楊建輝 岳邦瑞 史文正 康世磊
中國(guó)幅員遼闊,地域差異巨大,在雨洪管控和海綿城市建設(shè)的總目標(biāo)下,多雨地區(qū)側(cè)重的可能是防澇問(wèn)題,而降雨量少且缺水的西北城市,目標(biāo)可能更應(yīng)側(cè)重于雨水的資源化利用。即使同省的西安和延安兩市,也存差異,雖都為濕陷性黃土地區(qū),但因延安處丘陵溝壑地貌區(qū),在雨洪管控時(shí)則更應(yīng)特別注重水土保持及場(chǎng)地安全之目標(biāo)。因此,各地在海綿城市建設(shè)時(shí)除了考慮降雨量之外,須考慮的地域性因素還包括土壤特性、地形地貌、植被情況、場(chǎng)地安全、景觀視效、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等。基于不同的地域因素,可得出更多更具體的地域性雨洪管理目標(biāo),這種雨洪管控的地域性差異在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)是廣泛而顯著地存在的,但在一哄而上的全國(guó)性海綿城市建設(shè)浪潮中,因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)基礎(chǔ)研究的不足、缺乏具體經(jīng)驗(yàn)而被設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)單位有意或無(wú)意地忽略,往往采取幾種雨水措施千篇一律全國(guó)通用的思路?;谏鲜銮闆r,本文選取陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)進(jìn)行雨洪管控和海綿城市的地域化研究,旨在探討適合本地域的適宜性策略與方法。
目前普遍推廣的海綿城市經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基于“低影響開(kāi)發(fā)(LID)模式”的以雨水的源頭、分散式控制為主要特征的方法。在海綿城市的具體實(shí)踐中,普遍性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)必須與地域性的策略相結(jié)合才能發(fā)揮最好的效益,實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的海綿目標(biāo)。以論文研究的地域?yàn)槔?,目前在雨洪管控和海綿城市建設(shè)中存在2種技術(shù)思路或方法。
主要是人們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)期的生產(chǎn)與生活中總結(jié)完善逐步形成的“淤地壩”“谷坊”“原邊埂”“魚(yú)鱗坑”“梯田”“澇池”“水窖”“水平階”以及“弧形下凹路面”“場(chǎng)路分離排水”“明溝跌落排水”等水土保持、場(chǎng)地雨水利用與管控的技術(shù)措施。傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)措施的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是技術(shù)要求低、簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用、易于推廣,但其不足也顯而易見(jiàn),主要體現(xiàn)在過(guò)于倚重經(jīng)驗(yàn),單獨(dú)使用無(wú)法滿足較大尺度雨水綜合管控的目標(biāo)[1-2]。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái),朱顯謨[3-4]、吳普特[5]、余新曉[6]、陳江南[7]、傅伯杰[8]、鄭粉莉[9]、趙西寧[10]等學(xué)者針對(duì)陜北黃土高原地區(qū)干旱少雨以及雨季水土流失嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn),展開(kāi)了大量的研究,主要以建立水文動(dòng)力模型為手段,模擬流域地表徑流、輸沙、土壤水分、蒸散發(fā)、水質(zhì)、非點(diǎn)源污染等多種過(guò)程以及各種農(nóng)業(yè)管理措施對(duì)這些過(guò)程的影響,進(jìn)而選擇布置合理的場(chǎng)地措施實(shí)現(xiàn)流域徑流調(diào)控、消除水土流失動(dòng)力和雨水資源化利用的目的。其共同特點(diǎn)是仍然以上述傳統(tǒng)水土保持措施為基本手段,但措施的布置和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)需要大量的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),且必須基于合理的數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行模擬。由于限制條件太多,難度高,目前仍停留在理論研究和試點(diǎn)示范階段。
