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        解非謂語動詞題的三個步驟

        2018-01-22 00:14:58石娟
        高中生學習·高二版 2017年11期
        關鍵詞:主句分詞連詞

        石娟

        我們先來看一下2017年的部分高考真題:

        1. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ) Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by eating (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

        2. (2017·全國卷Ⅱ) This included digging up the road, 63 (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

        3. (2017·浙江卷) Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring, 61 , (cook) a meal.

        4. (2017·江蘇卷) Many Chinese brands, _______(develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.

        5. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ) “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.

        答案 1. is;2. laying;3. cooking;4. having developed;5. turning→turn。

        作為考點,高考對非謂語動詞的考查旨在檢驗同學們能否分辨某個動詞是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞,如果它是非謂語動詞,在句子中作什么成分,與邏輯主語是什么關系。解決此類題目,只需分三步走。

        [明確身份]

        首先我們要利用“有無”連詞原則確定是謂語還是非謂語。一個簡單句中只能有一個謂語動詞,若句中存在兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞,則應用連詞連接成復合句;若句中無連詞,則多余的動詞應采用非謂語動詞形式。簡言之,有連詞,用謂語動詞;無連詞,用非謂語動詞。下面我們來判斷以上動詞是不是屬于非謂語。

        通過分析句子主干,我們不難發(fā)現第2,3,4句中都有自己的謂語動詞。

        那么在沒有連詞的情況下,括號里的動詞必須是進行非謂語的變形。而在第1題中,句子主干是沒有任何動詞的,那么動詞be就必須是這句話的謂語動詞了?,F在我們來強化訓練一下,以下哪些空里的動詞需要用非謂語的形式呢?

        6. (2017·天津卷改編) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _______ (allow) more patients to be treated.

        7. (2017·浙江卷) Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.

        8. (2017·北京卷改編) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _______ (save) their valuable time.

        解析 allowing;searched;to save。要進行非謂語動詞變形的是第6、8題。因為這兩句話中都有自己的謂語動詞,即標粗部分,然后整句話中又沒有任何連詞,所以要用非謂語的形式。而題7通過句子分析沒有找到謂語動詞,所以search就是謂語。第6題中的allowing是現在分詞在句中做結果狀語,第8題中的to earn是動詞不定式作目的狀語。

        [確定語態(tài)]

        確定是非謂語之后,我們就要判斷非謂語動詞在句中的成分和作用(確定邏輯主語&語態(tài))了。如果非謂語動詞表示的動作與其邏輯主語之間為主謂關系則用現在分詞或不定式的主動式;若為動賓關系則用現在分詞形式或不定式的被動式及過去分詞。另外,非謂語動詞在句中充當的成分不同,它對應的邏輯的主語的位置也不同。

        (2017·北京卷) The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants. (非謂語充當定語,邏輯主語是主句的賓語)

        (2017·天津卷) Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now. (非謂語充當狀語,邏輯主語是主句的主語)

        (2016·上海卷) As I squeezed back into the car, I saw the same lady looking in at me. (非謂語充當賓語補足語,邏輯主語是主句的賓語)

        我們來看一組對比題:

        Seen from the top of the mountain, our house looks like a car.

        Seeing from the top of the mountain, I felt our house looks like a car.

        To see it more clearly, they came up and got close to it. (動詞不定式表示目的)endprint

        See from the top of the mountain, and you will find the city more beautiful.

        [確定時態(tài)]

        非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前時,用過去分詞、現在分詞或不定式的完成式(主動:having done/to have done;被動:done/having been done/to have been done)。

        如果兩者同時進行,用現在分詞形式或不定式的進行式(主動:doing;被動:being done)。

        如果非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之后,用不定式的一般式(主動:to do;被動:to be done)。

        The question ______ (discuss) now at the meeting is very important.

        The question _______ (discuss)at the meeting last week is very important.

        The question _______ (discuss) at at the meeting next week is very important.

        _______ (tell) many times, he still couldnt understand it.

        經過分析不難得出答案:being discussed; discussed; to be discussed; Having been told。

        [相關知識]

        除了以上步驟,我們還必須掌握:

        1. 現在分詞與不定式作結果狀語的區(qū)別:現在分詞表示自然而然的結果;不定式表示意想不到的結果,其前常加only。試比較:

        The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light.

        Axiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit.

        2. 有些過去分詞源于系表結構,分詞已經形容詞化,直接作非謂語。

        Absorbed in his novel, he didnt notice what was happening around him.

        Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car.

        The girl seated beside me looked so excited at the news.

        常見的分詞作形容詞的短語有be addicted to,be buried in,be devoted to,be faced with,be dressed in,be excited about,be interested in,be tired of等。endprint

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