文/吳平

濕地是地球自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，其生態(tài)服務(wù)價值在各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中居首位，具有涵養(yǎng)水源、凈化水質(zhì)、調(diào)節(jié)局地氣候、蓄洪防旱、維持生物多樣性等多種生態(tài)功能，被譽為“地球之腎”。濕地是淡水的“蓄水池”，維持著約2.7萬億噸淡水，保存了全國96%的可利用淡水資源；濕地作為“物種基因庫”，還是眾多植物、動物特別是水禽生長的樂園和候鳥遷徙的“中轉(zhuǎn)站”；濕地還是重要的“儲碳庫”和“吸碳器”，對于固碳釋氧、應(yīng)對氣候變化具有重要意義。

Wetland is an important part of earth’s natural ecosystem.Its ecological service value holds the fi rst place among all kinds of ecosystems.It has various ecological functions, such as water source conservation, water purif i cation,regulating local climate, fl ood storage and drought-resisting, and maintaining biological diversity, etc.It is honored as the “kidney of the earth”.Wetland is the “impounding reservoir” of fresh water, which maintains about 2.7 trillion tons of fresh water and keeps 96% available fresh water resources of the country.As “species gene reserve”, wetland is the paradise for the growth of various plants, animals, especially waterfowls, and “transfer station” for bird migration.In the meantime, wetland is the important “carbon storage” and “carbon absorption device” with the signif i cance for fi xing carbon, releasing oxygen, and dealing with climate change.

保護濕地?fù)Q得綠水長流

2014年發(fā)布的第二次全國濕地資源調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，全國濕地總面積5360.26萬公頃，另有水稻田面積3005.70萬公頃。自1992年加入《濕地公約》以來，我國高度重視濕地的保護與合理開發(fā)利用。截至2015年年底，我國已有國際重要濕地49處、濕地自然保護區(qū)600多個、濕地公園1000多個，以濕地自然保護區(qū)為主體，國際重要濕地、濕地公園、濕地保護小區(qū)等并存的濕地保護體系基本形成。

Protect wetland for making green water run forever

Our country has abundant wetland resources.According to the 2014 second national wetland resource investigation, the total wetland area of our country was 53,602,600 hectares.

Since joining Wetland Convention in 1992, our country has been paying great attention to the protection, reasonable development and utilization of wetland.Up to the end of 2015, our country has 49 international important wetlands, more than 600 wetland natural reserves, and more than 1,000 wetland parks.The wetland protection system has been formed by wetland natural reserve as subject, and the coexistence of important international wetland, wetland park and wetland conservation community.

保護濕地是維護國家生態(tài)安全，保障經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展和建設(shè)生態(tài)文明的需要。作為濱海濕地面積最大省份，江蘇省著力保護濕地、修復(fù)生態(tài)環(huán)境，為每年過境中轉(zhuǎn)的逾300萬只鳥類打造安全舒適的“驛站”。重慶市為守住三峽庫區(qū)綠水青山，試驗出“池杉＋中華蚊母＋卡開蘆＋牛鞭草”等5個消落帶類型濕地喬灌草相結(jié)合的植被修復(fù)構(gòu)建模式。我國的商品糧基地大都分布在濕地比較集中的區(qū)域。如果濕地消失，這些商品糧基地將最終喪失生產(chǎn)能力。建立商品糧基地周邊的濕地保護體系，事關(guān)重大。黑龍江省已在三江平原地區(qū)形成了較為完善的濕地保護網(wǎng)絡(luò)，保護總面積達(dá)60.7萬公頃，同時恢復(fù)濕地8000公頃，為保障黑土地大糧倉糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)發(fā)揮了重要作用。為有效解決濕地資源權(quán)屬不清、權(quán)責(zé)不明等問題，2015年國家提出在甘肅、寧夏兩省區(qū)先行開展?jié)竦禺a(chǎn)權(quán)確權(quán)試點，為建立完善濕地資源保護管理制度奠定堅實基礎(chǔ)。2016年12月12日，國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《濕地保護修復(fù)制度方案》，明確建立一系列濕地保護修復(fù)制度，對新形勢下濕地保護修復(fù)作出了部署安排。

