黃秋平 / [Interviewee]HUANG Qiuping

[時 間]2018年1月18日 / [Date]January 18, 2018

[地 點]上 海 / [Place]Shanghai, China

[采訪人]嚴文欣 吳灈杭 / [Interviewer]Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang

Q1 您是世博軸的總建筑師，請您談談世博會對上海城市發(fā)展的影響。

上海世博會已經(jīng)過去快10年了，如今提起，仿佛昨日。2010上海世博會是深刻影響上海城市未來發(fā)展進程的重大事件，是上海實現(xiàn)國際化發(fā)展目標的動力（圖2）?，F(xiàn)在評價世博會對上海城市發(fā)展的影響，可能時間長度還不夠，因為重大事件的影響是深遠的，但我能看到的影響有以下幾個方面。

顯性的影響首先是城市基礎設施建設的跨越式發(fā)展。2010年世博會開幕前，上海共建成總長422km的11條軌道交通線，中心城區(qū)形成“四縱三橫一環(huán)”軌道交通網(wǎng)，50%的出行通過公共交通實現(xiàn)，其中35%使用軌道交通；上海新建了4條越江隧道，把浦東浦西更緊密地聯(lián)系起來；翻新改造了世博規(guī)劃地區(qū)、相鄰地區(qū)、相關地區(qū)的城市基礎配套設施?？梢哉f，世博會使上?；A設施提前了10年完成。

其次是實踐示范了黃浦江兩岸再開發(fā)進程，推動了上海中心城核心區(qū)域的功能轉型和空間結構重整。2000年，上海就著手規(guī)劃黃浦江兩岸的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型改造，2010世博會則是這個整體規(guī)劃的一次集體行動。到2017年年底，上海終于實現(xiàn)了黃浦江兩岸從楊浦大橋到徐浦大橋45km的岸線全線貫通，原來點狀的、片段式的公共空間、文化設施、商業(yè)開發(fā)沿江串聯(lián)成了系統(tǒng)，基本完成了把浦江兩岸建設成集綜合服務、生態(tài)居住、旅游休閑于一體的規(guī)劃目標，以此示范整個城市的發(fā)展方向。

當然更深遠的是新觀念、新技術、新材料的影響。本屆世博會關于人與自然和諧的觀念，追求城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，其核心是和諧的社會生態(tài)環(huán)境，包括城市自然生態(tài)環(huán)境、社會生態(tài)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟環(huán)境、空間環(huán)境、生活環(huán)境，演變成今天的“綠水青山，金山銀山”，這是深刻的觀念轉變。

圍繞生態(tài)、綠色、節(jié)能，可持續(xù)理念的新技術、新材料展示極其豐富多彩。世博軸的設計集合了陽光谷與張拉膜結構設計制造技術、江水源與地熱源利用技術、雨水收集與地下空間設計手法，展現(xiàn)了新觀念引領下，新技術新材料的力量。本屆世博會是一次低碳實驗和綠色行動的環(huán)境盛會，在世博會后這些理念根植在建筑師群體，成為建筑創(chuàng)作的本源與回歸。

圖1 / Figure 12018年1月18日，黃秋平總建筑師在華東建筑設計研究總院接受采訪Mr. HUANG Qiuping in Interview, January 18, 2018, East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd.,Shanghai, China

本屆世博會還有一個創(chuàng)新點，就是設立最佳城市實踐區(qū)。在最佳實踐區(qū)內(nèi)，保留的工業(yè)建筑占該區(qū)總建筑面積的60%以上，體現(xiàn)了在保護前提下的修復、改造和利用，使其具有新的功能和更高品質(zhì)，并嵌入文化和時尚元素，既保存了歷史記憶，又展現(xiàn)了時代精神，是城市發(fā)展中新理念新創(chuàng)意、新材料新產(chǎn)品、新技術新工藝的集中示范區(qū)，實踐區(qū)有60多個各國案例。最佳城市實踐區(qū)是成功的，留下了如上海當代藝術博物館一類的文化地標建筑。目前這片區(qū)域已規(guī)劃成為上海設計創(chuàng)新中心，正在發(fā)揮它的創(chuàng)新城市引領作用。

Q2 上海是座特色鮮明的城市，您認為上海有哪些充滿活力的公共空間？它們在城市中是如何發(fā)揮作用的？

上海充滿活力的公共空間首選黃浦江濱水岸線。一條黃浦江，濃縮了一個城市的歷史，講述了一個城市的故事，象征了上海海納百川的城市精神，當然它還匯聚了上海最主要的生產(chǎn)和生活活動。

