摘 要:“曰”字是古文當(dāng)中是極其常見(jiàn)的詞,其使用最頻繁的用法是作動(dòng)詞的“說(shuō)”意來(lái)講。本文通過(guò)對(duì)比分析《虬髯客傳》三個(gè)英譯本中“曰”字的翻譯策略,從“曰”字的視角來(lái)探討古文的翻譯方法和技巧。
關(guān)鍵詞:虬髯客傳 古文翻譯 曰 英譯對(duì)比
1.引言
《虬髯客傳》是《唐人傳奇》中的名篇,原文總計(jì)2500字, “曰”字出現(xiàn)的頻率高達(dá)52次?!霸弧弊忠龅膬?nèi)容不僅篇幅長(zhǎng)達(dá)全文的一半之多,所涉及的情節(jié)關(guān)鍵,對(duì)人物特征的體現(xiàn)有很大的影響。
本文將基于電子科技大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院周勁松老師的Firey Bristles,楊憲益、戴乃迭的The Man with the Curly Beard和Wang Jing的The Tale of the Curly-Bearded Guest三個(gè)譯本,對(duì)比和探討“曰”字的英譯法。
2.增譯
文言文多省略,其常常省略主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和介詞等,這一特點(diǎn)使文言文文章的行文呈現(xiàn)出緊密簡(jiǎn)練的特點(diǎn)。在文言文英譯的過(guò)程當(dāng)中,適當(dāng)?shù)脑鲎g可以呈現(xiàn)給讀者更加清晰生動(dòng)的畫面。
2.1 增譯主語(yǔ)
小說(shuō)中有一些“曰”字前并沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),譯者在翻譯時(shí)采用了增譯主語(yǔ)的方法,提高了讀者閱讀小說(shuō)的流暢性。例如:
原文:遂環(huán)坐。曰:“煮者何肉?”曰:“羊肉,計(jì)已熟?!?/p>
譯文:1. Then the three sat down in a circle. The man asked: “Whats in the pot?” “Mutton, reckoned well done” was the answer to the guest. (周譯)
2. “What are you boiling?” asked the stranger.
“Mutton. It should be cooked by now.”(楊譯)
3. Then they sat in a circle and the guest said, “What kind of meat are you boiling?” Li Jing said, “It is lamb. I think it should be ready by now.” (Wang譯)
3. 轉(zhuǎn)化
“英語(yǔ)多變化,漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù)”。如果對(duì)全文出現(xiàn)的“曰”字千篇一律地都譯為“say”,易使對(duì)話枯燥、人物形象生硬。
3.1轉(zhuǎn)化為不同意義的動(dòng)詞
例:原文:指吏曰:“問(wèn)去者處士第幾?住何處?”
譯文:1. Seeing him off, the whisk holder drew close to the window and urged the errand boy…(周譯)
2. When he was leaving, she said to the officer at the door...(楊譯)
3. After Li Jing had left, the singing girl with the red whisk stood by the window, pointed [at his back],and asked an official…(Wang譯)
譯本一譯出“催促”一詞十分貼合紅拂女為李靖的才華所吸引后迫切投奔他的心情。
3.2 轉(zhuǎn)化為其他詞性
“英語(yǔ)重結(jié)構(gòu),漢語(yǔ)重語(yǔ)義”。根據(jù)句子的成分和組成結(jié)構(gòu),可適當(dāng)將“曰”字的由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為其他詞性,例如:
原文:公前揖曰:“天下方亂,英雄競(jìng)起。
譯文:1. Seeing this, Lijing bowed and came up with the words as the following: “...”(周譯)
2. Li approached and said with a bow: “…”(楊譯)
3. Li Jing stepped forward, bowed to him, and said, “…”(Wang譯)
4. 省譯
原文中,“曰”字主要引述單個(gè)說(shuō)話者的說(shuō)話內(nèi)容和對(duì)話。原文中幾處“曰”字既無(wú)主語(yǔ)發(fā)出“曰”的這一動(dòng)作,從內(nèi)容也難以提煉語(yǔ)氣或情感,對(duì)話以詢問(wèn)信息為主,節(jié)奏較快。
4.1省譯“曰”字,直接翻譯對(duì)話內(nèi)容
例如:
原文:曰:“何姓?”曰:“靖之同姓?!痹唬骸澳陰祝俊痹唬骸敖??!痹唬骸敖窈螢??”曰:“州將之愛(ài)子也?!?/p>
譯文:1. “Do you know his surname?” “The same as mine.” “How old is he?” “Nearly 20.” “How about him for the moment?” “The beloved son of the general of the prefecture.”(周譯)
2. “What is his name?” “His name is Li too.” “How old is he?” “Only twenty.”
“What is he now?” “He is the son of a provincial general.”(楊譯)
3. The guest said, “What is his last name?”Li Jing said, “He has the same last name as mine.”The guest said, “How old is he?”Li said, “He is almost twenty years old.”The guest said, “What is he doing now?”Li Jing said, “He is a beloved son of a Commandery General.”(Wang譯)
5.結(jié)語(yǔ)
三個(gè)英譯本的譯者對(duì)英漢語(yǔ)言的把握都有很高水準(zhǔn),縱向?qū)Ρ?,以周勁松老師的譯本對(duì)“曰”字的譯法最多,理解最深刻、精妙。本文本著學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒的目的探討《虬髯客傳》中的“曰”字譯法,望為廣大譯者翻譯古文中的“曰”字帶來(lái)啟發(fā),也為中國(guó)古代典籍的翻譯帶來(lái)更多的思考。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] (唐)沈既濟(jì)等編:《唐代傳奇選》,王中立今譯,楊憲益、戴乃迭英譯,北京:外文出版社,2007:266
[2] William H. Nienhauser Jr., Tang Dynasty Tales: A Guided Reader, New Jersery et al.: World Scientific, 2010:189
[3] Fiery Bristles 周勁松譯
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊開迪(1991-9),女,籍貫:四川綿竹,學(xué)歷:大學(xué)本科,學(xué)位:學(xué)士,研究方向:英語(yǔ)翻譯。