江西 邱世才
英語(yǔ)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。如果句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。一般說(shuō)來(lái),只有及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞(副詞)構(gòu)成的及物性動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。相比之下,漢語(yǔ)往往用“被、受、給”等來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的意義。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中過(guò)去分詞形式是不變的,be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,必要時(shí)用by引出行為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者?,F(xiàn)以do為例,將常用到的時(shí)態(tài)形式作一展示:
時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) d o/d o e s a m/i s/a r e+d o n e...一般過(guò)去時(shí) d i d w a s/w e r e+d o n e...過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) s h o u l d/w o u l d d o s h o u l d/w o u l d b e d o n e...現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) a m/i s/a r e d o i n g a m/i s/a r e+b e i n g d o n e一般將來(lái)時(shí) w i l l/s h a l l d o w i l l/s h a l l+b e d o n e
【注意】在“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若過(guò)去分詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般認(rèn)定為系表結(jié)構(gòu);在“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若be動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),一般認(rèn)定為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The little girl is gone.這個(gè)小女孩不見(jiàn)了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
My car is being repaired now.我的車(chē)子正在修理。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)把主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ),原來(lái)的主語(yǔ)如果有必要保留,則將其改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)(也可省略),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。主動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài)決定被動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài),轉(zhuǎn)變語(yǔ)態(tài)后的句子要注意主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)上的一致性。例如:
They clean the classroom every day.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))→The classroom is cleaned(by them)every day.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
【注意】一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞)也可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),使用時(shí)將整個(gè)短語(yǔ)看成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,而不能拆開(kāi)來(lái)看待。例如:
We can take good care of your child here.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))→Your child can be taken good care of here.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)把被動(dòng)句中介詞by的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)(如被動(dòng)句中省略了介詞by及其賓語(yǔ),一般可用we,you,they等作主語(yǔ)),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),然后把被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)改為主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)。主動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài)要與被動(dòng)句中be動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。例如:
That house was built by them in October last year.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))→They built that house in October last year.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”形式構(gòu)成,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)放在助動(dòng)詞be的前面。例如:
Tables could be made of stone at that time.在那個(gè)時(shí)候桌子可由石頭制造。
More trees must be planted every year.每年必須種植更多的樹(shù)。
【注意】含有will或shall的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子可能屬于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可能是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。判定它們的區(qū)別,可以從句子的意思入手。例如:
Waste paper shall not be thrown everywhere.It's our duty to keep our city clean.廢紙不應(yīng)該到處亂扔。保持城市的整潔是我們的責(zé)任。(shall not be thrown是含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
I believe more and more things will be discovered in the future.我相信將來(lái)越來(lái)越多的東西將來(lái)會(huì)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。(will be discovered是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),常把指“人”的賓語(yǔ)作為主語(yǔ),指“物”的賓語(yǔ)保留不動(dòng);如果將指“物”的直接賓語(yǔ)作為主語(yǔ),那么動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞后要用介詞to或for。一般來(lái)說(shuō),give,show,bring,send,lend等動(dòng)詞與介詞to搭配,buy,make,draw等動(dòng)詞與介詞for搭配。例如:
The ticket was shown to me by him.票是由他給我的。
The big present was bought for us by Uncle Wang.這件大禮物是由王叔叔給我們買(mǎi)的。
2.在主動(dòng)句中,對(duì)于see,watch,hear,feel等感官動(dòng)詞和make,have,let等使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式,其后面不帶to。但在這些動(dòng)詞后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中,賓補(bǔ)要被用作主補(bǔ),不定式要加上省去的to(其中l(wèi)et沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))。例如:
The students in Grade Three are made to do their homework for more than three hours every day,so they hardly have any time to watch TV.三年級(jí)的學(xué)生每天被迫做三個(gè)多小時(shí)的家庭作業(yè),所以他們幾乎沒(méi)有任何時(shí)間看電視。
Yesterday afternoon Bill was seen to help a blind man cross the street by Miss King.昨天下午,比爾被金小姐看到他幫助一位盲人過(guò)馬路。
說(shuō)話或發(fā)表意見(jiàn)時(shí),為了顯得客觀公正、有理有據(jù),也往往用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)。常用的句式有It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)……;It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道……;It is believed that...人們相信(人們認(rèn)為)……;It is(well)known that...眾所周知……;It is supposed that...據(jù)猜測(cè)……例如:
It is said that his child is lost.據(jù)說(shuō)他的孩子不見(jiàn)了。
It is known that family name comes first in China.眾所周知,在中國(guó),姓氏位于第一。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.據(jù)報(bào)道,近一兩日氣溫將急劇下降。
1.happen,fall,fail等不及物動(dòng)詞或take place,come out等不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The story happened(不說(shuō) was happened)last year.這個(gè)故事發(fā)生在去年。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
2.表示狀態(tài)的look,smell,sound,feel,taste等連系動(dòng)詞,用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如:
The chicken smells delicious.雞肉聞起來(lái)美味。
The music sounds very beautiful.音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)很優(yōu)美。
3.表示“需要”的need,want及表示“值得”的be worth,deserve等詞,常以動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。這類動(dòng)詞通常用動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如:
The bridge needs repairing.=The bridge needs to be repaired.這座橋需要修理。
This book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀。
1.A baby's first month birthday is a special event in China and______with a special party.