黃浦江濱水岸線從楊浦大橋開始。浦東，串聯(lián)了民生碼頭和上海船廠等近現(xiàn)代工業(yè)文明基地、璀璨奪目的陸家嘴地區(qū)、自然現(xiàn)代的世博后灘地區(qū)、充滿活力的前灘地區(qū)及休閑生活的三林地區(qū)；浦西，由楊浦濱江、北外灘、外灘、南外灘、里灘、徐匯濱江／西岸組成，一直到達徐浦大橋。以前大家熟悉的老外灘“情人墻”僅1.5km長，現(xiàn)在延長到45km，真正釋放了濱水城市公共空間的活力。

濱江岸線東岸以“挖掘和激發(fā)具有上海特色的生活方式”為空間設計的出發(fā)點，交通系統(tǒng)由跑步道、自行車道、慢步道三道貫穿，并通過三類縱向軸線與腹地相連，形成一定縱深的濱水帶，促進城市與自然的聯(lián)系；博物館、美術館、音樂廳等文化設施與工業(yè)文明遺產(chǎn)交相輝映，以滿足全年無休公共活動為目標；有意思的是，沿岸每1km設置一座集服務、觀光商業(yè)功能于一體的燈塔，正好形成跑友的運動公里數(shù)指示牌。岸線目前的缺點是停車場、衛(wèi)生設施、商業(yè)服務配套不夠完善。

濱江岸線正在吸引越來越多的城市居民和游客，共同創(chuàng)造最有活力的公共空間。這條岸線促進了人與人、人與自然、人與歷史的交流，融入了上海人的生活，體現(xiàn)了上海的城市特點和形象，展示了上海向世界一流濱水城市看齊的雄心。

Q3 您認為老街區(qū)對于當代城市發(fā)展有什么作用？

上海中心城區(qū)有12片歷史風貌保護區(qū)，總面積27km2，規(guī)模相當于20世紀30年代老上海市區(qū)的1/3，包括外灘、老城廂、衡山路—復興路、提籃橋地區(qū)；郊區(qū)確定了4座歷史文化名鎮(zhèn)及32片歷史風貌保護區(qū)。

從功能角度看，這些老街區(qū)是有用的。由于生活的便利性，老街區(qū)依然是城市生活的穩(wěn)定場所，以現(xiàn)代居住和公共使用功能運轉著，由于其親切宜人的尺度，生活其中的人們還舍不得離開，通過改造和植入，繼續(xù)發(fā)揮它的功能；從歷史文化角度，老街區(qū)提供了關于一個城市的歷史情感價值。當代城市為人服務的最基本功能沒有變，我們需要這樣的情感價值。

圖2 / Figure 22010年上海世博會場館 / 2010 Shanghai Expo Pavilions

從城市識別性角度看，這些風貌區(qū)更具有上海城市空間特點和上海氣質(zhì)，如濱水空間特色、里弄肌理特色、建筑風貌特色、歷史文化特色。老街區(qū)是上海百年來國際國內(nèi)的城市形象和身份認同，區(qū)別于其他城市的識別性。

上海的窘境是土地資源的日益稀缺，因此“城市更新，存量優(yōu)化”將是上海未來內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展的重要路徑，這是從城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展角度看待老街區(qū)的作用。

2017年，上海市政府把上海50年以上的建筑全部列為保留建筑，我想這更說明了老街區(qū)對當代城市的作用。

Q4 上海有黃浦江和蘇州河等河流，請您談談對濱水空間的看法。

1990年浦東改革開放，黃浦江成為上海的城市空間核心，帶動了浦江兩岸由生產(chǎn)性岸線向公共開放空間的轉型，由此產(chǎn)生浦江濱水空間。2000年，上海完成了黃浦江兩岸總體規(guī)劃構思以及蘇州河濱河景觀規(guī)劃。從目前實施情況看，黃浦江濱水空間率先實施完成，應該是成功的。同黃浦江濱水空間相比，蘇州河濱水空間存在聯(lián)通性、公共性、親水性等問題。實際上，蘇州河與上海人的日常生活更加密切，尺度更加親切。2005年，蘇州河口外白渡橋河底建成了一段活動式千年防汛墻，因而蘇州河完全有條件解決親水性問題，但這需要時間和耐心。

