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        深翻結(jié)合心土與不同改土物料混合改良白漿土的效果

        2018-08-10 08:17:12朱寶國(guó)張春峰賈會(huì)彬孟慶英王囡囡張立波匡恩俊王慶勝劉俊剛高雪冬

        朱寶國(guó),張春峰※,賈會(huì)彬,孟慶英,王囡囡, 張立波,匡恩俊,王慶勝,劉俊剛,高雪冬

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        深翻結(jié)合心土與不同改土物料混合改良白漿土的效果

        朱寶國(guó)1,2,張春峰1,2※,賈會(huì)彬1,2,孟慶英1,2,王囡囡1,2, 張立波1,2,匡恩俊3,王慶勝1,劉俊剛1,高雪冬1

        (1. 黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 佳木斯分院,佳木斯 154007;2. 黑龍江省白漿土改良工程中心,佳木斯 154007; 3. 黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 土壤肥料與環(huán)境資源研究所,哈爾濱 150086)

        該研究通過(guò)設(shè)置心土混拌配施改土物料區(qū)和淺翻深松區(qū)進(jìn)行小區(qū)對(duì)比試驗(yàn),調(diào)查心土混拌配施不同改土物料對(duì)白漿土心土理化性質(zhì)的改良效果,進(jìn)而進(jìn)一步拓寬白漿土心土改良途徑。試驗(yàn)共設(shè)置淺翻深松區(qū)(CK);心土混合區(qū)(SML);秸稈+心土混合區(qū)(S+SML);秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+磷肥(S+SML+P),秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+石灰(S+SML+L);秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)6個(gè)處理。研究結(jié)果表明:1)與淺翻深松(CK)相比,深翻結(jié)合心土與不同改土物料混合能夠改善心土層土壤物理性質(zhì),20~40 cm土層土壤含水率提高幅度為2.11~6.11個(gè)百分點(diǎn);硬度降低40%~50%,且沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)峰值;提高土壤通透性,改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度為8.5~9.97個(gè)百分點(diǎn),液相增加幅度為2.82~5.41個(gè)百分點(diǎn),氣相增加幅度為3.89~6.65個(gè)百分點(diǎn),容重下降幅度為10.13%~17.09 %。2)提高心土層養(yǎng)分含量,堿解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特別是添加磷肥處理變化明顯,是對(duì)照處理6.5~6.8倍,速效鉀提高20.7%~40.74%。有機(jī)質(zhì)提高157.14%~185.71%。緩解土壤酸性,加石灰處理pH值提高0.45~0.47個(gè)單位。提高土壤全量養(yǎng)分,全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全鉀提高8.10%~26.34%。3)連續(xù)兩年提高作物產(chǎn)量。與對(duì)照區(qū)相比,第1年大豆增產(chǎn)13.42%~24.46%,第2年玉米增產(chǎn)13.43%~19.17%,一次改土后效時(shí)間長(zhǎng),增產(chǎn)效果顯著。研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為,心土混合配施秸稈、石灰和磷肥是白漿土區(qū)比較理想的心土改良技術(shù),可為白漿土及其同類低產(chǎn)土壤改良及作物增產(chǎn)提供技術(shù)支撐。

        土壤;秸稈;石灰;心土混合;改土物料;白漿土;物理性質(zhì);化學(xué)性質(zhì)

        0 引 言

        白漿土是中國(guó)東北地區(qū)主要農(nóng)田土壤之一,黑龍江和吉林兩省分布相對(duì)集中,在黑龍江省其總面積約為331.2萬(wàn)hm2,該省東部三江平原地區(qū)是白漿土集中分布區(qū),耕地面積達(dá)到88.4萬(wàn)hm2,約占該區(qū)總耕地面積的25.4%[1]。白漿土的心土在作物生育期間經(jīng)常呈現(xiàn)“硬、板、瘦”的理化特性[2-3],不但引發(fā)耕層嚴(yán)重的表旱表澇,而且致使作物根系有效土層淺至只有20 cm左右。白漿土是區(qū)域性低產(chǎn)土壤,低產(chǎn)原因主要有3個(gè)方面:一是黒土層薄,總養(yǎng)分蓄量低;二是白漿層土質(zhì)堅(jiān)硬,作物根系難以下扎;三是土壤墾殖后加劇偏酸[4-5]。因此,改良和利用好這類土壤資源,對(duì)于改變白漿土區(qū)低產(chǎn)面貌,提高中國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)具有重要意義。