以《海綿城市建設(shè)技術(shù)指南》①為代表的“海綿城市”建設(shè)普遍經(jīng)驗(yàn)的核心措施主要體現(xiàn)在“滲、滯、蓄、凈、用、排”6個(gè)字上[11]。從總體目標(biāo)來(lái)看,這6點(diǎn)措施/目標(biāo)沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題,但具體到陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)內(nèi)的各類建設(shè)場(chǎng)地,則不能一概而論,尤其是針對(duì)地勢(shì)變化劇烈且濕陷性嚴(yán)重的黃土建設(shè)場(chǎng)地,從場(chǎng)地安全角度考慮,海綿城市中首選的“滲”和“滯”在此并不會(huì)必然成為首選措施,場(chǎng)地坡度較大時(shí)反而需要避免使用,而對(duì)于開(kāi)闊的臺(tái)原和溝谷階地型建設(shè)場(chǎng)地,經(jīng)評(píng)估和適當(dāng)場(chǎng)地處理后“滲”和“滯”則目標(biāo)適宜。《指南》的要義是以下滲、分散滯留為主要手段來(lái)消納雨水,緩解城市內(nèi)澇,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)雨水加以利用;而陜北黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題不是城市內(nèi)澇,而是因暴雨引起的場(chǎng)地垮塌、陷落、塌方以及水毀路橋等場(chǎng)地安全威脅以及季節(jié)性干旱。針對(duì)上述情況,就需要提出有別于《指南》的地域化雨水場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法,尤其是要引入場(chǎng)地適宜性評(píng)價(jià)及技術(shù)適宜性分析等內(nèi)容(圖1)。
圖1 常用LID措施不適宜于陜北黃土高原的場(chǎng)地特點(diǎn)(楊建輝繪)Fig. 1 The frequently-used LID method is not suitable to the site in loess hilly and golly region of northern Shaanxi(drawn by Yang Jianhui)
1)陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)雨洪管控的特殊問(wèn)題。陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)疏松、大孔隙、垂直節(jié)理發(fā)育、容易濕陷的特點(diǎn),在季節(jié)性強(qiáng)降雨的條件下,洪澇災(zāi)害頻發(fā),使本地區(qū)成為陜北水土流失最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),生態(tài)環(huán)境和人居環(huán)境都易受到極大的破壞。歸納起來(lái),該地域的特殊問(wèn)題有3點(diǎn):一是季節(jié)性強(qiáng)降水導(dǎo)致洪澇易發(fā),二是伴隨強(qiáng)降水而至的強(qiáng)烈水土流失和建設(shè)場(chǎng)地破壞,三是缺雨季節(jié)表現(xiàn)出的干旱少雨及其帶來(lái)的生產(chǎn)受阻。
2)陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)雨洪管控的多維目標(biāo)。針對(duì)本地域的特殊問(wèn)題,開(kāi)展地域雨洪管控及海綿城市建設(shè)必須設(shè)定水土保持、雨水資源利用、場(chǎng)地安全、場(chǎng)地生境恢復(fù)、雨洪管控等多維目標(biāo),在多維目標(biāo)指引下,建設(shè)必須充分研究地表水文過(guò)程及其相關(guān)要素,根據(jù)黃土地貌的特點(diǎn),結(jié)合不同尺度和類型場(chǎng)地的實(shí)際情況,在防止土壤侵蝕的前提下有效而安全地滯留和利用季節(jié)性的雨水、緩解雨洪壓力,營(yíng)造健康的場(chǎng)地生境環(huán)境,提高建設(shè)場(chǎng)地的安全等級(jí)和人居環(huán)境品質(zhì)[1]。實(shí)現(xiàn)多維目標(biāo)不僅需要切實(shí)可行的技術(shù)措施,更需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法和策略。
因此,必須將上述2種思路結(jié)合,針對(duì)地域特殊問(wèn)題與多維目標(biāo),才能形成地域適宜性策略與方法。
圖2 場(chǎng)地土壤剖面(康世磊根據(jù)《晉中市百草坡森林植物園晨曦閣巖土工程勘察報(bào)告》繪)Fig. 2 Site soil profile (drawn by Kang Shilei, based on Geotechnical Engineering Survey Report of Chenxi Court of Baicaopo Forest Botanical Garden in Jinzhong City)
陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)雨洪管控適宜性規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法包含4個(gè)步驟:1)場(chǎng)地適宜性評(píng)價(jià);2)建立場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo);3)選擇適宜的技術(shù)措施;4)場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)[12]。其中,場(chǎng)地適宜性評(píng)價(jià)是整個(gè)規(guī)劃過(guò)程的基礎(chǔ),是制定合理場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)的必要條件,而合理的場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)則直接決定了選擇適宜性技術(shù)措施及其組合的方向。傳統(tǒng)的雨水場(chǎng)地措施和LID技術(shù)在黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)并不具有通用性,必須根據(jù)不同的場(chǎng)地類型和雨水目標(biāo)來(lái)選擇和組合,才能在發(fā)揮功用的同時(shí)保障場(chǎng)地的安全。在上述3個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都充分完成后,最后一個(gè)階段則需詳細(xì)分析人為干預(yù)之后可能的地表水文過(guò)程,確定場(chǎng)地空間形態(tài),形成最終的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方案。
圖3 場(chǎng)地破壞現(xiàn)狀(a、b、f 土壤濕陷破壞;c、d 場(chǎng)地垮塌;e、g 水土流失;康世磊攝)Fig. 3 Site damage status (photoed by Kang Shilei)
包括場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)適宜性及場(chǎng)地措施適宜性2個(gè)方面,評(píng)價(jià)是以場(chǎng)地的用地性質(zhì)、開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)現(xiàn)狀以及地貌類型等為基礎(chǔ)條件,根據(jù)預(yù)設(shè)的單個(gè)或多個(gè)場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)及擬用場(chǎng)地措施選取相關(guān)的評(píng)價(jià)因子進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)價(jià)合格則該場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)及場(chǎng)地措施可行,反之則需調(diào)整場(chǎng)地雨水目標(biāo)及相應(yīng)的場(chǎng)地雨水措施并重新進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),直到評(píng)價(jià)通過(guò)為止。
表1 目標(biāo)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)Table 1 Target suitability evaluation
2.1.1 評(píng)價(jià)因子
策略要點(diǎn):選擇與地表水文過(guò)程及海綿城市建設(shè)密切相關(guān)、影響廣泛且易于操作的因素作為評(píng)價(jià)因子,如場(chǎng)地坡度、土壤特性/類型、土壤侵蝕度、景觀視效等。
2.1.2 評(píng)價(jià)框架與方法構(gòu)建
評(píng)價(jià)框架和方法的構(gòu)建需要從目標(biāo)適宜性和措施適宜性2個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。
1)目標(biāo)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)。
策略要點(diǎn):(1)基于微觀場(chǎng)地尺度來(lái)開(kāi)展適宜性的分析和評(píng)價(jià);(2)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程中,類似于組合原則法[13],需要將不適宜于自重濕陷性黃土等影響場(chǎng)地安全諸因子的建設(shè)目標(biāo)排除。剩下的目標(biāo)根據(jù)分值之和進(jìn)行排序,分值越低則適宜性越高,可以作為優(yōu)先目標(biāo)設(shè)定(表1)。
2)措施適宜性評(píng)價(jià)。
策略要點(diǎn):根據(jù)項(xiàng)目的具體情況選擇相對(duì)應(yīng)的影響因子,如項(xiàng)目要求有較高的地域特色,則選擇“地域性”因子中的“要求高”選項(xiàng)對(duì)各措施進(jìn)行評(píng)估,以判斷該項(xiàng)措施是否具有地域性或進(jìn)行地域性的改造,有則適宜,沒(méi)有則不適宜(表2)。
2.1.3 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