關于濱水空間的看法，我認為，第一，濱水空間應該姓“公”，也應該是一個不限于經(jīng)濟或社會條件，任何人都有權進入的開放空間。公共空間的價值在于促進人的交流與融合，是城市活力的重要來源。公共空間的多少，其開放程度是衡量現(xiàn)代城市文明的重要標志，說得再高一點，公共空間是現(xiàn)代公民個體主體性和獨立性的精神氣質(zhì)。上海在45km岸線貫通后不久，就在2018年1月正式發(fā)布的《上海城市總體規(guī)劃（2017—2035）》中，提出構建公共活動中心體系，濱江兩岸就是重要承載區(qū)，這是非常有遠見的。第二，既然是濱水空間，就應該具有親水性。上海的城市地面標高一般在4～5m，而“千年一遇”防汛墻設防標準是6.9m，這就形成臨江不見江的尷尬，譬如現(xiàn)在的外灘一帶，20世紀90年代改造時按新的設防標準，設計了箱體結構的防汛大堤，箱體內(nèi)還設了不少商業(yè)，使本來向江邊開放的單邊街成了望不到水波船桅的交通干道，完全隔離了人與水的親近關系。這方面解決得最好的案例是徐匯濱江西岸段，通過抬高整個區(qū)段地面道路和防汛墻后移，親水性問題得到了徹底改觀。這反映了設計觀念、設計手法的時代局限性。第三，濱水空間應該回歸自然，還原河流生態(tài)本來面貌，讓水草可以生長，泥土可以呼吸，動物可以安家。這方面做得比較好的案例是浦東后灘濱江區(qū)段，該區(qū)段基本保留了野生蘆葦和水生植物，草坪和泥地自然地伸入水面，呈現(xiàn)出上海灘“灘”的特性，呈現(xiàn)出勃勃的自然生機。第四，濱水空間應能吸引人并留得住人。這就需要配套完善的公共服務設施，如停車場、衛(wèi)生間等，需要設置公共文化設施，讓人有參與感和沉浸感，需要好的設計和高質(zhì)量的完成度。浦江工程由于趕工，某些區(qū)段的設計施工質(zhì)量還不盡如人意。第五，應保持區(qū)域識別性。楊浦濱江段的設計改造就反映了電廠、水廠、船廠上海百年工業(yè)歷史區(qū)域特色。

我還有個愿望，希望有一天黃浦江蘇州河能恢復到可以下河游泳的狀態(tài)，那才是徹底的回歸。河流是自然的饋贈，應該還原自然，還給生活，實現(xiàn)人與自然水乳交融的關系，城市與自然相互依存的關系。

Q5 上海“里弄”特色鮮明，請您談談“里弄”在當代上海城市中扮演的角色。

上海曾經(jīng)有9,000多處石庫門里弄，占上海市區(qū)全部住宅的60%以上。上海的石庫門相當于多層聯(lián)排高密度別墅，和北京的四合院一般只有一層不同，上海里弄石庫門一般是2～3層，南北開門，帶天井，有老虎窗，是東西文化融合的、適應上海自然氣候環(huán)境的、符合當時上海社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的上海特色居住建筑。石庫門建筑通過總弄—支弄魚骨狀的結構構成公共—半私密—私密空間的居住空間序列。由于用地緊張抑或當時的石庫門開發(fā)商追求利潤最大化，里弄公共空間被壓縮到最小，形成了里弄公共空間的張力特色，因而里弄公共空間的秩序感、聯(lián)通性、緊迫感及居住空間的獨立性和局限性，促進了人與人之間的交流，成就了親密感、歸屬感、責任感，成就了弄堂文化，塑造了上海人的性格：守秩、謙和、理性、精致。

中國當代城市發(fā)展的同質(zhì)化現(xiàn)象非常普遍，從城市歷史文化的角度、從城市特色發(fā)展的角度看“里弄”，“里弄”應該是今天仍然活在上海城市中的歷史遺存、城市多元化發(fā)展的資源和有機組成部分。

大家熟悉的“新天地”被視作里弄商業(yè)高檔化的成功案例、里弄石庫門保護的樣板，但實際是開發(fā)而非保護。不管如何，它是里弄改造的一種模式。上海還有田子坊模式、建業(yè)里模式、文保模式，里弄的保護和改造依然值得探索實踐。

