AStudyontheModernizationandHistoricalExperienceofRuralCultureduringthe70YearsaftertheFoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina

HUANGYonglin,LUOXin

During the 70 years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, through exploring the path of development for the modernization of rural culture, China has made great achievements in the construction of rural culture in accordance with the inherent laws of changes in politics, economy, society and cultural development in various historical periods, and has gradually gained vast experience in rural culture construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The experience is mainly manifested in the following five aspects: upholding the Communist Party’s leading position in rural culture; upholding the purpose of serving the people in cultural construction; upholding the cultural development principle with rural people as the main body; upholding the concept of cultural construction with urban and rural areas developing in a comprehensively coordinated way, and following the rules of cultural development that combine inheritance and innovation.

Keywords: 70 years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China; rural culture; modernization; historical experience

DiscoveringtheSubjectivityofthePeopleandthePeople-OrientedFolkLiterature

GAOBingzhong

“Folk Literature” is not only a modern discipline, but also the object of this discipline, the two of which constitute a national undertaking together. In the past 70 years, Folk Literature as a national undertaking grew from the modern discovery of the value of folk literature by the intellectuals of the New Culture Movement. By winding exploring, they discovered the subjectivity of the people and the folk-through-folk literature, and then integrating folk literature into the nation’s cultural project of civic education and community identity, which makes ordinary people empirically confirm the individual basis of people and makes folk literature works become the nation’s public culture by the naming of intangible cultural heritage, which makes the people and the folk literature both become positive concepts and many contradictions in the construction of modern country have been put in order.

Keywords: Folk Literature; subjectivity; people-orientation

TheApproachtoandMethodofFolkArtInvestigationintheProcessofUrbanization

PANLusheng

Taking the objective social and historical process of urbanization in China as an observational perspective, “Research on the Current Status and Development of Traditional Ethnic Crafts and Arts in the Process of Urbanization” discusses the intrinsic relationship between folk art and its social environment as well as the living conditions of the artists. Through the images of folk art, the cultural ecology and social development can be understood. Starting from real social life, it would be helpful for the study of the basic elements and rules of the development of folk art, and the analysis of the main problems and development strategies faced by our country’s folk art.

Keywords: urbanization; villages; folk art; investigation

TheTextSystemandWealthConceptoftheFiveGodsofWealth’Baojuan

SHENMeili,HUANGJingchun

The main characters in the Five Gods of Wealth’Baojuanin the Qing Dynasty are the five people such as Du Ping and so on. And its plot structure is in line with the mode of “banished immortal suffering” in the dramas and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the different birthplaces of Du Ping, the Five Gods of Wealth’sBaojuancan be divided into two text systems of being born in Hangzhou and in Chaoge. As a preaching book of the God of Wealth belief, the Five Gods of Wealth’sBaojuancontains the content of business books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which record name list of goods, trade routes, commercial market distribution, etc., and has important documentary value. ThisBaojuanembodies the human-oriented wealth concept, which draws on Confucian ideas, Taoism and folk beliefs in its wealth ethics, and has rich ideological connotations.

Keywords: Gods of Wealth’sBaojuan; motif; text system; business books; wealth concept

VisualRepresentationofMiaofengShanTempleFair:AStudyofSidneyGamble’sPhotos(1924-1927)

LINHaicong

During the period from 1924 to 1927, American sociologist Sidney Gamble intermittently organized scholars to do temple fair surveys at Miaofeng Shan for three times and took 121 photos with camera. Compared with traditional folk literature, such as literati notes and folk paintings, which focus on the cultural connotation of Miaofeng Shan as a “l(fā)andscape”, these old photos highlight the ritual practice and cultural interaction of the folk subjects, including pilgrim societies, pilgrims and vendors. They use visual representation techniques to represent the religiosity, recreation and commerciality of Chinese temple fairs systematically and documentarily, which reflect diversified gazes of Sidney Gamble on Chinese folk religion from the perspective of a Western scholar. Through connecting visual images, field investigations and individual body experience, Gamble’s photos of Miaofeng Shan not only add a modern technical perspective to the historical and cultural construction of Miaofeng Shan Temple Fair, but also make a cultural dialogue with the textual writings of Gu Jiegang and others，and ultimately provide readers with a chance to understand Chinese culture through multiple sensory means.

