山東 李秀萍

that，what和whatever這三個引導(dǎo)詞有同也有異，其中that和what是高考中考查的高頻引導(dǎo)詞，同時也是易混詞，whatever是個較難理解也容易與that，what混淆的引導(dǎo)詞，掌握這三個詞的用法對于高考備考起著重要的作用。下面同筆者一起來看近五年高考試題中對于這三個引導(dǎo)詞的考查：

年份考點 2017年 2016年 2015年 2014年 2013年定語從句北京卷31，全國Ⅲ卷短文改錯第7處四川卷短文改錯第8處 全國Ⅰ卷64 陜西卷13，江西卷28，全國Ⅰ卷67 ——that 名詞性從句——北京卷29，天津卷11，江蘇卷21北京卷33，全國Ⅱ卷短文改錯第5處 —— 北京卷33，浙江卷16 what 江蘇卷26 上海卷26，全國Ⅱ卷短文改錯第1處浙江卷6，安徽卷25，陜西卷19，四川卷短文改錯第7處，天津卷22天津卷14，山東卷7，福建卷34，浙江卷8，湖南卷24，江蘇卷26，陜西卷37北京卷31，天津卷15，重慶卷28，遼寧卷短文改錯第5處whatever —— 北京卷24 全國Ⅰ卷54 —— ——

從以上表格可以看出，在近五年的高考試題中，這三個引導(dǎo)詞是相對重要的考查點。學(xué)習(xí)和掌握好這三個詞的用法對于考生備考來說十分必要。那么，如何掌握它們各自的用法并加以區(qū)分呢？

首先，我們在佳句和歌詞中感受一下that，what和whatever的用法。

佳句欣賞

1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.

如果你用一個人聽得懂的語言與他交流，他會記在腦子里；如果你用他自己的語言與他交流，他會記在心里。

2. Whatever you do, do whatever you like.

無論你做什么，做你喜歡做的事。

3. All successful people have a goal. No one can get anywhere unless he knows where he wants to go and what he wants to be or do.

所有成功的人都有目標(biāo)。如果一個人不知道要往哪里去，要成為怎樣的人，要做什么，那他就將一事無成。

歌詞欣賞

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

無論你去哪里，無論你做什么，我都會在這里等你。

其次，在從句中如何準(zhǔn)確使用這三個引導(dǎo)詞呢？請看下文。

一、that

（一）閱讀并分析下列例句中that引導(dǎo)的從句，歸納that 的用法（引導(dǎo)什么從句，在從句中是否作成分，有無意義，能否省略）

例1. That our team had won the match made us excited.

例2. The fact was that our team had won the match.

例3. The fact that our team had won the match made us excited.

例4. The headmaster said that our team had won the match.

例5. Everybody could see that Tom had won the match and that he was happy.

例6. The fact that the headmaster announced made us excited.

例7. The fact that is announced by the headmaster made us excited.

【用法歸納】

1. that引導(dǎo)主語從句（例1）、表語從句（例2）、同位語從句（例3）時，在從句中作成分，無意義，但通常不能省略；引導(dǎo)賓語從句（例4）時，在從句中不作成分，無意義，可以省略，若有兩個或以上賓語從句（例5）時，第一個that可以省略，第二個或以后的that不能省略。

2. that引導(dǎo)定語從句時，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，有意義，只有作賓語（例6）時可以省略，作主語（例7）或表語時不能省略。

（二）實戰(zhàn)演練

1. 改錯

（1）He came home late made his mother angry.

解析：句首加That，引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中不作成分，通常不可省略。

（2）The reason why he came late is because he got up late.

解析：because改為that，引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句中不作成分，通常不可省略。

2.小試高考題

（3）（2016年天津卷）The manager put forward asuggestion _____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

解析：填that。 that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，在從句中不作成分，不可以省略。

（4）（2013年北京卷）Experts believe ______ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.

解析：填that。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中不作成分，可以省略。

（5）（2017年北京卷）The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

解析：填that/which。that引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作meet的賓語，可以省略。

（6）I refuse to accept the blame for something _____was someone else’s fault.

解析：填that。that引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作主語，不可以省略，由于先行詞是不定代詞，故不能用which。

（三）用法延伸：that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的常用句型

1.that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，常用it作形式主語，以平衡句子，常見句型有：

（1）It + be +形容詞(good，obvious，true，natural，surprising，possible，likely，certain，probable, etc.)+ that從句

例 1. It’s certain that he will do well in his exam.

（2）It + be +名詞詞組(an honor, no wonder, a pity, no surprise, etc. )+ that從句

例 2. It’s an honor to be invited to the big dinner.

（3）It+ be+過去分詞(announced, believed, expected,decided, said, reported, thought, etc. )+ that從句

例3. It is reported that the next Winter Olympics will be held in China.