Q6 您認為游客與外來人口對上海城市特色塑造有何影響？

上海被稱為“魔都”，它的魅力特色之一就是多樣性，由不同外來人口共同融合而成。解放前以延安路(福煦路)為界，以南是老城廂，是中國人聚居區(qū)，以豫園、城隍廟、各類會館混合市井生活民俗場景為特點；以北是英租界，是高樓洋行、十里洋場；淮海路—復興路—衡山路一帶是法租界，適宜的馬路尺度和精致的別墅公寓形成了上海人所謂的“小資情調(diào)”；二戰(zhàn)時期大批猶太人避難上海，形成了以摩西會堂為中心的猶太社區(qū)；寄居在法租界的小股白俄也留下了漂亮的圣母大堂和圣尼古拉斯堂，他們中有不少音樂家、舞蹈家和畫家，在他們的帶動下，歌劇和芭蕾舞在上海盛極一時。20世紀30年代到上海造訪的外國人有愛因斯坦、泰戈爾、羅素、卓別林、蕭伯納；魯迅、茅盾、巴金、丁玲、郁達夫、林語堂等一批外地人也齊集上海，當年的上海在電影、戲劇、文學、出版等行業(yè)空前繁榮。1921年，12個全國各地青年在上海法租界一棟小樓里開會交流成立了中國共產(chǎn)黨，因而它的創(chuàng)新性，也是外來不同人思想碰撞交流的產(chǎn)物。“魔都”的第3個城市特色是公平性。來自世界各地的人，只要有能力便有機會在上海很好地生存發(fā)展下去，來自各方的生活方式、文化，也能夠在上海得以展現(xiàn)和融合，只要這種生活方式和文化能夠為城市生活帶來新意。

這些特色百年來得到了很好地延續(xù)，依然是上海的鮮明特點，有助于吸引各地精英到上海發(fā)展創(chuàng)業(yè)，也能夠促進城市文化的發(fā)展和豐富，因而，游客和外來人口對城市特色塑造是良性的互動作用。

Q7 請您列舉一例上海最具特色的場所，并說明理由。

上海具有特色的場所很多，除了氣象萬千的浦江兩岸，這次我想推薦一個小小的、幾乎不為人知的福州路17—19號：旗昌洋行。

旗昌洋行是19世紀遠東最著名的美資公司，1818年由美國商人Samul Russell創(chuàng)辦于廣州，1846年遷入上海。建筑建造于19世紀50年代，確切時間不詳，是“上海早期外廊式建筑，立面呈石砌連續(xù)半圓券及尖券特征”。

推薦理由有三：

第一，這是我一位尊敬的長者、莫逆之交在閑談中告訴我的。他當時在黃浦區(qū)房管所專門負責房屋修繕工作，中學畢業(yè)從學徒開始，摸爬滾打，到最近他負責上海外灘源的全部修繕復原工作，獲得很大成功。他對外灘每棟建筑如數(shù)家珍，令我感動。

第二，這是外灘一帶現(xiàn)存最早的建筑，按陳曦博士的說法：它見證了外灘的歷史變遷；作為旗昌洋行辦公樓，它經(jīng)歷了早期冒險家發(fā)家、鼎盛、衰敗的歷史進程；作為輪船招商局的產(chǎn)業(yè)，它銘記了民族資本如何在風云詭譎的商戰(zhàn)中取得成功，又如何在官商相互利用、相互牽制的復雜機制中艱難前行；作為居民的住宅樓，它接受了從新中國成立初期的軍營到單位公房的變化，又目睹了新歷史條件下居民生存環(huán)境的惡化以及他們面對不可抗拒的國家政策、捉摸不定的房地產(chǎn)市場時的矛盾與無奈。

第三，我覺得待它有所不公。由于它沒有站在外灘一線位置，與比鄰的外灘9號僅一墻之隔，它幾乎被嘈雜的現(xiàn)實淹沒。以它的歷史價值或建筑藝術價值，它應得到有效的保護和合理的使用。

[U-TALK]HUANG Qiuping·TALK about Shanghai City

[Interviewee]HUANG Qiuping[Date]January 18, 2018[Place] Shanghai, China[Interviewer] Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang[Translator]Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang (from Chinese to English)

HUANG Qiuping, Chief Architect of East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Professor-level senior architect, National First-Class Certified Architect, Senior Member of Architectural Society of China, Member of National Board of Architectural Accreditation of China, Deputy Secretary-general of Architectural Design Standardization Committee, Executive Director of Academic Committee of Underground Space–ASC, the Chief Architect of the Expo Axis and the Celebration Square, Shanghai World Expo 2010.