本研究中的評(píng)價(jià)都屬于定性評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)價(jià)的依據(jù)主要有4個(gè)方面。首先是涉及安全的規(guī)范條文及定性判斷;其次是場(chǎng)地的區(qū)位、性質(zhì)以及本身對(duì)場(chǎng)地安全的敏感程度;第三,充分參考相關(guān)規(guī)范中對(duì)場(chǎng)地及措施的基本要求;最后,每一項(xiàng)措施都有適用的條件和前提以及其主要的功能目標(biāo),評(píng)估時(shí)必須作為判定的依據(jù)。在具體工程項(xiàng)目中,可以參考表中的評(píng)估結(jié)果,也可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況對(duì)特定的評(píng)估因子或適宜性數(shù)值進(jìn)行結(jié)合實(shí)際的調(diào)整。
策略要點(diǎn)如下。1)根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果,選擇適宜的雨水場(chǎng)地建設(shè)目標(biāo),基于項(xiàng)目的特點(diǎn)和需求可以選擇不同的多維目標(biāo)進(jìn)行組合,對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的項(xiàng)目也可以確定單一的目標(biāo)。建立場(chǎng)地雨水利用目標(biāo)的過(guò)程是對(duì)預(yù)設(shè)目標(biāo)的評(píng)估與修正的過(guò)程,一般是根據(jù)項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)先預(yù)設(shè)多維目標(biāo),進(jìn)行適宜性評(píng)估后調(diào)整目標(biāo)。不建議直接根據(jù)表1的分析結(jié)論羅列目標(biāo),這樣的目標(biāo)往往無(wú)法體現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目的特色。2)在具體的項(xiàng)目中還應(yīng)結(jié)合《指南》中的要求和方法對(duì)年徑流總量控制率等指標(biāo)性的內(nèi)容提出要求,以便進(jìn)一步的細(xì)化和實(shí)施?!吨改稀分械哪陱搅骺偭靠刂坡誓繕?biāo)主要針對(duì)大概率的中小降雨事件而設(shè)定,可作為研究地域制定雨水量化目標(biāo)的底線,由于陜北地區(qū)雨洪災(zāi)害主要由小概率的高強(qiáng)度降雨形成,在該地域開(kāi)發(fā)強(qiáng)度和密度普遍較低的有利條件下,實(shí)際項(xiàng)目中的年徑流總量控制率目標(biāo)制定應(yīng)適當(dāng)提高為宜。3)在場(chǎng)地安全目標(biāo)的選擇上,可區(qū)別對(duì)待,與人的活動(dòng)及生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全緊密相關(guān)的場(chǎng)地建設(shè),應(yīng)確立高安全目標(biāo),如沿溝式和靠山式窯居場(chǎng)地、各類溝谷場(chǎng)地以及位于溝頭的場(chǎng)地則屬于此類;對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)離人群活動(dòng)或者臨時(shí)性的以及建設(shè)成本較低、易于修復(fù)的場(chǎng)地,則可降低場(chǎng)地安全目標(biāo),如原面場(chǎng)地、各類緩坡場(chǎng)地、寬闊的河谷階地等。4)對(duì)于生境敏感的場(chǎng)地以及需要有效恢復(fù)場(chǎng)地生境的項(xiàng)目,則須設(shè)定較高的場(chǎng)地生境目標(biāo),并依此選擇適宜的工程措施。這類場(chǎng)地大量存在于溝谷和臺(tái)原的邊界上。
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,由于研究地域地貌復(fù)雜多變,一個(gè)具體的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)往往包含了上述多種場(chǎng)地形式,每塊小場(chǎng)地的目標(biāo)可能差異較大,那么在制定總體目標(biāo)時(shí)就需要進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié),根據(jù)主要矛盾提出適宜的目標(biāo)或目標(biāo)體系,而不需要將每一具體地塊的目標(biāo)巨細(xì)無(wú)遺地羅列在總目標(biāo)中(可參考文中案例)。
表2 措施適宜性評(píng)價(jià)Table 2 Measure suitability evaluation
選擇適宜的技術(shù)措施要遵循2點(diǎn)原則。一是盡量選擇適宜性最高的技術(shù)措施。在滿足相同功能目標(biāo)的措施中,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇適宜性評(píng)估分值最低的選項(xiàng),以確保該措施的適應(yīng)性最廣泛。對(duì)于有些適宜性居中的選項(xiàng),如果從實(shí)際情況出發(fā)的確需要使用,則可以對(duì)該措施進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑旌驼{(diào)整。例如,在濕陷性黃土上如果需要運(yùn)用植草溝等傳輸措施,則可以通過(guò)改變植草溝斷面的土壤成分或者增加防護(hù)性構(gòu)造層來(lái)使其更具適應(yīng)性。二是需根據(jù)項(xiàng)目中具體的場(chǎng)地及該場(chǎng)地需要承擔(dān)的雨水功能針對(duì)預(yù)選的技術(shù)措施進(jìn)行適宜性評(píng)估,以選擇最適宜的技術(shù)措施。措施的適宜性針對(duì)的是項(xiàng)目中的具體場(chǎng)地而不是總體項(xiàng)目,在項(xiàng)目中甲地塊可行的措施放到乙地塊很可能就不適宜,這也是由黃土高原特殊地貌和水文特征決定的。如文后的案例,有組織排水措施采用了改良后的植草溝、旱溪和硬質(zhì)溝渠,前兩者適宜于平坦場(chǎng)地或緩坡場(chǎng)地,后者則適宜于陡坡場(chǎng)地,不能通用,這是根據(jù)具體場(chǎng)地特點(diǎn)做出的適宜性選擇,對(duì)整個(gè)項(xiàng)目而言,這3種措施都是適宜的,但運(yùn)用的地方有區(qū)別,這點(diǎn)很重要。