        多年來(lái),白漿土改土實(shí)踐受到持續(xù)關(guān)注,雖然取得一定成效但也面臨很大的局限性。在生產(chǎn)中被應(yīng)用相當(dāng)廣泛的是深松改土措施,但因土壤粉砂含量高,深松遇雨后白漿層很快沉實(shí)[6-7],一般改土效果只在當(dāng)年,因此需要年年深松,造成作業(yè)成本逐年累加,而白漿土的低產(chǎn)障礙并沒(méi)有從根本上得到有效克服。

        根據(jù)白漿土在機(jī)械組成上呈現(xiàn)兩層性的特點(diǎn),趙德林等[8-10]提出了以淀積層的“黏”來(lái)治白漿層的“砂”的改土路線,經(jīng)過(guò)多年試驗(yàn)研究,明確了“上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm”的改土原理。Araya等[11-13]、Liu等[14-15]根據(jù)其改土理論成功地研制了三段式心土混層犁,這一改土機(jī)械可以在保持黑土層位置不變的條件下,即將白漿層和淀積層按約1∶1厚度混拌以后,土壤通透性能和貯水能力顯著改善,同時(shí)由于耕作深度可達(dá)50 cm以上,在三江平原國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)和地方市縣進(jìn)行的大面積改土示范表明,其對(duì)白漿土物理性質(zhì)的改良效果十分明顯,一次改土后效可持續(xù)5 a以上。但該種改土機(jī)械只是改變了白漿土不良物理性狀,白漿土心土養(yǎng)分貧瘠的不良化學(xué)性狀并沒(méi)有改變[16-17]。隨著改土實(shí)踐的不斷深入,在已有三段式心土混層犁的基礎(chǔ)上,具有將根茬秸稈和改土物料混入心土的秸稈心土混合犁[18]被研制開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái),這一兼具綜合改土目標(biāo)的改土機(jī)械為進(jìn)一步解決白漿土心土養(yǎng)分貧瘠的不良化學(xué)性提供了可行性,也為解決作物結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以后出現(xiàn)的秸稈過(guò)剩問(wèn)題開(kāi)辟了新的途徑。本項(xiàng)研究通過(guò)設(shè)置深翻結(jié)合心土混合改土物料區(qū)和淺翻深松區(qū)進(jìn)行小區(qū)對(duì)比試驗(yàn),調(diào)查心土混拌配施不同改土物料處理對(duì)白漿土心土理化性質(zhì)的效果,指示作物產(chǎn)量變化等,明確白漿土區(qū)心土改良效果,進(jìn)一步拓寬白漿土心土改良新途徑,為機(jī)械配施改土物料改良白漿土心土技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用提供技術(shù)支撐。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 區(qū)域概況

        八五四農(nóng)場(chǎng)位于三江平原東部,完達(dá)山南麓,穆棱河興凱湖沉積平原東北部,虎林市境內(nèi)。地處東經(jīng)132°46¢~133°15¢,北緯45°58¢~46°10¢。屬溫帶大陸性季風(fēng)氣候,冬長(zhǎng)夏短,冬季受大陸氣團(tuán)控制,強(qiáng)勁的西北風(fēng)經(jīng)常吹襲,嚴(yán)寒少雨干燥。夏季受副熱帶海洋氣團(tuán)的影響,降水集中,氣溫濕潤(rùn),春秋季短促,氣候多變。年均溫度為2.4 ℃,年內(nèi)溫差為–41.1~35.7 ℃,年活動(dòng)積溫(≥10 ℃)2 442.8 ℃。無(wú)霜期131 d。

        1.2 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)