He focuses on research and practice of green architecture and large public building. He led and completed many projects such as the Expo Axis and the Celebration Square of Shanghai World Expo 2010, Yixing Cultural Center,New Headquarter of Development Bank etc (Figure 1).

Source: Provided by Mr. HUANG Qiuping.

Q1 You are the chief architect of the Expo Axis, would you please share some views about the impact of the World Expo on Shanghai’s urban development.

The Shanghai World Expo was held 10 years ago,but its influence remains until today. The 2010 Shanghai World Expo was a major event that profoundly affected the future development of Shanghai, as well as a driving force for Shanghai to achieve its internationalization goals (Figure 2).To fully assess the impact of the World Expo on Shanghai’s urban development, however, we may still need more time, because the impact of major events is far-reaching. The following impacts are what I can see for now.

The dominant in fl uence above all, was the leap-forward development of urban infrastructure. Before

the opening of the 2010 World Expo, a total of 11 metro lines with a total length of 422 kilometers were established in Shanghai, forming a “four vertical, three horizontal and one ring” transit network; 50% of the transportation was achieved through public transport, of which 35% used metro transit. Four new river tunnels were built to better connect Puxi and Pudong. Refurbishment and reconstruction of urban infrastructure facilities in the planned areas, adjacent areas, and related areas of the Expo zone were completed. It can be said that the Expo pushed Shanghai’s infrastructure construction 10 years forward.

The second in fl uence was the redevelopment practice on both sides of the Huangpu River, which also promoted the functional transformation and spatial restructuring of the urban core area of Shanghai. Since the year of 2000, Shanghai has been planning on the industry transformation along the Huangpu River. The 2010 World Expo was a collective action of this overall plan. By the end of 2017, Shanghai finally achieved a complete 45-kilometer coastline from the Yangpu Bridge to the Xupu Bridge on both banks of the Huangpu River, connecting the point-like, fragmented public space, cultural and commercial facilities along the river to form a system. This basically achieved the planning objectives of the integration of functions—service, ecology, residence, tourism and leisure—along the Huangpu River banks, which also served as an example guiding the development direction of the entire city.

Also profound was the impact of new ideas, new technologies, and new materials. The 2010 World Expo emphasized the concept of harmony between man and nature, and the pursuit of sustainable development of the city. Its core value was a harmonious social and ecological environment,including urban natural ecological environment,social ecological environment, economic environment, spatial environment, and living environment,which evolved into today’s “ Beautiful scenery is the gold and silver mines” development goal—a profound change of concept.

The demonstration of new technologies and new materials with ecological, green, energy saving and sustainable concepts were extremely diversified.The design of the Expo Axis, which integrated

the design and manufacturing technologies of the Sunshine Valley and tensile membrane structures,the use of water sources and ground heat, rainwater harvesting and underground space design techniques, was a demonstration of the capability of new technologies and materials under the guidance of new concepts. The 2010 World Expo was an environmental fest of low-carbon experiments and green actions. After the World Expo, these concepts have been rooted inside the architect community and have once again become an origin of architectural creation.

Another innovation in this Expo was the urban best practice area. In the best practice area, retained industrial buildings accounted for more than 60%of the total area, which reflected the concept of restoration, transformation and utilization under the premise of protection, enabled the insertion of new functions as well as the enhancement in urban quality, and also embedded culture and fashion elements. Historical memories were preserved and the Zeitgeist was demonstrated through this practice. The practice area was an integrated exemplary zone of new concept, new ideas, new materials,new products, and new technologies, consisting of more than 60 countries’ best urban practices. It was successful and left behind a number of cultural landmarks such as the Shanghai Museum of Contemporary Art. This area has now been planned to become the center of design and innovation in Shanghai and is playing its leading role for innovative cities.

Q2 Shanghai is a distinctive city. What are your opinions of Shanghai’s vibrant public space? How do they work in the city?

The most distinctive one of Shanghai’s vibrant public spaces is no doubt the Huangpu River waterfront. The River condenses the history of the city, tells the story of the city, and symbolizes the inclusive urban spirit of the city. The river also gathers Shanghai’s major production and living activities.