通過(guò)合理的場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)可以落實(shí)項(xiàng)目每一個(gè)地塊承擔(dān)的具體目標(biāo)和擬采用的技術(shù)措施,進(jìn)而通過(guò)不同的方案設(shè)計(jì)手法與場(chǎng)地設(shè)計(jì)技巧將具體工程措施和設(shè)計(jì)方案及場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)狀完美地銜接,實(shí)現(xiàn)良好的視覺(jué)景觀效果以及生態(tài)環(huán)境效果。
策略要點(diǎn):1)在落實(shí)措施之前需先分析人為干預(yù)之后可能的地表水文變化,并依據(jù)水文特點(diǎn)和數(shù)據(jù)確定措施的規(guī)模、數(shù)量和空間位置;2)設(shè)施規(guī)模的計(jì)算方法可以參照《指南》中的相關(guān)辦法,如:流量法、容積法等;如果對(duì)場(chǎng)地的水文過(guò)程進(jìn)行了模擬,則可以模擬結(jié)果作為設(shè)施規(guī)劃布局和設(shè)計(jì)的依據(jù);3)設(shè)施的選擇和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)需充分考慮設(shè)施的形態(tài)與場(chǎng)地景觀效果上的協(xié)調(diào),避免只關(guān)注雨水功能不考慮景觀效果的情況發(fā)生。
基地位于晉中市東郊,屬黃土高原丘陵溝壑地貌區(qū),地形變化劇烈,土壤濕陷性嚴(yán)重,局部為IV級(jí)自重濕陷(圖2)。植物園在設(shè)計(jì)之初因較少考慮雨洪管控問(wèn)題,建成之后雨季來(lái)臨時(shí)隨即發(fā)生了大規(guī)模的水土流失和局部場(chǎng)地垮塌(圖3),帶來(lái)巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,在此背景下啟動(dòng)了案例項(xiàng)目。
圖4 雨水利用模式(康世磊繪)Fig. 4 Rainwater utilization pattern (drawn by Kang Shilei)
根據(jù)《指南》,將基地的年徑流總量控制率目標(biāo)確定為85%,針對(duì)基地場(chǎng)地特點(diǎn)和已建成營(yíng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,經(jīng)過(guò)場(chǎng)地適宜性評(píng)價(jià)后,確定了“雨水安全排放、洼地集蓄回用以及防治水土流失保障場(chǎng)地安全和提高景觀效果”的多維目標(biāo)。
圖5 團(tuán)結(jié)渠雨水收集系統(tǒng)(錢芝弘繪)Fig. 5 Drainage system of Tuanjie Canal (drawn by Qian Zhihong)
選擇相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)因子對(duì)雨水措施進(jìn)行適宜性評(píng)價(jià),由于場(chǎng)地嚴(yán)重的自重濕陷性,排除了以“滲”為主的目標(biāo)。評(píng)估后,可將措施分為兩大類:原面和坡面以排為主,洼地和溝谷則以蓄積回用為主。公園現(xiàn)狀存在梯田和水平階等措施,規(guī)劃后則大量增加排水溝進(jìn)行有組織排水,考慮到景觀視效,最終選擇了具有一定防滲性的植草溝或旱溪作為緩坡場(chǎng)地排水措施,陡坡則采用硬質(zhì)溝渠排水以防土壤侵蝕。原面上大量的低洼地和2條主要的溝谷則作為蓄積雨水的空間,小洼地采用了雨水花園的外觀形式,作一定的防滲處理降低滲透性,起到滯蓄的作用;大的洼地采用水塘的形式,作生態(tài)護(hù)坡處理;溝谷空間較大,原本建設(shè)有景觀水系,本次規(guī)劃在上游設(shè)置攔洪壩削減場(chǎng)地上游的雨洪,在下游低洼處采用本土的淤地壩技術(shù)淤地滯水。
圖6 匯排水分區(qū)(康世磊繪)Fig. 6 Sink drainage zones (drawn by Kang Shilei)
需要先制定場(chǎng)地的雨水利用模式(圖4、5),并根據(jù)場(chǎng)地分析和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)踏勘的結(jié)果進(jìn)行匯排水分區(qū)(圖6)、確定雨水洼地的位置和溝渠的走向,進(jìn)而按照容積法計(jì)算蓄水設(shè)施的規(guī)模、按照流量法設(shè)定排水溝渠的截面大小。在設(shè)施規(guī)模和流向關(guān)系確定后,結(jié)合場(chǎng)地豎向進(jìn)行景觀優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),形成與已建成環(huán)境緊密融合的雨水利用工程措施體系(圖7~10)。