        試驗(yàn)于2016-2017年在黑龍江省八五四農(nóng)場(chǎng)旱田試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行,2016年降雨量545 mm,2017年降雨量433.1 mm,具體每月降雨量如下(表1)所示。試驗(yàn)采取持續(xù)定位測(cè)定,供試土壤類型為白漿土,土壤剖面各層次深度分布為0~20 cm黑土層(耕層),20~40 cm白漿層,40~60 cm是淀積層。耕層土壤含有機(jī)質(zhì)30.22 g/kg、全氮1.89 g/kg、全磷0.89 g/kg、全鉀12.61g /kg、堿解氮150.4 mg/kg、有效磷32.4mg/kg、速效鉀137.0 mg/kg,土壤pH 5.71。試驗(yàn)區(qū)地勢(shì)平坦,無(wú)灌溉條件。

        表1 2016—2017年八五四農(nóng)場(chǎng)降雨量

        1.3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

        采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),共設(shè)6個(gè)處理,分別為:1)普通深松區(qū)(CK),采用普通翻地犁進(jìn)行作業(yè),作業(yè)深度為15~20 cm。2)心土混合區(qū)(SML),采用自主研發(fā)的秸稈心土混合犁作業(yè),該犁為上翻下混的作業(yè)模式,上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm,作業(yè)深度為50~60 cm。3)秸稈+心土混合區(qū)(S+SML);4)秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+磷肥(S+SML+P);5)秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+石灰(S+SML+L);6)秸稈+心土混合區(qū)+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)。具體秸稈施用量、改土物料用量和肥料施用量見(jiàn)表2。其中氮使用肥料為尿素(含氮46.3%),磷使用肥料為重過(guò)磷酸鈣(含P2O543%),鉀使用肥料為氯化鉀(含K2O 60%)。每個(gè)處理3次重復(fù),18個(gè)小區(qū),每個(gè)小區(qū)10 m,寬6.5 m(5壟,壟距1.3 m),小區(qū)面積65 m2,試驗(yàn)區(qū)面積1 170 m2。試驗(yàn)區(qū)于2016年5月10播種,10月1日收獲,2017年5月8日播種,9月30日收獲;供試品種為:2016年大豆“墾農(nóng)黑大豆1號(hào)”,密度為30萬(wàn)株/hm2,2017年玉米“38P05”,密度7萬(wàn)株/hm2。秋季秸稈粉碎后和磷肥、石灰撒入不同處理地表用秸稈心土混合犁還入心土層,其他肥料做基肥播種時(shí)一次性施入,各處理田間管理一致。

        表2 不同處理試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

        1.4 秸稈心土混合犁結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

        1.4.1 工作原理

        作業(yè)時(shí),第1犁翻耕20 cm表土層(AP層);第2犁隨即將下一垡表層根茬和改土物料約3~5 cm刮入第1犁耕起的犁溝中;第3犁沿著第1犁的犁溝表面向下耕起約20 cm心土(AW層),同時(shí),第4犁沿著第3犁犁溝表面再向下耕起約10~15 cm心土(B層)。第2犁耕起的根茬和改土物料與第3犁、第4犁耕起的兩層心土,經(jīng)第4犁的柵條末端落下,橫垡變立垡,產(chǎn)生土層混拌和改土物料與心土隨機(jī)混拌。重復(fù)作業(yè)時(shí),下一垡已經(jīng)被刮掉根茬的厚約15~17 cm的表土層被翻扣在已經(jīng)混拌和培肥的心土之上。

        1.4.2 機(jī)械性能參數(shù)

        1)外形尺寸:主梁長(zhǎng)3 820 mm,犁架寬2 480 mm,犁架高2 065 mm。2)全機(jī)質(zhì)量0.85 t。3)作業(yè)指標(biāo):耕作幅寬:46~60 cm,耕作深度:40~60 cm,入土行程3.1 m,牽引阻力:2.0~3.5 t,作業(yè)效率:0.2~0.4 hm2/h。