Huangpu River waterfront starts from the Yangpu Bridge. In Pudong’ it tandemly connects modern industrial civilization bases such as Minsheng Wharf and Shanghai Shipyard, glamorous Lujiazui CBD area, natural expo back beach area, vibrant

front beach area, and leisure Sanlin area; In Puxi’it is composed of the Yangpu Riverside, the North Bund, the Bund, the South Bund, Li tan Bund, and the Xuhui Riverside/West Bank, all the way to Xupu bridge. The old Bund—the Lover’s wall that everyone is familiar with—is only 1.5 kilometers in length, but the new Bund waterfront is now extended to 45 kilometers, which truly released the vitality of the waterfront urban public space.

The east bank of the waterfront coastline uses the concept of “excavating and stimulating the lifestyle with Shanghai characteristics” as its starting point.The trac system runs through three lanes of jogging, bicycle and slow trail, and is connected to the hinterland through three types of longitudinal axes. The waterfront belt promotes the connection between the city and nature. Museums, art galleries, concert halls and other cultural facilities complement the industrial heritages to fulfill the goal of all yearround public events. It is also interesting to note that every 1 km along the coastline there is a lighthouse that combines service and sightseeing business functions, and also serves as the sign of runner’s kilometer number. The current shortcoming of the coastline is the lack of parking lot, health facilities, and commercial service facilities alongside.

現(xiàn)以筆者的視聽說教學為例，對教學資源的選擇進行闡釋：課程選用外語教學與研究出版社的《新視野大學英語視聽說》（第3冊），該教材的資源在主題及實用性等方面都適合獨立院校英語專業(yè)的學生。教學資源包括純聽力資源、視聽資源及口頭輸出資源等。此外，針對每單元的主題，增加英語新聞、歌曲、電影和電視劇、電視訪談節(jié)目、紀錄片的片段等實景教學資源輔助教學。“真實的教學材料語言規(guī)范，可以為學生提供語言范例，使他們能夠學習地道的語言表達方式”。[3]

The waterfront coastline is attracting more and more urban residents and tourists to jointly create the most dynamic public space, promoting exchange between people, people and nature, as well as people and history. The coastline is integrated into the life of the people of Shanghai;re fl ects the characteristics and image of Shanghai;and showcases Shanghai’s ambition to become a world-class waterfront city.

Q3 What do you think of the role of the historical architecture blocks in the contemporary development of the cities?

Shanghai’s downtown area has 12 historical protected areas with a total area of 27 square kilometers—equivalent to 1/3 of the old Shanghai city in the 1930s, including the Bund, Laochengxiang,Hengshan Road-Fuxing Road area, and Tilanqiao area. 4 historical and cultural towns and 32 historic preservation areas are identified in the suburban districts.

From a functional perspective, these old neighborhoods are useful. Taking advantage of the convenience of life due to its location, it is still a preferable place for city life and operates now under modern living and public use functions. Because of its pleasant scale, people living in it are reluctant to leave and continue to use its functions through transformation and implantation. From a historical and cultural point of view, the historical blocks are of emotional values to a city. The basic functions of contemporary cities to serve the people have not changed, and we need such emotional values.

From the perspective of urban recognizability,these historical areas are characteristic of Shanghai’s typical urban space and temperament, such as waterfront space, historical lanes, architectural style, and cultural characteristics. The historical blocks are Shanghai’s international and domestic city image and identity developed during the past 100 years, and distinguish the city from other cities.

Shanghai is facing increasing scarcity of land resources. Therefore, “renewal & optimization”will be an important path for the connotative development of Shanghai in the future. This is a function of the historical blocks from a sustainable urban development perspective.

In 2017, the Shanghai municipal government listed all buildings with a history of more than 50 years as preserved buildings. I think it further explains the role of the historical blocks in contemporary cities.

Q4 Shanghai has an abundance of water resources including rivers such as the Huangpu River and the Suzhou Creek.Can you share some views on the waterfront space?

Since the reform and opening up in Pudong in 1990, the Huangpu River has became the core of Shanghai’s urban space, driving the functional transition of the coastline from productive uses to the public open spaces, which resulted in the idea of the Huangpu river waterfront space. In 2000,Shanghai completed the master plan for both sides of the Huangpu River and the landscape plan for the Suzhou Creek waterfront. Judging from its current implementation situation, the implementation of the waterfront space in the Huangpu River is completed fi rst and can be considered successful.In comparison with the Huangpu River waterfront space, the Suzhou Creek waterfront has more problems in terms of connectivity, publicity, and hydrophilicity. In fact, however, Suzhou Creek has more connections with the daily life of Shanghai people and its scale is more people-friendly. In 2005, at the foot of the Waibaidu Bridge at the estuary of the Suzhou Creek, a movable millennium flood prevention wall was built. Therefore, we believe the Suzhou Creek is fully capable of solving the problem of hydrophilicity, but it will take time and patience.