Wetland protection is the demand for maintaining national ecological safety, ensuring sustainable economic and social development, and building ecological civilization.As the biggest province of coastal wetland,Jiangsu Province focuses on protecting wetland and restoring ecological environment.It builds safe and comfortable “station” for more than 3 million migrating birds every year.In order to keep green hills and clear water of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing strengthens the restoration and treatment of fl uctuating belt ecology, and obtains 5 fl uctuating belt type vegetation restoration construction modes with the combination of wetlands, trees, brushes and grasses through tests, such as the mode of “taxodium ascendens + distylium chinense + phragmites karka+ hemarthria sibirica”.Most of the commodity grain bases of our country are distributed in the regions with concentrated wetlands.If the wetlands disappear, these commodity grain bases would lose production capability fi nally.It is important to set up wetland protection system around the commodity grain bases.Heilongjiang Province has formed relatively complete wetland protection network in Sanjiang Plain region.The total protection area reaches to 607,000 hectares.In the meantime, it restores 8,000 hectares wetlands, and exerts important function for ensuring high and stable yield of grain of black soil large granary.In order to solve the problem of obscure ownership, unclear duty and right of wetland resource efficiently, China came up with the policy by choosing Gansu Province and Ningxia Province as experimental units for carrying out conf i rmation campaign of wetland ownership fi rst in 2015.It lays solid foundation for building and completing wetland resource protection management system.On December 12, 2016,the General Off i ce of the State Council printed and released Plan of Wetland Protection and Restoration System which established a series of wetland protection and restoration systems, and made deployment schedule for wetland protection and restoration under new situation.

山西平陸黃河濕地位于晉豫兩省交界處，植被豐富、氣候溫和。近年來，隨著平陸黃河濕地生態(tài)環(huán)境的不斷改善，到此越冬的天鵝數(shù)量逐年增加

莫讓“地球之腎”衰竭

雖然我國濕地保護在過去一段時期取得了顯著成效。但是濕地保護工作仍然面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)。長期以來，過度的開發(fā)利用只顧局部、短期利益，單純追求經(jīng)濟增長，正在把濕地一塊一塊地“填平烤干”。污染、圍墾、基建占用、過度捕撈和采集以及外來物種入侵造成濕地面積萎縮、功能退化。

Save the“kidney of the earth”

Although China made remarkable progress on wetland protection in recent years, it still faces great challenge for wetland protection.Wetlands are being “f i lled up and dried” piece by piece due to the excessive development and utilization, and the simple pursuit of economic growth by only taking partial and short-term interests into consideration.The wetland area is shrinking, while its functions are degenerated by pollution, inning, infrastructure occupation, overf i shing and excessive collection, and invasion of alien species.

濕地保護治理體系和治理能力不足、科技支撐不強、全社會濕地保護意識薄弱使得濕地保護任務(wù)更具復(fù)雜性和艱巨性。目前，我國在森林、草原、海洋、濕地等自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，唯獨濕地缺少國家層面的立法，其他相關(guān)法律法規(guī)多是從水、土壤、生物等單一要素角度進行規(guī)范。雖然已有20多個省份制定了濕地保護條例，但全國范圍內(nèi)的濕地保護法律法規(guī)尚未出臺，使各級主管部門法律依據(jù)不足，無法有效約束破壞濕地的行為。同時，濕地的管理涉及林業(yè)、國土、水利、環(huán)保、農(nóng)業(yè)、海洋等多個部門，部門之間的權(quán)責(zé)劃分不明確，綜合協(xié)調(diào)不到位，容易出現(xiàn)“九龍治水”的情形。加之國家對濕地管理資金投入不足，導(dǎo)致基層執(zhí)法隊伍薄弱、設(shè)施落后。

Due to the deficient wetland protection and management system, insufficient governance capacity, weak science and technology support, weak wetland protection awareness of the whole society, the wetland protection task is complicated and difficult.At present, our country has state-level legislation on forest, grassland, ocean, our country except for the wetland.Most of other related laws and regulations specify the requirement on single element such as water, soil and biology, etc.Although there are more than 20 provinces which have made wetland protection regulation, the nationwide laws and regulations on wetland protection have not been issued.As a result, the competent departments at all levels do not have suff i cient legal basis of wetland protection.They are not able to restrain the behavior of damaging wetland effectively.In the meantime, wetland management system involves forestry, territory, water conservancy, environmental protection, agriculture, ocean and many other departments.The right and duty among departments are not divided clearly; while the comprehensive coordination is not suff i cient.It leads to the situation of “coexistence of multiple departments in water environment regulation”.Furthermore, the country does not invest enough capital on wetland management, resulting in the weak grassroots law enforcement team and under develped facilities.