        1.5 調(diào)查項(xiàng)目與方法

        1.5.1 土壤含水率測(cè)定

        土壤含水率采用土鉆取土烘干法測(cè)定,選擇作物需水關(guān)鍵時(shí)期進(jìn)行采樣,采樣深度為60 cm,按0~20、20~40、40~60 cm分層取樣,每層取3點(diǎn),每處理結(jié)果取平均值,取樣時(shí)間是2016年7月1次,2017年的8月1次。

        注:Ap:耕層;Aw:白漿層;B 層:淀積層。(1)~(7)為犁作業(yè)步驟。

        1.5.2 土壤硬度測(cè)定

        土壤硬度用日本大起理工制DIK-5521貫入式土壤硬度計(jì)測(cè)定,圓錐底面2 cm2,測(cè)定深度60 cm,按0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60 cm深度點(diǎn)測(cè)定,每小區(qū)連續(xù)測(cè)定10點(diǎn),每點(diǎn)距離10 cm,每處理結(jié)果取平均值,測(cè)定時(shí)間與土壤含水率取樣時(shí)間一致。

        1.5.3 土壤容重和三相測(cè)定

        土壤容重用環(huán)刀法取樣烘干測(cè)定,土壤三相采用日本DIK-1120土壤三相儀器測(cè)定,采取人工方式挖土壤剖面,每個(gè)處理去掉四周邊際按三角形選點(diǎn),挖3個(gè)100 cm′100 cm′120 cm 土壤剖面,用環(huán)刀取原狀土樣,環(huán)刀規(guī)格為高5 cm,容積100 cm3,環(huán)刀按0~20、20~40、40~60 cm分層取樣,每層取3點(diǎn),每處理結(jié)果取平均值,環(huán)刀樣扣蓋,密封后備用。

        1.5.4 土壤化學(xué)指標(biāo)測(cè)定

        土壤pH值采用美國(guó)產(chǎn)原位土壤pH計(jì)測(cè)定,土壤堿解氮采用擴(kuò)散吸收法測(cè)定;土壤速效磷采用碳酸氫鈉提取法測(cè)定;速效鉀采用鹽酸浸提-AAS法測(cè)定;土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)采用重鉻酸鉀外加熱法測(cè)定;土壤全氮采用半微量開(kāi)氏法;土壤全磷采用NaOH熔融-鉬銻鈧比色法;土壤全鉀采用NaOH熔融-火焰光度法測(cè)定[19]。用土鉆進(jìn)行采樣,土壤采樣深度為60 cm,按0~20、20~40、40~60 cm分層取樣,每層取1個(gè)混合樣,每處理結(jié)果取平均值,采樣時(shí)間為2017年10月10日。

        1.5.5 產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)測(cè)定

        全區(qū)收獲測(cè)產(chǎn)。每區(qū)選有代表性的20株進(jìn)行產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素測(cè)定。

        1.6 數(shù)據(jù)分析

        采用DPS 7.05和Excel 2007軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 不同處理對(duì)土壤物理性質(zhì)的影響

        2.1.1 對(duì)土壤含水率、容重和土壤三相的影響

        心土混合保持耕層土壤位置不變的情況下,將白漿層和淀積層兩層土壤進(jìn)行隨機(jī)混拌,改變了白漿土白漿層不良物理結(jié)構(gòu),從而降低心土層硬度,提高土壤通透性和貯水庫(kù)容,有利于作物根系的下扎,促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。從表3可以看出,土壤處理2 a后,與淺翻深松區(qū)相比,心土混合配施改土物料處理區(qū)心土層物理性質(zhì)發(fā)生明顯變化。從不同層次分析,0~20 cm耕層土壤物理性質(zhì)變化不明顯。>20~40 cm心土層土壤含水率明顯提高,心土混合配施改土物料各區(qū)含水率提高幅度為2.11~6.11個(gè)百分點(diǎn),改善土壤三相比值,固相降低,降低幅度為8.5~9.97個(gè)百分點(diǎn),液相和氣相提高,提高幅度分別為2.82~5.41個(gè)百分點(diǎn)和3.89~6.65個(gè)百分點(diǎn),容重降低,降低幅度為10.13%~17.09 %,>40~60 cm土層土壤物理性質(zhì)受上層心土混合及添加改土物料的影響,物理性質(zhì)有所改善,但變化不明顯。添加秸稈處理由于秸稈占據(jù)一定空間,增大了貯水庫(kù)容,提高了土壤的含水率,降低土壤容重,添加秸稈處理好于不添加秸稈處理。因此,心土混合配施改土物料后,白漿土堅(jiān)硬的白漿層被打破,提高土壤通透性,土壤物理性狀得到明顯改善。

