曾瑾
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熟悉各種體裁的不同范式和根據設空位置確定解題策略,學會融會貫通,遇到不同語篇便迎刃而解了。
一、熟悉各種體裁文章的結構圖
高考中主要的文章體裁:說明文、議論文和包括夾敘夾議的記敘文的結構圖。
以2018年全國I卷七選五為例。
首先,瀏覽全文可以看出這是一篇說明文。首句是全文主題句,引領全文,主要介紹了在房間裝飾設計中顏色的重要性。
接著快速略讀每段第一句,中間幾段詳細說明了小、中、大三種規(guī)格的裝飾顏色的不同作用。
第一段Color is fundamental in home design—something youll always have in every room ...
第二段But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones ...
第三段 38 . Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms ...
第三段Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves ...
第四段The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors.
大腦里畫出結構圖:
根據結構圖,答案一目了然。所以38題選D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with。
二、根據設空位置確定解題策略
高考設空位置以段中句為主,段首和段尾一般各一句。首句常是段落的主題句;尾句通常是總結句;而段中是起承上啟下的過渡句。根據試題所在的位置采取不同的解題策略。
1. 設空在段首
通常是段落主題句。認真閱讀后文內容,根據上文提到的體裁結構圖法或段落一致性原則,查找同義詞或其他相關的詞,推斷出主題句。如:
(2018年全國?芋卷) 38 “I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges. “Theyre learning to traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. 39 ”
A. So why do we dance?
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
第38空在段首,應為主旨句?!耙粚δ贻p的夫妻的故事。他們來學習跳舞之初,情緒低落,但是在他們離開的時候卻面帶微笑?!边@說明跳舞可以調節(jié)人的情緒,這正是其魅力所在。故選A項。
第39題在段尾,應是結論句。根據該段內容,應選F項。
2. 設空在段尾
通常是結論或概括性語句。注意在選項中查找表示結果、結論或總結等的信號詞,如so, therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等,選項中也可發(fā)現前文的同義詞。如:
(2018年全國I卷)The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .
E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time
這里是考查全文最后一段的最后一句,顯然這是總結句,so是一個明顯的信號詞。所以選F項。
3. 設空在段中
段中句要求考生找出與前后句銜接的選項。解題時,將選項代入原文,如果前后內容連貫,符合邏輯,就能得出正確答案。主要解題技巧有邏輯銜接和詞匯銜接。
(1)邏輯銜接。指前后的邏輯關系,如因果關系、轉折或對比關系等。如:
(2018年全國I卷)Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex.
A. While all of them are useful
C. If youre experimenting with a color
空格前后是轉折關系,“雖然它們(這些技巧)都有用處,但是它們有點復雜。”其中they指代前句的different techniques。故選A項。
(2)詞匯銜接。
①詞匯復現。這是保證語篇前后銜接的一種寫作手段,即在上下文不同位置對同一個概念進行重復描述。復現關系主要指原詞復現、同義詞、近義詞復現、反義詞復現和派生詞復現等。如:
(2018年全國II卷)...Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.
Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day...
Your metabolism gets a head start.
39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.
B. Your quality of sleep improves.
C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.
根據體裁結構圖法,這是總—分—總的說明文,各分段都以“your”開頭,按原詞復現法便知選B項。
②代詞的指代。為避免重復,用代詞替代前文已出現的事物??吹娇崭袂昂蠛瓦x項中有代詞應當重視,看看是指上文的哪個詞或什么內容。分析上下句,理清指代關系,并且要注意代詞的數、格與前面的指代事物相呼應。如:
(2018年全國I卷) 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.
E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces.
G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways.
根據后文中的代詞they,前文出現的事物應選復數,下一句提到“中等物品顏色的選擇和小物品作比較的兩個方面:一是花費,二是對空間感覺的影響”。they與選項G中的two major ways相呼應。所以選G項。
平時閱讀過程中,考生要培養(yǎng)良好的體裁語篇意識,采用體裁結構分析模式進行閱讀,能敏捷地識別語篇的篇章結構,從而提高閱讀水平和閱讀能力。這種能力還能運用到閱讀理解、完形填空、語法填空、短文改錯和寫作等各題型中。掌握以上方法技巧,考生需要進行強化訓練才能熟能生巧,在高考中做到有的放矢。
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