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        基于16S rDNA高通量測序技術(shù)研究轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

        2018-04-13 00:46:04梁晉剛劉鵬程張秀杰
        江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2018年6期
        關(guān)鍵詞:影響研究

        梁晉剛, 劉鵬程, 張秀杰

        (農(nóng)業(yè)部科技發(fā)展中心,北京 100176)

        幾十年來,轉(zhuǎn)基因作物釋放對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響一直是社會公眾關(guān)注的一個重要問題,包括對土壤生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響[1-4]。土壤細菌是土壤中數(shù)量最豐富、分布最廣泛的微生物類群,廣泛參與有機物質(zhì)分解、養(yǎng)分釋放和能量轉(zhuǎn)移等過程,其多樣性和活性是保持土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)之一。根際細菌對外界干擾比較敏感,不僅受到植物基因型影響,也受土壤類型、農(nóng)業(yè)耕作管理、季節(jié)變化等影響[5-9]。準(zhǔn)確檢測轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對根際細菌群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,是評估轉(zhuǎn)基因作物釋放后土壤生態(tài)風(fēng)險的重要基礎(chǔ)[10-11]。

        近年來,分子生物學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展為根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的研究提供了新思路,其中,以編碼rRNA的rDNA基因為基礎(chǔ)的高通量測序技術(shù)尤受青睞,該技術(shù)準(zhǔn)確、靈敏,具有較高的通量,已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于土壤微生物遺傳多樣性的研究領(lǐng)域中[12-15]。目前,市面上常用的用于研究環(huán)境微生物的高通量測序平臺有Illumina MiSeq、Roche 454。針對細菌的16S rDNA基因序列分析,MiSeq憑借其測序讀段長、測序周期短、通量大等特點,成為使用最為普遍的測序平臺[16]。

        16S核糖體RNA(16S ribosomal RNA,簡稱16S rRNA)是原核生物的核糖體中30S亞基的組成部分。由于不同種的真細菌與古細菌之間的16S rRNA編碼基因16S rDNA是高度保守的,且16S rDNA序列長度適中(1 540 bp),包括9個高可變區(qū)(hypervariable region)和8個保守區(qū)(constant region),因此,常被用于對各種生物進行系統(tǒng)發(fā)生學(xué)方面的研究[17]。利用16S rDNA的通用引物進行PCR擴增,獲得絕大部分微生物16S rDNA高可變區(qū)的擴增產(chǎn)物,構(gòu)建擴增產(chǎn)物的文庫,運用Illumina MiSeq平臺或Roche 454平臺進行高通量測序,然后比較分析測序數(shù)據(jù),對土壤微生物群落的多樣性進行研究[18-20]。

        目前,已有研究者利用16S rDNA測序技術(shù)來研究各種環(huán)境樣品中微生物的多樣性[21-30]。迄今為止,大部分的研究結(jié)果均表明,轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的釋放對土壤微生物沒有影響或有很小的影響,且影響是短暫的[31-42]。

        1 轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

        Liang等通過收集高產(chǎn)高蛋氨酸轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆ZD91和其對應(yīng)的非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆ZD在鼓粒期時的根際土壤樣品,采用Roche 454焦磷酸測序技術(shù)對大豆根際土壤細菌16S rDNA V4區(qū)序列擴增子進行高通量測序及分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在這種轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆和其親本的根際土壤中,均存在酸桿菌門(Acidobacteria)、變形菌門(Proteobacteria)、擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)、放線菌門(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌門(Firmicutes)等細菌類群,但兩者的細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性差異[43]。Lu等采用Illumina MiSeq平臺對16S rDNA V4區(qū)序列擴增子進行高通量測序,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗草甘膦除草劑轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆ZUTS31在鼓粒期對根際細菌群落的α、β多樣性無顯著性影響[44]。Lu等利用同樣的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗除草劑轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆NZL06-698對土壤微生物群落,特別是對固氮菌群產(chǎn)生的影響,表現(xiàn)為微生物物種豐度和多樣性降低,固氮菌群豐度降低[45]。