2.that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，如果其后出現(xiàn)賓語補(bǔ)足語，為了平衡句子，通常會在補(bǔ)足語前使用形式賓語it，把賓語從句放在補(bǔ)足語后。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“動詞 + it + 賓語補(bǔ)足語（形容詞 /名詞詞組）+賓語從句”， 常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：believe, consider, find, feel, make, suppose,think等。

例4. We think it possible that we can achieve our goal with his help.

注意：在it后加上is或was即可構(gòu)成一個賓語從句：We think (that) it is possible that we can achieve our goal with his help.

3.that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，主語常是抽象名詞；that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，常跟在抽象名詞后，that從句用來解釋抽象名詞的具體含義。常用的抽象名詞有：advice，belief，demand，dream，evidence，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，promise，reason，reply，request，suggestion，thought，truth，wish，word等。

例5. I have a dream that I can travel all around the world when I grow up.（同位語從句）

例6. The reason why he is late is that there is a traffic jam on his way here.（表語從句）

二、that和what

（一）閱讀并分析下列例句中what引導(dǎo)的從句，歸納what 的用法(引導(dǎo)什么從句，在從句中是否作成分，有無意義，能否省略）

例1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into asolid globe. （人教版，Book 3，P25）

例2. Well，why don’t you explain what this is all about?（人教版，Book 3，P18）

例3. About a month ago, I was sailing out of the bay...( his eyes stare at what is left of the brothers’ dinner on the table)（人教版，Book 3，P18）

例4. (2015年安徽卷）aship in harbor is safe, but that’s not what ships are built for.

例5. He has no idea what is waiting for him in the future.

【用法歸納】

1. what引導(dǎo)主語從句（例1）、賓語從句（例2、例3）、表語從句（例4）、同位語從句（例5），在從句中分別作主語、賓語或表語，有意義，不能省略。

2. what指代“事或物”時，同“The thing(s) + that /which定語從句”；what指代“地點”時，同“The place(s) + that / which定語從句”。

（二）實戰(zhàn)演練

1. 單句填空

（1）____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.

（2）____ we cant’ get seems better than the things ____we have.

答案：（1）What; what （2）What; that

2. 改寫t h a t引導(dǎo)的定語從句

（1）What he said surprised me.

改寫：The thing that/which he said surprised me.

（2）I lived in what you call“Ancient Greece”.

改寫：I lived in the place that/which you call“Ancient Greece”.

3.小試高考題

（1）（2017年江蘇卷）We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $ 20, half of _______ it used to charge.

解析：填what。what引導(dǎo)的從句作of的賓語，what在從句中作charge的賓語；half of...部分在句中作$20的同位語。

（2）（2014年浙江卷）“Every time you eat asweet,drink green tea.” This is ______ my mother used to tell me.

解析：填what。what引導(dǎo)表語從句，what在從句中作tell的直接賓語。

（3）______ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.

解析：填What。what引導(dǎo)主語從句，what在從句中作主語，she told me是插入語。

三、what和w hatever

（一）比較what和whatever的用法

1. What she did surprised me. 她所做的事令我吃驚。

2. Whatever you do, do whatever you like. 無論你做什么，做你喜歡做的事。

【不同點歸納】

第一句中的what指代說話者心目中的“具體事或物”，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，同“The thing(s) + that / which”；第二句中的第一個Whatever指“無論什么”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，同“No matter what”，第二個whatever泛指“任何事或物”，引導(dǎo)賓語從句。whatever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時等同于“anything + that”。

（二）實戰(zhàn)演練

1. 單句填空

—What should I wear to attend his wedding party?

—Dress __________ you like.

解析：whatever，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，意為“穿任何你喜歡的衣服”或“你喜歡什么就穿什么”。

2. 翻譯

Whatever the reason, my urban hellos were answered far less often than my rural ones.

解析：無論什么理由，我在城里打招呼得到的回應(yīng)比在鄉(xiāng)村少得多。完整的句子是“Whatever the reason is”，Whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，等同于“No matter what”。

3.一句多譯

無論多么困難，我們都能克服。

Whatever difficulties，we could overcome.

No matter what difficulties，we could overcome.

However difficult，we could overcome.

No matter how difficult，we could overcome.

4.小試高考題

（2016年北京卷）Your support is important to our work. ______ you can do helps.

解析：Whatever，引導(dǎo)主語從句，表示“你做的任何事都會有所幫助”。

盡管that，what和whatever引導(dǎo)從句時既有相同點又有不同點，但萬變不離其宗，只要掌握各自的基本用法，就能很好地將其運(yùn)用。平日閱讀時，教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生只要遇見從句就去判斷是什么從句，學(xué)生就會逐漸地練就火眼金睛，遇到相關(guān)從句時，馬上就能識別出來，從而準(zhǔn)確領(lǐng)會句意，更能在書面表達(dá)中輕松駕馭定語從句和名詞性從句，寫出高水平的句子，取得高分。