關(guān)于水量平衡,據(jù)測(cè)算③,園區(qū)每年運(yùn)行所需的穩(wěn)定用水量約為2 315 000m3,基地年均可回收降水量約為386 541m3,遠(yuǎn)小于園區(qū)年運(yùn)行所需的水量,植物園規(guī)劃單位在建園之初考慮到了這個(gè)問(wèn)題,主要的用水量由基地外的水庫(kù)引水解決。因此,在進(jìn)行基地雨水收集系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),確定設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)是通過(guò)對(duì)復(fù)雜地形地貌上的各類下墊面降水的合理而安全的匯排水組織來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)地在雨季的防止水土流失、避免場(chǎng)地垮塌下陷等安全目標(biāo),第二位的目標(biāo)才是在此過(guò)程中通過(guò)各種適宜的蓄水措施來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)雨水的收集回用。關(guān)于基地調(diào)蓄容積的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算,以85%的年徑流總量控制率測(cè)算得基地內(nèi)的調(diào)蓄容積需要37 344.9m3(表3)。由于植物園明顯不同于城市中心區(qū),其調(diào)蓄地表徑流的能力較強(qiáng),調(diào)蓄空間較多,所以在充分利用低洼地形后,實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)的可調(diào)蓄容積為68 875.3m3,對(duì)應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)降雨量約為43.9mm。另外,基地調(diào)蓄降水的空間絕大部分都是基于現(xiàn)有低洼地建設(shè),在用水量和蒸發(fā)量都很大的情況下,并沒(méi)有像景觀水系那樣定位為長(zhǎng)期保持穩(wěn)定水面的空間,只是做臨時(shí)性的調(diào)蓄空間使用,因此,在植物選擇上,需要具有一定的抗?jié)承曰蛳矟裥浴?/p>
圖7 雨水利用設(shè)施規(guī)劃總體布局(康世磊繪)Fig. 7 Layout of the drainage infrastructure (drawn by Kang Shilei)
圖8 旱溪平面模式(向欣繪)Fig. 8 Plan of the dry creek (drawn by Xiang Xin)
表3 雨水蓄積容量統(tǒng)計(jì)表Table 3 Statistics of rainwater accumulation capacity
本案例的地域性特點(diǎn)使其不同于常規(guī)的海綿城市項(xiàng)目,經(jīng)適宜性評(píng)估后沒(méi)有將“滲”作為場(chǎng)地目標(biāo),為了場(chǎng)地安全和防止水土流失,反而選擇了有組織的“排”作為主要的目標(biāo)之一,即便是為了美觀而采用常規(guī)植草溝,也做了適合土壤特性的改造,由滲透排水改造為微滲排水。總之,地域特征強(qiáng)烈的項(xiàng)目都必須經(jīng)過(guò)適宜性的評(píng)估,以確定適宜的目標(biāo)和措施,然后結(jié)合場(chǎng)地深入設(shè)計(jì)才能做到“因地制宜”,體現(xiàn)地域特色,避免“水土不服”。
在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)及建設(shè)中,存在巨大差異的地域性城市如何在《指南》的框架下建立適合地情的適宜性方法和策略是當(dāng)前的一項(xiàng)急迫任務(wù)。文章基于陜北丘陵溝壑區(qū)的特殊地理及氣候條件,分析了雨洪管控及海綿城市建設(shè)中面臨的特殊問(wèn)題,進(jìn)而提出了海綿城市建設(shè)的多維目標(biāo),強(qiáng)調(diào)了水土保持、場(chǎng)地安全以及生境恢復(fù)等目標(biāo)在當(dāng)?shù)睾>d城市建設(shè)中的重要性,在此基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了目標(biāo)和措施雙重適宜性評(píng)價(jià)的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法和策略,并在實(shí)際工程項(xiàng)目中加以運(yùn)用,為海綿城市的地域化建設(shè)提供了參考和思路。該方法面對(duì)起伏劇烈的丘陵溝壑地貌和濕陷性黃土特征,明確將場(chǎng)地安全和水土保持列為與雨洪控制同等重要的海綿城市建設(shè)目標(biāo),并通過(guò)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)將不利于前2個(gè)目標(biāo)的雨水措施排除,進(jìn)而篩選出適宜的場(chǎng)地建設(shè)模式[2]和措施。