        2 轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

        Barriuso等連續(xù)4年收集根際土壤樣品,并采用Roche 454焦磷酸測序技術(shù)對根際土壤細菌16S rDNA V6區(qū)序列擴增子進行高通量測序及分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗蟲玉米MON810與對照玉米品種相比,抗蟲玉米MON810對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性影響[46]。Barriuso等采用相同的方法,連續(xù)3年監(jiān)測噴施草甘膦對耐除草劑玉米NK603根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。結(jié)果表明,草甘膦對玉米NK603根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性影響[47]。Dohrmann等利用Roche 454焦磷酸測序技術(shù)測定了細菌16S rDNA V7+V8區(qū)序列,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗蟲玉米MON 89034×MON 88017對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性影響[48]。

        3 其他轉(zhuǎn)基因植物對根際細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響

        Sohn等應(yīng)用454平臺測序測定16S rRNA基因V3-V4變異區(qū)序列,發(fā)現(xiàn)白藜蘆醇強化轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻RS526對根際土壤細菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性影響[49]。Zhu等利用Illumina MiSeq平臺測定16S rRNA基因V4區(qū)序列,分析了種植8年轉(zhuǎn)基因白楊樹D520、D521后的根際土壤細菌結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因白楊樹對細菌多樣性和群落結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性影響[50]。Debruyn等利用Illumina MiSeq平臺測定16S rRNA基因V4區(qū),發(fā)現(xiàn)木質(zhì)素含量降低的轉(zhuǎn)基因柳枝稷對根際細菌多樣性、豐富度和群落組成均無顯著性影響[51]。

        4 總結(jié)與展望

        16S rDNA相對分子量大小適中,突變率小,基于16S rDNA的高通量測序技術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于微生物系統(tǒng)進化、分類及多樣性分析研究中。在16S rDNA高可變區(qū)的選擇方面還存在一定爭議,由于目前二代高通量測序的讀長限制,僅能針對16S rDNA的某一段可變區(qū)進行測序,有的選擇測單可變區(qū)(V3、V4、V5、V6、V7),有的選擇對連續(xù)可變區(qū)(V1-V2、V1-V3、V3-V4、V3-V5、V4-V5、V4-V6、V5-V6、V6-V7、V5-V8、V6-V8、V7-V8、V1-V8、V5-V9、V6-V9、nearly full-length)進行16S rDNA測序[52-65]。Sun等研究比較了16S不同區(qū)域的測序結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)V4-V5區(qū)(515F/907R 或515F/926R)是最佳的測序區(qū)域,造成的基因組內(nèi)異質(zhì)性最小,該區(qū)域是Roche 454測序時代最常用的區(qū)域[66]。在Illumina時代,由于平臺測序長度的限制,V4單區(qū)測序(515F/806R)被更為廣泛地使用,同時這對引物也是地球微生物組計劃(Earth Microbiome Project,簡稱EMP)中推薦使用的引物序列,它們將是16S測序的主力[67]。

        16S rDNA高通量測序技術(shù)對土壤微生物物種多樣性、結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性、功能多樣性和遺傳多樣性研究的迅猛發(fā)展起到了重要作用[68]。然而,這種方法對于轉(zhuǎn)基因的研究來說,存在著不能檢測受體、轉(zhuǎn)化體、噴灑除草劑轉(zhuǎn)化體對各類土壤微生物功能(包括氮循環(huán)、磷循環(huán)、碳循環(huán)等)的各類基因豐度等影響的缺點[16]。同樣地,16S rDNA擴增子高通量測序本身也常受到一些條件的影響,如PCR擴增體系對高通量測序的影響,PCR擴增偏好性對測序的影響,PCR擴增循環(huán)數(shù)對原始物種相對豐度的影響等[69]。在未來的研究中,16S rDNA高通量測序技術(shù)在轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對土壤細菌影響的研究中的運用會越來越普及,隨著測序成本明顯下降,土壤宏基因組測序為研究微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)與功能等提供了一種新的選擇,相比16S rDNA高通量測序,該測序方法能夠更全面地分析微生物的物種及基因等方面的多樣性。由于土壤微生物群落組成復(fù)雜,在實際應(yīng)用中,應(yīng)該綜合考慮各研究方法的優(yōu)缺點,取長補短,以便在土壤微生物多樣性研究中獲得更為全面且準(zhǔn)確的信息,盡快建立對土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)安全的評價技術(shù)體系,并對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的環(huán)境安全性作出全面、科學(xué)、客觀的評價[70-72]。

        致謝:感謝南京大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院陸桂華副研究員、南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護學(xué)院顧沁博士在論文寫作過程中給予的指導(dǎo)和幫助。

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