Courtyard" is another exploration into Beijing's old city after "Micro hutong" and "Micro Courtyard". Besides continuing the space form exploration on a micro scale, it also digs deeper into the co-living state of livelihood and work in the old city, and responds more modestly to strict constraints from historical protection and neighborhood relations.

Co-living in historical environment. The consensus of protecting the old city of Beijing as a whole is becoming stronger. Therefore, the "Co-living Courtyard" tries its best to retain the original pattern of courtyard in the overall layout design, and makes the prototype of the "courtyard" clearer through the addition of the western corridor and the limitation of the continuous platform; the color and texture used on the roof and facade are also consistent with those of the surrounding environment, so that the entire building could fit into the texture of the old city in harmony. In the design of the wall below inner eaves, the complicated traditional wooden doors and windows are abandoned, and in their stead the doors and windows of maximum transparency and strict frame width control are used, to further highlight the inward enclosing sense of the traditional space. The only two original red brick gables are anchored by the structural reinforced concrete, and time and memory seemed anchored too.

Co-living in neighbourhood relations. In the process of urbanisation during the modern and contemporary times, the population of the old city of Beijing has increased sharply, and the human settlements are characterised by high density and fragmentation. Any new renovation design must bear the pressure of tense neighbourhood relations and space confrontation. From the design of all the cross-sections of the "Co-living Courtyard", we can see the difficult responses to its neighbouring houses in terms of eaves height, ridge height, slope declivity, slope direction, window position and so on. It can also be seen from the plan design that,when the walls are mutually used or close to each other, the original walls are retained as much as possible and strengthened from the inside, or a certain concessive posture is adopted to reduce and avoid physical and psychological disturbance to the neighbourhood boundary. Therefore, compared with the usual standard design of courtyards or some careless forceful intervention, the response of the "Co-living Courtyard" to the neighbourhood relations is more lively.

Co-living in facility improvements. The low level of infrastructure in the old city of Beijing, especially the lack of kitchen and sanitary facilities in the courtyards, is one of the greatest challenges to the improvement of people's livelihood. In this regard,the "Co-living Courtyard" put forward the concept of functional modules, to well improve the effciency of space use with the composite integration of modules,to decrease costs and reduce construction impact with prefabricated and assembled products. Among them, the modules of public spaces adopt the mode of facing around from the centre, which perfectly deals with the turning and separation of the mobile space and the privacy of the toilet; while the modules in the residential units adopt the mode of "corner" and"edge" which can save more space, so as to present the demonstration and application value to the transformation of small rooms in old cities in a more universal sense.

Co-living in value stimulation. What the physical environment of the courtyards in the old city of Beijing holds is no longer the ancient residents and their grey onefold way of living.Urban civilisation has brought colorful lives and strong demands. Whether able to provide strong service and employment supports has become the key proposition for whether the old city can achieve self-regeneration and sustainable development.In the shell of the traditional courtyard, the "Coliving Courtyard" integrated the mobility and openness of contemporary space, and injects fresher and higher value into the courtyard through the improvement of design quality rather than the growth of development volume. In fact, the"Co-living Courtyard" was successfully operated as an educational institution for children after completion. Its original reduced scale due to space constraints is now coincidentally close to children;under the sky enclosed by brick, fallen leaves and rubble courtyards, the spirit of Chinese settlement may be perceived and transmitted by these youths.(Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)