Regarding the views of the waterfront space, I personally think that: First, the waterfront space should be named “public”. It should be an open public space to all, regardless of their economic or social conditions: everyone has the right to enter.Public spaces are important sources of urban vitality, and the value of public spaces lies in promoting communication and integration among people.I believe that the quantity and quality of public spaces, and the degree of openness are important indicators to evaluate modern urban civilization.It can even be said that public space is the temperament of modern citizens’ individual subjectivity and independence. After Shanghai’s 45-kilometer coastline was completed, in January this year, a public activity system is proposed in the official“Shanghai Urban Master Plan (2017-2035)”. Both sides of the riverside are important bearing areas of this proposal, which is very far-sighted. Secondly,since it is a waterfront space, it should be hydrophilic. The urban elevation of Shanghai is generally between 4-5 meters, and the “thousand-yearold” fl ood prevention wall protection standard is 6.9 meters, which results in the situation of “by the riverside without seeing the riverside”. For example,during the renovation of the Bund in the 1990s, a fl ood-proof embankment with a box structure was designed according to the new security standards.Some business functions are enclosed in the body,the result of which is, however, that the unilateral street that was originally open to the river becomes a main traffic route with no views of the river,completely isolating the close relationship between people and water. The best solution to this problem is to learn from the Xuhui Riverside/West Bank.

The hydrophilicity problem is solved by raising the entire section of the ground road and the fl ood prevention wall. This reflects an improvement in design concepts and design methods through time.Thirdly, I believe the waterfront space should be returned to nature to restore the river ecology,and to allow the aquatic plants to grow, the soil to breathe, and the animals to settle. The better case in this regard is the Houtan Riverside section of Pudong. The section retains most wild reeds and aquatic plants. Lawn and muddy lands reaches into the water surface naturally, displaying the characteristics of the “beach” on the beach, and preserving its vitality. Fourthly, the waterfront space should be able to attract and retain people. This requires a complete set of public service facilities,such as parking lots, toilets, and soon. To involve and to immerse people, you need to have public cultural facilities, with good design and high quality of construction. Due to its short construction time period, the Huangpu riverside project is still not satisfactory in terms of design and construction quality in some sections. Last but not least, the distinctiveness of the region designed should be retained. The design of the Yangpu Riverside section is a good example in that it re fl ects the characteristics of the power plants, water plants, and shipyards that is representative of Shanghai’s 100-year industrial history.

Q5 The Lilong (historical lane) of Shanghai has distinctive features. Could you please talk about the role of historical lanes in contemporary Shanghai cities?

Shanghai used to have more than 9,000 Shikumen Lanes, accounting for more than 60% of all residential buildings in Shanghai. Shanghai’s Shikumen is equivalent to a multi-storey, high-density villa.Unlike Beijing’s siheyuan, which is generally only one storey high, Shanghai’s Shikumen is generally 2～3 stories high. It opens on the north and south

side, has a patio, and a dormer window. It integrates eastern and western culture, adapts to Shanghai’s climatic environment, and is in line with Shanghai’s socio-economic development at that time. Shikumen building formed a public-semi-private-private space residential spatial sequence through a leaf-like structure, with a main lane and several branch lanes. Due to reasons such as scarcity of land, as well as developers’ need to maximize pro fi t, public space in the lanes is often minimized, which resulted in the characteristic tension of public space in the lanes. Thus the hierarchy, connectivity, and tension within the public space, and the individuality and limitation of private living space in the historical lanes promote communication between people, and achieved a sense of intimacy, a sense of belonging, and a sense of responsibility among the residents. The historical lanes also shape the character of the Shanghai people: orderly, modest, rational, and exquisite.

The homogenization of contemporary urban development in China is very common. If we view the historical lanes from the perspective of urban history and culture, and from the perspective of the development of urban characteristics, the historical lanes should be the heritages that still live in Shanghai today, and are precious resources and organic components of a city’s diversi fi ed development.