        2.1.2 對(duì)土壤硬度的影響

        白漿土存在不良層次白漿層,該層土壤粉砂含量高,容易沉實(shí),造成土壤板結(jié)、緊實(shí),硬度大,淀積層混拌白漿層后,土壤機(jī)械組成由原來(lái)的兩層性變?yōu)槿龑有裕锤麑?、混拌層和淀積層,土壤硬度明顯降低。從圖2可以看出,連續(xù)2 a的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,淺翻深松區(qū)土壤處理1 a后,0~60 cm土層土壤隨著土層加深硬度先增大后減小,在>20~40 cm處出現(xiàn)峰值,說(shuō)明土壤處理后,經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)作物生長(zhǎng)季硬度即恢復(fù)原狀。心土混合配施改土物料區(qū)改土2 a后,各處理隨著土層深度的加深硬度由小變大,但>20~40 cm白漿層區(qū)域沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)峰值,且硬度較小。與淺翻深松區(qū)相比,>20~40 cm心土層土壤硬度下降幅度為40%~50%,0~20、40~60 cm土層土壤硬度雖有下降,但變化不明顯。改土后作物根系能夠下扎,滿足根系正常生長(zhǎng)要求,改土效果顯著。

        表3 不同處理土壤物理性質(zhì)變化

        注:不同處理相同土層同一列不同小寫(xiě)字母代表0.05水平差異顯著。

        Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column and soil layer of different treatments indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.

        圖2 不同處理對(duì)土壤硬度的影響

        2.2 不同處理對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分變化的影響

        白漿土白漿層有機(jī)質(zhì)含量低,粉砂含量高,養(yǎng)分含量低,特別是有效磷含量低,土壤呈偏酸性,影響作物對(duì)有效養(yǎng)分的吸收利用。秸稈還田配施石灰和磷肥2 a后,調(diào)查不同土層土壤養(yǎng)分變化,如表4可知,秸稈心土混合犁將改土物料秸稈、磷肥和石灰還入>20~40 cm心土層,心土層養(yǎng)分得到明顯改善,2 a后調(diào)查白漿土改土效果,不同處理與淺翻深松區(qū)相比都不同程度提高了心土層速效養(yǎng)分含量和全量養(yǎng)分含量,堿解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特別是添加磷肥處理變化明顯,是淺翻深松處理的6.5~6.8倍。土壤速效鉀提高20.7%~40.74%。有機(jī)質(zhì)提高157.14%~185.71%。加石灰處理提高>20~60 cm土層pH值,>20~40 cm土層提高0.45~0.47個(gè)單位,>40~60 cm土層提高0.23~0.24個(gè)單位。土壤全量養(yǎng)分提高分別為全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全鉀提高8.10%~26.34%。說(shuō)明不同改土物料還入心土層,有效地提高了心土層養(yǎng)分含量,解決了白漿土心土層養(yǎng)分貧瘠的問(wèn)題,保證了作物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收利用。

        2.3 不同處理對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量的影響

        心土混合配施改土物料改土處理后,調(diào)查改土后2 a內(nèi)作物產(chǎn)量變化。從表5可以看出,與淺翻深松處理相比,改土后第1 a種植大豆,心土混合處理大豆產(chǎn)量提高10.41%,心土混合配施改土物料處理大豆產(chǎn)量提高幅度為13.42%~24.46%。改土后第2 a種植玉米,心土混合處理玉米產(chǎn)量提高10.40%,心土混合配施改土物料處理玉米產(chǎn)量提高幅度為13.43%~19.17%,2 a內(nèi)不同處理與淺翻深松相比差異均達(dá)到顯著水平。綜合兩年產(chǎn)量結(jié)果得出,秸稈+心土混拌+磷肥+石灰處理產(chǎn)量最高,對(duì)作物增產(chǎn)起到關(guān)鍵作用。