Keywords: Sidney D. Gamble; Miaofeng Shan Temple Fair; visual representation; photography; cultural contact

TempleContractedManagement,MagicalPowerGenerationDilemmaandtheChangesofFolkReligionPatterns:ACaseStudyofXianniang-LongmuTempleinBeitouVillage,Xinhui,GuangdongProvince

YANGSimin,WUChongqing

With the impact of marketization, the operation mode of Xianniang-Longmu Temple in Beitou Village, which is located in Xinhui, Guangdong Province, has changed from collective operation to contracted operation. This transformation brings changes to the folk religion patterns in rural society. These changes include the gods being “contracted out”, the decrease of community folk activities and more and more villagers only remaining habitus to worship family gods. Moreover, believers are those who come from long distance and the group of spirit mediums are gradually declining. Because of the temple contracted management, manager of the temple needs to face the contradiction between the demand of operation income and the decrease of magical power. Therefore, the manager has to accordingly adjust his management strategy to achieve the reproduction of magical power. What’s more, with the impact of the temple contracted management, community folk activities have gradually withdrawn from public life in rural communities, and their functions of integrating society has been horribly weakened.

Keywords: folk religion; temple management; contract system; generation of magical power

ThePerformanceandTranscriptionofOralPoetryLines

FENGWenkai,BAICunliang

The life of oral poetry lines is in their flexible and complex performance, which is influenced by many factors, such as meter, music, vocal pattern and breathing interval. The accurate transcription of oral poetry lines in performance is the basis of analysis and research of oral poetry. The transcription of oral poetry lines in written texts, which, unlike lines in written literature, is uneven rather than symmetrical, often proceeds in the poetic system of the oral tradition. Therefore, when analyzing oral poetry lines, it is necessary to break through the deep-rooted traditional poetic concept of written literature and to focus on the sound and structure of them, define and explain them in specific performance, and make academic reflection on the transcribing mode of them.

Keywords: oral poetry; performance; lines; transcription

SinginginLifeandRepresentinginRitual：AStudyonLifeRitualSongsoftheTujiaPeopleinQingjiangRiverBasin

WANGDan

Life ritual songs of the Tujia people in Qingjiang River Basin are rooted in the cultural soil that protects life, transforms identity and enjoys living. The forms of the songs include Daxi songs, wedding songs, funeral songs and so on. The core of the life ritual songs is the life ritual, around which the cultural expression of the life ritual song is composed is diversified, and the singing activity becomes the behavior in life ritual to record the life course and praise the life spirit. The creation and development of life ritual songs of the Tujia people in the Qingjiang river basin have always been constructed around life and living. The singing tradition contained in life ritual has been awakened, activated, and innovated. Moreover, it has been being continuously constructed and transmitted in contemporary people’s lives.

Keywords: life ritual songs; singing tradition; ritual representations; the Tujia people in Qingjiang river basin

SmallPlaceandBigWorld:TheIndigenousModernityofaMarginalCommunityinTibet

SUNJiuxia

In a globalized world, it is necessary to unpack the subjectivities in the shaping of indigenous modernity by different cultural experiences. This paper aims to discuss stories of indigenous modernity by using in-depth interviews and non-participatory observation, taking the Yanjing community in Mangkang, Tibet as the case. The research finds that: in terms of religion, western Catholicism and native Tibetan Buddhism have achieved multi-layer reconciliation and tolerance through multiple strategies in the long-term process of mediation. In terms of traditional rituals, the False Marrige (Ba Ma Ba Dian Festival) ritual embedded in tourism is not only the object of tourists’ gaze, but also the Tibetans’ traditional cultural practice in themselves and for themselves. In terms of values, a set of local values, which are extroverted, altruistic and universal, come out of the local cultural system of diversity and tolerance, realizing the self-consistency between the material world and the spiritual world. Facing the increasing power of modernity, subjects are inevitably involved in the social and economic changes, but they still have enough space to maintain their subjectivity. Indigenous modernity is not only the result of the interaction, negotiation and compromise between local and western modernity, but also born in response to local development based on local cultural experience.