【2017·江西中考題】
A.is celebrated B.is celebrating C.was celebrated D.celebrate
【答案與解析】A 考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。主語(yǔ)是“A baby's first month birthday”,它與celebrate之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),由此可排除B項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng);再結(jié)合本句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
2.—Why hasn't Tony come?
—The invitation letter______to Toby by accident.
【2017·蘇州中考題】
A.was emailed B.has emailed C.is emailed D.emailed
【答案與解析】A 考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。結(jié)合上下句可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在過(guò)去,確定用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。主語(yǔ)“The invitation letter”是email的承受者,故答案應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
3.The museum______next month to celebrate the Science&Technology Festival.
【2017·上海中考題】
A.is decorated B.will decorate
C.is decorating D.will be decorated
【答案與解析】D 考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。the museum和decorate之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“next month”可知,此處應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
4.—Mom,can I drive my father's car to the cinema?
—No way!You should not______to drive,because you don't have a driver's license.
【2017·涼山州中考題】
A.allow B.allowed C.be allowed D.are allowed
【答案與解析】C 考查含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。由空格前的should確定,先排除B、D選項(xiàng)。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,此處是說(shuō)“你不應(yīng)該被允許開(kāi)車(chē)”,故應(yīng)用含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
5.—Why are you leaving your job?
—I can't stand it any longer.I______always______to work overtime.
【2017·河南中考題】
A.am;asking B.am;asked
C.was;asking D.was;asked
【答案與解析】B 考查在情景中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。ask sb.to do sth.意思是“要求某人做某事”。I作主語(yǔ),是ask的承受者,因此用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);always表明經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作,確定用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是I,助動(dòng)詞用am,ask的過(guò)去分詞是asked。
Ⅰ.根據(jù)句意,從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
1.This picture______by my cousin last year.
A.draws B.drew C.is drawn D.was drawn
2.—Aunt Li,who is the pretty girl in red in the picture?
—It's my daughter.The picture______10 years ago.
A.took B.is taken C.has taken D.was taken
3.—Why does the earth look blue in space?
—Because most of the earth's surface______by the ocean.
A.covers B.is covered C.cover D.are covered
4.—Have you finished your project?
—Not yet.I'll finish it if I______ten more minutes.
A.give B.am given C.will give D.will be given
5.—What should we do first if we want to develop our village?
—A lot of new roads______,I think.
A.must build B.have to build C.must be built D.have built
Ⅱ.按括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。每空一詞。
1.Sometimes we use smart phones to take pictures instead of cameras.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Sometimes smart phones____________to take pictures instead of cameras.
2.My mother bought me a new sweater.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
A new sweater__________________me.
3.They heard Li Hai sing in the classroom.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Li Hai__________________sing in the classroom.
4.We should plant the trees in spring.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The trees__________________in spring.
5.A dictionary can be used in the exam by her.(改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))__________________a dictionary in the exam.