濕地是鳥類的天堂、物種的基因庫。濕地面積不斷減少、功能退化、生物多樣性面臨巨大威脅，嚴(yán)重影響著生態(tài)安全。第二次全國濕地資源調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示：全國濕地總面積5360.26萬公頃，與第一次調(diào)查（1995—2003年）同口徑比較，濕地面積減少了339.63萬公頃，接近于海南島的面積。新中國成立以來，我國濱海濕地累計減少219萬公頃，占全國濱海濕地總面積的50%。據(jù)調(diào)查，2004—2014年，全國濕地鳥類種類呈現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重減少趨勢。青海湖環(huán)湖區(qū)開墾面積為20萬平方公頃左右，脊椎動物減少了34種，斑頭雁僅10年就減少1200只。沿海灘涂濕地是許多候鳥漫長遷徙路程的唯一“落腳點”。由于灘涂濕地面積的減少，候鳥遷徙途中無法補充體能，影響到鳥兒的越冬和繁衍活動。長江流域水鳥棲息地的減少和破壞直接威脅著眾多稀有鳥類的生存，中華鱘、江豚、白頭鶴等珍稀瀕危物種種群數(shù)量不斷下降；洞庭湖魚類的種數(shù)從114種減少到80種。在濕地減少的面積中，沼澤濕地減少最多，湖泊濕地減少次之。沼澤濕地相對于其他類型濕地，具有更加復(fù)雜的生物鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對于維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能具有更高的價值，因此沼澤濕地的減少，更令人擔(dān)憂。四川若爾蓋高原沼澤區(qū)自20世紀(jì)50年代起開始排干沼澤辟為牧場，目前已排水疏干沼澤20余萬公頃。隨著沼澤濕地疏干排水，地表無積水，局部出現(xiàn)鹽漬化，附著在地表的植被無法生長，沙化土地面積急劇擴大。

Wetland is the paradise of birds and gene pool of species.Decreases wetland area and declines the functions of the wetland.The biological diversity faces greatest challenge.According to the result of the second national wetland resource investigation, the total wetland area of the country was 53,602,600 hectares.Comparing with the fi rst investigation (1995-2003) under same caliber, the wetland area decreased 3,396,300 hectares which is close to the area of Hainan Island.Since the founding of new China, the costal wetland of our country has decreased 2,190,000 hectares accumulatively.It occupies 50%of total costal wetland area.According to investigation, the bird species of national wetland decreased seriously from 2004 to 2014.The cultivated area surrounding the Qinghai Lake was about 200,000 hectares.The vertebrates decreased 34 species.Bar-headed goose decreased by 1,200 only in ten years.Costal beach wetland is the only “foothold” for many migratory birds during the long migration path.Due to the decrease of costal wetland, the migratory bird cannot replenish its body during the migration.It inf l uences the activity of birds for living through the winter and reproduction.The decrease and damage of waterfowl habitat in Yangtze River threaten the survival of various rare birds directly.The population quantity of Chinese sturgeon, fi nless porpoise, white-head crane, and other rare and endangered species is decreasing continuously.The species of fi shes in the Dongting Lake decreases from 114 to 80.Among the decreased wetland area, the largest area of reduction is swamp wetland; while the lake wetland takes the second place.Comparing with the other types of wetland, swamp wetland has more complicated biologic chain network.It has higher value on maintaining the function of ecological system.Therefore, people are more concerned about the decrease of swamp wetland.The swamp area of Zoige Plateau in Sichuan Province has started to drain the swamp for pasture since the 1950s.At present, it has drained the swamp for more than 200,000 hectares.Along with the drainage and dewatering of swamp wetland, there is no water on the land surface;salinization occurs in some areas; the vegetation which attaches to the land surface is not able to grow; and the desertif i cation land area extends greatly.