        表4 不同處理土壤養(yǎng)分情況

        注:不同處理相同土層同列數(shù)值后不同小寫(xiě)字母代表0.05水平差異顯著

        Note: Values in the same column and soil layer of different treatments followed by different lowercase letters is different at 0.05 probability level.

        表5 不同處理對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量的影響

        注:同列數(shù)值后不同大小寫(xiě)字母分別代表0.01和0.05水平差異顯著。

        Note: Values in the same column followed by different capital letters and lowercase letters are different at 0.01 and 0.05 probability level, respectively.

        3 討 論

        白漿土是黑龍江省旱地耕作主要低產(chǎn)土壤之一[20],低產(chǎn)因素主要包括土壤物理性質(zhì)與化學(xué)性質(zhì)2個(gè)方面,而這2個(gè)方面的因素多出在堅(jiān)硬的白漿層上,以往普通深松機(jī)械作業(yè)只是對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行深松,只改善了土壤物理性狀,沒(méi)有改善土壤化學(xué)性狀,且經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)作物生育期后,土壤硬度恢復(fù)原狀[21],需要年年深松,增加作業(yè)成本。本研究認(rèn)為白漿土改良技術(shù)應(yīng)以消除白漿層的障礙作用為突破口,打破障礙層次后再對(duì)貧瘠的心土層進(jìn)行培肥,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)土壤理化性質(zhì)同時(shí)改變的目的,根據(jù)以上觀點(diǎn)本文研究秸稈心土混拌配施不同改土物料處理在改良白漿土不良物理性狀的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)心土層養(yǎng)分狀況,把前作物秸稈和改土物料全部還入心土層,既解決土壤心土層養(yǎng)分貧瘠的問(wèn)題,又克服土壤水氣失調(diào)帶來(lái)的不良影響,經(jīng)過(guò)2 a的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)物理指標(biāo)和化學(xué)指標(biāo)發(fā)生明顯變化,改土效果十分顯著。

        白漿土土體構(gòu)型差,物理性狀不良,白漿土機(jī)械組成呈現(xiàn)兩層性,粉砂含量高,白漿層膨脹性小,復(fù)原性強(qiáng),不僅引起土壤本身板結(jié)、緊實(shí)、不透氣根系難以下扎等一系列問(wèn)題[22-23],而且旱時(shí)下層毛管水上不來(lái),澇時(shí)耕層水下不去,表旱表澇嚴(yán)重,影響耕層質(zhì)量。本研究通過(guò)白漿層和淀積層隨機(jī)混拌處理,使白漿土由原來(lái)的兩層性變?yōu)楦麑?,混拌層和淀積層,心土層土壤硬度和容重明顯小于白漿層,硬度降低到原來(lái)的1/2左右,達(dá)到作物根系正常下扎硬度范圍,而且2 a調(diào)查結(jié)果硬度沒(méi)有還原,說(shuō)明白漿層混拌淀積層后白漿層復(fù)原性降低,改土效果持久。白漿層混拌淀積層后,打破了障礙層次白漿層,解決了白漿土表旱表澇問(wèn)題,提高土體貯水庫(kù)容,土壤含水量提高2~6個(gè)百分點(diǎn),固相降低,液相和氣相升高,三相比例明顯改善,提高心土層土壤通透性,增大貯水庫(kù)容,解決土壤表旱表澇問(wèn)題。