文中基于影響因子的適宜性評(píng)價(jià)是一種定性評(píng)價(jià),分值的確定既有規(guī)范的要求,也有專業(yè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表達(dá),雖然對(duì)于規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目而言可以作為充分的指導(dǎo),但作為理論研究其不足之處在于欠缺定量的分析和機(jī)理探究,有大量的工作需要開(kāi)展,另外,限于篇幅和研究深度,文章對(duì)各因子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)和相互影響交代不夠,有待進(jìn)一步的工作。
圖9 旱溪剖面模式(向欣繪)Fig. 9 Section of the dry creek (drawn by Xiang Xin)
圖10 生態(tài)護(hù)坡(向欣繪)Fig. 10 Ecological revetment (drawn by Xiang Xin)
注釋:
① 指住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部2014年發(fā)布的《海綿城市建設(shè)技術(shù)指南》,后文中所用“《指南》”均為其簡(jiǎn)稱。
② 山西省城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院,《晉中市百草坡森林植物園雨水收集系統(tǒng)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目》,2016.07。項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人:史文正,岳邦瑞;技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人:楊建輝;項(xiàng)目組成員:康世磊,孫菲,劉慧敏,錢芝弘,曹藝礫,楊茜,蘭澤青,向欣,趙夢(mèng)鈺,楊雨璇,劉陽(yáng),王菁,郭翔宇。
③ 園區(qū)每年運(yùn)行所需的穩(wěn)定用水量引自北京林業(yè)大學(xué)園林學(xué)院及北京北林地景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)院有限公司編制的《山西省晉中市森林植物園規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方案》;基地年均可回收降水量則以多年平均降雨量(1954—2008年)395.9mm作為依據(jù)測(cè)算,其中降雨量數(shù)據(jù)引自山西省第三地質(zhì)工程勘察院提供的園區(qū)巖土工程地勘報(bào)告(詳勘)。
Yang Jianhui, Yue Bangrui, Shi Wenzheng, Kang Shilei
Despite that the huge geographical diversity China has, target of stormwater management and sponge city construction are basically identical. Approaches are routinized and the regional features are missing. This article selected loess hilly and gully region of north Shaanxi for regional research. Starting from its regional differences, the article discusses stormwater management’s widespread experience and regional strategies based on regional particular situations,which puts forward that this regional sponge city construction must deal with multiple special issues and realize multidimensional goals. Besides, it establishes a framework for the evaluation of the dual suitability of targets and measures, and further discusses the strategies and planning design methods of the stormwater management through the case study of the parkway forest botanical garden project. The significance of the research done in the article is to propose a planning and design strategy based on the suitability assessment of regional factors, which can provide reference for the construction of sponge cities in different parts of China.