全面推進濕地保護與修復(fù)

要實現(xiàn)到2020年全國濕地面積不低于8億畝，濕地生態(tài)功能總體穩(wěn)定的目標(biāo)，必須積極擴大濕地面積、科學(xué)修復(fù)退化濕地、提高濕地生態(tài)功能。

Promote wetland protection and restoration comprehensively

In order to realize the target of no less than 800 million mu (1 mu=0.0667 hectares) nationwide wetland area and overall stability of wetland ecological function in 2020, we must expand wetland area actively; restoring degraded wetland scientif i cally and improving ecological function of wetland.

完善濕地治理法律制度體系。盡快出臺《濕地保護條例》，協(xié)調(diào)建立濕地執(zhí)法協(xié)作機制，嚴(yán)厲查處違法利用濕地的行為，使?jié)竦乇Ｗo工作有法可依。完善濕地分級管理體系。根據(jù)生態(tài)區(qū)位、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能和生物多樣性的重要性，將濕地列入不同級別的名錄，定期更新。建立濕地資源資產(chǎn)管理體制，探索編制濕地資源資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。推進濕地生態(tài)效益補償制度。

Complete the legal system of wetland management; accelerate wetland legislation; issue Wetland Protection Regulation as soon as possible; coordinate and establish wetland law enforcement cooperation mechanism;investigate and punish illegal use of wetlands strictly; Complete wetland classif i cation management system.According to the importance of ecological niche, ecosystem function, and biological diversity, list wetlands into the lists with different levels and update them periodically.Build wetland resource and assets management system; explore and compile wetland resource and assets balance sheet; promote wetland ecological benef i t compensation system.

積極擴大濕地面積。完善濕地保護空間規(guī)劃。構(gòu)建完善的濕地保護體系，不斷提高濕地保護率。重點加強對國際和國家重要濕地、濕地自然保護區(qū)、國家濕地公園等重點濕地的保護與監(jiān)管。按國家公園的理念管理濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，全面提升濕地管理合力。推進退耕還濕，鼓勵農(nóng)民進行“水改旱”，讓濕地的生態(tài)效益盡快凸顯出來。強化濕地保護管理的科技支撐，提高科技對濕地保護的貢獻(xiàn)率。例如研究我國濕地保護區(qū)成效定量化評價方法，基于最新濕地自然保護區(qū)評價數(shù)據(jù)庫和濕地遙感數(shù)據(jù)等資料，對保護成效進行全面的定量化評估。

Expand wetland area actively; complete wetland protection space plan; establish complete wetland protection system; and improve wetland protection rate continuously; emphasize and strengthen the protection and supervision of international and national important wetland, wetland nature reserve, national wetland park, and other important wetlands.According to the concept of national park, manage wetland ecological system, and improve wetland management comprehensively.Promote the progress from cultivated land to wetland and encourage the farmer to transform rice fi elds into dry land so as to highlight ecological benef i ts of wetland as soon as possible.Strengthen science and technology support of wetland protection management, improve contribution rate of science and technology on wetland protection.For example, make research on effective quantitative evaluation method of wetland reserve in our country, and conduct comprehensive quantitative evaluation on the protection effect on the base of latest wetland nature reserve evaluation database and wetland remote sensing data.

大力實施濕地生態(tài)修復(fù)工程，提升濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能。培育濕地生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)，建立濕地恢復(fù)的社區(qū)參與機制。發(fā)展?jié)竦鼗ɑ苊缒?、濕地旅游等濕地生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)，提升濕地經(jīng)濟效益，構(gòu)建濕地社區(qū)共管共建共享機制。著眼流域尺度恢復(fù)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。本著共建“山水林田湖”生命共同體的理念，維護流域濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性與功能的多樣性，而不僅局限于濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)本身。

Vigorously implement wetland ecological restoration project; improve wetland ecological system function.Cultivate wetland ecological industry;build community participation mechanism of wetland restoration.Develop wetland ecological industry of wetland flowers and plants and wetland tourism; improve wetland economic benef i t; establish joint administration,establishment and sharing mechanism of wetland community; focus on watershed scale and restore wetland ecological system.By insisting the concept of building the life community of “hill, water, forest, farm and lake”,maintain the completeness of watershed wetland ecosystem and functional diversity rather than restricting to wetland ecosystem only.