        白漿土白漿層養(yǎng)分含量低,土壤偏酸性。前人研究結(jié)果表明白漿土白漿層速效養(yǎng)分含量低,特別是速效磷含量低[24],且隨著開(kāi)墾年限的增加,土壤酸化嚴(yán)重[25-26],以往研究主要是通過(guò)施用秸稈和有機(jī)肥來(lái)改善耕層土壤養(yǎng)分貧瘠問(wèn)題[27-28],研究表明秸稈能夠提高白漿土有機(jī)碳及團(tuán)聚體重組[29],有機(jī)肥能夠提高土壤酶活性[30],改善土壤環(huán)境,并取得了一定的效果,但秸稈和肥料只施用于耕層,改善了耕層的化學(xué)性質(zhì),對(duì)心土層養(yǎng)分沒(méi)有影響。本研究利用心土混合犁結(jié)合秸稈、磷肥、石灰還入心土層,活化心土層養(yǎng)分,使心土層速效養(yǎng)分和全量養(yǎng)分得到明顯提高,特別是速效磷提高6倍左右,有機(jī)質(zhì)提高2倍左右,pH值提高0.5左右,而且心土混合犁打破白漿層后,作物根系能夠下扎到心土層吸收養(yǎng)分,從而滿足作物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求,使土壤能夠達(dá)到一般正常土壤生產(chǎn)要求。心土混合配施改土物料技術(shù)為黑龍江省白漿土區(qū)作物增產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)提供技術(shù)保障。

        4 結(jié) 論

        心土混合配施改土物料技術(shù)在保持表土層位置不變的情況下,實(shí)現(xiàn)了“上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm,同時(shí)將改土物料還入心土層”的新農(nóng)藝參數(shù),改善心土層土壤理化性狀,影響作物產(chǎn)量。

        1)心土混合配施改土物料改善白漿土物理性質(zhì)。>20~40 cm土層土壤物理性質(zhì)明顯改變,心土混拌配施改土物料各區(qū)含水量提高幅度為2.11~6.11個(gè)百分點(diǎn),改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度為8.5~9.97個(gè)百分點(diǎn),液相和氣相分別提高幅度分別為2.82~5.41個(gè)百分點(diǎn)和3.89~6.65個(gè)百分點(diǎn),容重下降幅度為10.13%~17.09%,硬度下降幅度為40%~50%,滿足根系正常生長(zhǎng)要求,改土效果顯著。

        2)心土混合配施改土物料改善白漿土心土化學(xué)性狀。提高了>20~40 cm心土層速效養(yǎng)分含量和全量養(yǎng)分含量,堿解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特別是添加磷肥處理變化明顯,是對(duì)照處理6.5~6.8倍。土壤速效鉀提高20.7%~40.74%。有機(jī)質(zhì)提高157.14%~185.71%。加石灰處理心土層pH值提高幅度為0.45~0.47個(gè)單位。土壤全量氮磷鉀提高分別為45.76%~52.54%,108.14%~144.19%和8.10%~26.34%。

        3)在對(duì)大豆產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量性狀影響上,心土混合配施改土物料可提高不同作物產(chǎn)量,大豆產(chǎn)量提高幅度為13.42%~24.46%,玉米產(chǎn)量提高幅度為13.43%~19.17%,不同處理與對(duì)照相比差異達(dá)到顯著水平。綜合兩年產(chǎn)量結(jié)果得出,心土混拌+秸稈(18 000 kg/hm2)+磷肥(60 kg/hm2)+石灰(600 kg/hm2)處理產(chǎn)量最高,對(duì)作物增產(chǎn)起到關(guān)鍵作用。

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        Improving effect of planosol by deep tillage combined with subsoil mixed with ameliorative materials

        Zhu Baoguo1,2, Zhang Chunfeng1,2※, Jia Huibin1,2, Meng Qingying1,2, Wang Nannan1,2, Zhang Libo1,2, Kuang Enjun3, Wang Qingsheng1, Liu Jungang1, Gao Xuedong1

        (1.154007,; 2.154007,; 3.150086,)