Xintiandi mode, which a lot of people is familiar with, is seen as a successful case of commercial gentri fi cation, and the model for protection of Shikumen. But it was actually more of a development path rather than protection path. Either way, it was still one method for the transformation of historical lanes. Other different development paths such as Tianzifang mode, Jianyeli mode, cultural heritage mode, and protection and transformation mode of historical lanes are still worth exploring and practicing.

Q6 What impact do you think tourists and migrants have on the shaping of Shanghai’s urban characteristics?

Shanghai is known as “Magic City”. One of her charisma lies in her diversity. It is formed by the integration of different migrant population. Before the founding of new China, the south side of Yan’an Road (Fukeng Road) is the old city area, and is inhabited mostly by Chinese. This side featured

Yuyuan Garden, Chenghuang Temple, and various guildhalls and led a folk life. The north side was formerly the British Concession, featuring high-rise buildings, Shiliyangchang, and Huaihai Road-Fuxing Road-Hengshan Road area. The French Concession is characteristic of its pedestrian-friendly road scales and exquisite villas, shaping the so-called“Petty Bourgeoisie” character of Shanghainese. A number of Jews who took refuge in Shanghai during the World War II formed a Jewish community centering the Moses Hall. Some Russians who lived in the French Concession also left their beautiful halls and churches. Many of them are musicians, dancers and painters, which also led to the popularity of operas and ballets in Shanghai at that time. In the 1930s Shanghai was visited by a bunch of famous people such as Einstein, Tagore, Russell, Chaplin,Shaw Bernard, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Ding Ling, Yu Dafu, Lin Yutang. Shanghai at that time was unprecedentedly prosperous in cinema, theater,and literature and publishing. In 1921, 12 young people across the country met in a small building in the French Concession in Shanghai to establish the Chinese Communist Party. Therefore, we can conclude that Shanghai’s innovativeness is also a result of the exchange of thoughts and collisions among different people from all over the world. Another character of the “Magic City” is its fairness. No matter where one comes from, he or she will have good opportunities to survive and develop in Shanghai as long as one has the ability. The dierent ways of life and culture can be integrated in Shanghai as long as this lifestyle and culture can bring new ideas into city life.

These characteristics have been well continued in the past 100 years and are still distinctive features of Shanghai. They are conducive to attracting elites from all over the country to do their business in Shanghai and also promote the development and enrichment of urban culture. As a result, tourists and foreign residents are positive shapers of city features.

Q7 Please list one typical venue in Shanghai and explain why.

There are many places with distinctive features in Shanghai. Apart from the Huangpu River waterfronts, I would like to recommend one less popular spot located in No.17-19 Fuzhou Road: Qichang Foreign Bank.

Qichang Yangxing is the most famous US-funded company in the Far East in the 19th century.Founded by American businessman Samul Russell in Guangzhou in 1818, it was moved to Shanghai in 1846. The architecture was built in the 1850s, the exact time being unknown. It bears the features of“Shanghai’s early corridor-style building.” Its facade is a continuous semicircular stone arch with sharp features.

Recommendation reasons are as follows:

First, a respected elder friend of mine told me about this building during a chat. At the time, he was responsible for house refurbishments in the Huangpu District Housing Management Oce. He had started his apprenticeship after graduating from secondary school. In the past few years, he has been responsible for the refurbishment and recovery work of the Bund and has achieved great success. I am touched by the fact that he literally knows every building on the Bund.

Secondly, this is one of the oldest existing buildings in the Bund area. According to Dr. Chen Xi’s statement, it witnessed the historical changes of the Bund; as the office building of Qichang Foreign Bank, it experienced the historical process of the early adventurers making their fortune, prospered,and declined; as an industry of the China Shipping Merchants Holdings, it bore in mind how national capital succeeded in the ups and downs of business wars, and how it progressed with difficulty in the complex mechanisms of mutual use and mutual control of government ocials and merchants; as a residential building, it accepted the change from barracks to unit public housing from the early days of the founding of the new China, and also witnessed the deterioration of the living conditions of the residents under the new historical conditions and their conflicts and helplessness while facing irresistible national policies and an uncertain real estate market.Third, I think it is unfairly treated. Since it did not stand on the Bund line, it was separated from the nearby Bund No. 9 by a wall and was almost overwhelmed by the noisy reality. With its historical value and architectural value, it should be more eectively protected and reasonably used.