Firstly, the article analyzed and compared two most popular stormwater strategies and methods in the research region: one is based on the ideology and methodology of the traditional techniques of soil and water conservation, the other is a "sponge city" planning and design method. The characteristics of the former lie in that its essential means are based on the traditional soil and water conservation measures that consist of a large amount of data, and those data are used as input parameters for constructing a reasonable mathematical model for basic simulation. With many limitations in practical conditions and manipulation difficulties, therefore, it still stays in theoretical research and the pilot demonstration stage. The latter's core measures mainly focus on the six functions of "infiltration, stagnation, storage,purification, use and platoon", however, the lack of evaluation of the site often results in inappropriate technical conditions.On account of the above-mentioned two strategies, the regional suitability strategy and method of stormwater management in the hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi has four steps: 1) suitability evaluation of the site; 2) setting up the target of the rain water; 3) selecting appropriate technical measures and 4) site planning and design. Among the four steps, the site suitability evaluation is the foundation of the entire planning process, it is also the requirement to establish reasonable ground rain target. And the reasonable ground rain targets directly determine the selection of which suitability measures to use and the direction of their combination. That is to say traditional rainwater field measures and LID (low impact development) technology are not universal in the loess hilly and gully region, and must be selected and combined according to different site types and rainfall targets so as to ensure the safety of the site while taking effect. The last phase requires detailed analysis of the possible surface hydrological process after human intervention in order to confirm the spatial morphology of site and to formulate the final design scheme.
The suitability evaluation of the site includes two aspects:the suitability of the rainfall target and the suitability of the site measures. Which is based on the property of the site, the development and construction status and the landform type.And to select the relevant evaluation factors according to the predetermined individual or multiple field targets and the proposed field measures. If the evaluation is eligible, that is to say, the rainwater target of the site and the site measures are feasible, otherwise it is necessary to adjust the rainwater target and the corresponding site rain measures and re-evaluate them until the evaluation is passed. It should be noted that it is necessary to select factors that are closely related to the surface hydrological process and the urban construction of sponge city, which influence a wide range of operational factors, such as the grade of the site, soil characteristics/type, soil erosion, landscape and visual effect. The critical points for the strategy of the suitability evaluation of rainwater targets on the site include: 1) the analysis and evaluation of suitability based on the micro scale; 2) in the evaluation process, similar to the combination of principle methods, it is necessary to exclude the construction targets of the factors affecting the safety of the site, such as the collapsible loess.The remaining targets are sorted according to the sum of the values, and the one with the lower the score is, the higher the appropriateness is, which can be set as the priority goal. Main points for the measure suitability evaluation are the selected specific factors according to certain situations, for example, a project demand for high regional characteristics, then select the "regional" factor in the "high" option to evaluate various measures to determine whether the measures have local or regional innovation, if appropriate, there is appropriate, if not, it is not appropriate. There are four main aspects of evaluation in the study: first, the safety regulations and qualitative judgment;secondly, the location, nature and sensitivity of the site itself to the site security; thirdly, the basic requirements of the site and measures in the relevant norms are fully referenced; finally,each measure has the applicable conditions and premises and its main functional objectives, which must be used as the basis for the determination.
The process of establishing the target of rainwater utilization on the site is the process of evaluating and revising the preset target, which is usually based on the preset multi-dimensional goal according to the characteristics of the project, and then adjust the target after the suitability evaluation. Storm flood damage research area mainly caused by high intensity rainfall that rarely happen. Under the favorable conditions of low development intensity and density in the region, the annual runoff volume control rate target of the actual project should be appropriately raised. In the selection of the site safety targets, the site safety objectives shall be different according to the site type, the targets relating to the safety of the human beings and their property shall be high,and those that are away from the crowd activities or are built temporarily that the construction costs are low and is easy to repair can be low. For habitat sensitive sites such as gully and terrain`s boundary, high site habitat targets should be set.
When choosing appropriate technical measures, two principles should be followed: first, the most appropriate technical measures should be chosen; secondly, it is necessary to carry out the suitability assessment of the preselected technical measures according to the rainwater function undertaken by the specific site in the project, so as to select the most appropriate technical measures. Measures of suitability for the project are in response to a specific field rather than the overall project, it may not be appropriate to transplant one feasible measures from one site to another as those measures are decided by the special geomorphology of the loess plateau and hydrological characteristics.
The research establishes plan design method and strategy of the dual suitability evaluation for both the target and measure which were studied and apply in the actual engineering project in response to the urgent need of the present regionalization of sponge city construction.Nevertheless, in this article, the suitability evaluation of influencing factors is a qualitative evaluation, and the determination of the score is both normative and professional.As a theoretical study, the deficiency lies in the lack of quantitative analysis and mechanism exploration, and there is a great deal of work that need to be carried out in subsequent studies.
(Editor/WANG Yuanyuan)