        Planosol is one of the main agricultural soils in the northeast of China, in which Heilongjiang and Jilin Province are relatively concentrated distribution areas. In the Heilongjiang Province, its total area is about 3.31 million hm2; the Sanjiang Plain located in its eastern region is planosol concentrated area, and its cultivated land area is about 0.88 million hm2. Planosol is a kind of regional low yield upland soil, and 3 factors namely very thin black topsoil, naturally derived hard subsoil pan and over acidification after reclamation are considered as major obstacles triggering low yield. It was found that when its silt subsoil layer and clay subsoil layer were mixed while keeping the topsoil undisturbed, good soil improvement could be obtained. Since its subsoil is short of nutrient, its poor chemical property still remains unchanged by only using subsoil mixing method. In this paper, by making plot experiment, different ameliorative materials were input into the subsoil mixed to clarify the further effect on planosol improvement. The plot experiment included 6 treatments: common subsoil loosening (CK); subsoil mixed (SML) (operated by straw subsoil mixed plough); straw + subsoil mixed (S + SML); straw + subsoil mixed + phosphorus (P) fertilizer (S + SML + P); straw + subsoil mixed + lime (S + SML + L); straw + subsoil mixed + lime + P fertilizer (S + SML + L + P). The result showed that compared with the CK treatment, the rest treatments combined with ameliorative material achieved good results not only in the aspect of subsoil physical properties, but also in the aspect of subsoil chemical properties. Soil moisture in the depth from 20 to 40 cm beneath the soil surface was increased by 2.11-6.11 percentage point. Soil hardness at the same part was reduced by 40%-50%, and its peak of soil hardness disappeared. The soil three-phase ratio was improved with solid phase reduced by 8.5-9.97 percentage point, liquid phase increased by 2.82-5.41 percentage point and air phase increased by 3.89-6.65 percentage point. Its soil bulk density was decreased by 10.13%-17.09%. In the aspect of soil chemical properties, available nitrogen (N) was increased by 82.75%-121.63%; available P was increased by 190.91%-681.82%, and especially for the treatment of adding P, available P was 6.5-6.8 times as much as the CK; available potassium (K) was increased by 20.7%-40.74%. Organic matter was increased by 157.14%-185.71%. In the aspect of alleviating soil acidity, the pH value of the treatment for adding lime was increased by 0.45-0.47. Meanwhile, soil total N, P, and K were increased. Total N was increased by 45.76%-52.54%, total P was increased by 108.14%-144.19%, and total K was increased by 8.10%-26.34%. In the year of 2016, soybean yield was increased by 13.42%-24.46%, and in the year of 2017 maize yield was increased by 13.43%-19.17%. It achieved stable effect on increasing yield by once operation. From above mentioned, the mixed subsoil combined with application of straw, lime and P fertilizer can achieve better results on planosol improvement. This study can thus provide technical support for planosol improvement, and be useful for the improvement of other soils which have similar property of low yield.

        soils; straw; lime; subsoil mixed; ameliorative material; planosol; physical properties; chemical properties

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.14.014

        S223

        A

        1002-6819(2018)-14-0107-08

        2018-03-19

        2018-05-04

        國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201503116-01)資助

        朱寶國(guó),男,黑龍江依蘭人,助理研究員,主要從事土壤肥料與低產(chǎn)土壤改良研究。Email:zhubaoguo82@163.com

        張春峰,男,黑龍江湯原人,研究員,博士,主要從事土壤肥料與低產(chǎn)土壤改良研究。Email:chunfeng-1@163.com

        中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)員:朱寶國(guó)(E040500133M)

        朱寶國(guó),張春峰,賈會(huì)彬,孟慶英,王囡囡,張立波,匡恩俊,王慶勝,劉俊剛,高雪冬.深翻結(jié)合心土與不同改土物料混合改良白漿土的效果[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(14):107-114. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.14.014 http://www.tcsae.org

        Zhu Baoguo, Zhang Chunfeng, Jia Huibin, Meng Qingying, Wang Nannan, Zhang Libo, Kuang Enjun, Wang Qingsheng, Liu Jungang, Gao Xuedong.Improving effect of planosol by deep tillage combined with subsoil mixed with ameliorative materials[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(14): 107-114. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.14.014 http://www.tcsae.org

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