Keywords: indigenous modernity; religious syncretism; performances of ceremony; values; Tibet

ResearchontheMechanismoftheImpactofSocialEntrepreneurshiponRuralTourismBenefitDistributionModel:ACaseStudyofZhonghaoyuVillageinShandongProvince

XUFengzeng,LINYanan,WANGChenguang

Rural tourism has become an important way to the rural vitalization. A more balanced benefit distribution model is the key to sustainable development of rural tourism. At the same time, as a new form of entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship has gradually become an effective way to solve rural poverty problems and revitalize the rural economy. This paper takes Zhonghaoyu Village in Shandong Province as an example and adopts a case study method to explore the mechanism of the impact of social entrepreneurship on rural tourism benefit distribution model under the background of rural tourism development. The research shows that the rural tourism benefit distribution model of Zhonghaoyu Village illustrates the “initial dreamt” of social entrepreneurship well. In different stages of rural tourism development, the attributes of social value creation, economic value creation and innovation of social entrepreneurship play important roles in the construction process of rural tourism benefit distribution model. Social entrepreneurship provides a “power source” for the construction of a reasonable and balanced rural tourism benefit distribution model. This study further enriches the content of the social entrepreneurship theory system and its application contexts.

Keywords: social entrepreneurship; Zhonghaoyu Village; tourism benefit distribution; rural vitalization; tourism entrepreneurship

“WaterRights-GovernanceRights”:TheOperationMechanismofWaterRightsinWater-RichSociety:BasedontheFieldResearchofXiayuVillageinChengdu,SichuanProvince

XIEXiaoqin,ZHOUHairong

Elevating “water” into a central perspective to interpret Chinese history and society and transforming the topics of “Rural China” into “Water Conservancy China”, has been the focus of current academic circle. Existing studies have been carried out on water from the perspectives of “water rights-water resources”, “water rights-resources” and “water rights-temple rights”. However, more attention has been paid to the “history” of water, while the “reality” of water is insufficient, and it is also insufficient in the deepening in theory. Based on the case of a water-rich society in southwest China, this paper puts forward the analytical perspective of “water rights- governance rights” and presents the social and historical process centering on “water” in a diachronic way of writing. Finally, it is concluded that water rights are not just property rights, but also governance rights. It is worth mentioning that under the background of rural revitalization, capital flowing to rural areas is increasing, and the composition of the main body of it is becoming more and more complex. At present, we should be vigilant about their enclosure of river water and unreasonable exploitation of groundwater to achieve a separation of water and land.

Keywords: water rights; governance rights; water-rich society

AStudyonthePilgrimageAssociationsinRuralBeijingsincetheQingDynastyfromthePerspectiveofEtiquetteandCustomsInteraction:TakingtheInvestigationofWuhuShaolinAssociationinLiujiaVillageandBingxinHolyAssociationasaCoreCase

LIXiaoning

Pilgrimage associations in rural Beijing have the characteristic of collective life and notable interaction of etiquette and customs. From the perspective of etiquette and customs interaction, this paper takes the Wuhu Shaolin Association and Bingxin Holy Association as the core case to examine and describe the spontaneous state of the rural pilgrimage associations and the various government-directed interactive activities of etiquette and customs on the basis of the overall grasp of Beijing pilgrimage associations. People actively seek interaction with the state in traditional society’s pilgrimage associations and the village removal after the reform and opening up of the local economic development and urbanization process. And the government intends to guide the pilgrimage associations to participate in such activities as the major celebrations at the beginning of the founding of China, cultural activities in the regions after the reform and opening-up, the foreign cultural exchange activities and intangible cultural heritage protection and so on. Although both etiquette and customs have changed since the Qing Dynasty, the framework of interaction between them has never changed. In traditional society, the state cultivates people’s basic concept and habit of observing social order through the interaction of etiquette and customs, and it forms a supportive relationship between the system of etiquette and other management systems. So, it is of great significance to the construction and development of contemporary society by the interdependence of etiquette and customs to achieve the effective interaction and communication between the state and the people.

Keywords: etiquette and customs interaction；Beijing; village；pilgrimage association