建筑設(shè)計(jì)：Archplan有限公司

Architect: Archplan GmbH

福特公司工人住宅，科隆，德國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：Archplan有限公司

Architect: Archplan GmbH

"Fordsiedlung" der LEG, Cologne, Germany, 2010

1 鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial view

2 改造前/Before renovation

3 改造后/After renovation

4 外景/Exterior view

這片居民區(qū)在1950年代早期建成，是距該地3km遠(yuǎn)的福特工廠(chǎng)的工人住宅。住宅區(qū)南鄰科隆市中心，位于一片發(fā)展完善的城市地段內(nèi)。社區(qū)附近遍布古樹(shù)的開(kāi)放空間為居民提供了良好的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。除了1970年代時(shí)建筑的木制窗框被更換為PVC窗框外，該住宅區(qū)自1950年代以來(lái)未經(jīng)歷過(guò)任何現(xiàn)代化改造。

整個(gè)社區(qū)由11個(gè)1950年代建成的公寓街塊組成，總居住面積為14,211m2包含：300套平均47m2的公寓，每套公寓靠單個(gè)燃煤鍋爐進(jìn)行供暖；少數(shù)公寓有單獨(dú)的微型陽(yáng)臺(tái)；衛(wèi)生和電力系統(tǒng)都已經(jīng)接近報(bào)廢。要繼續(xù)使用，這片住宅區(qū)必須接受全面更新或者被拆毀重建。

再開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目的目的是將這片老舊住宅改造為一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的、高度節(jié)能的居住小區(qū)。主要的目標(biāo)包括：通過(guò)聯(lián)通2～3套公寓來(lái)擴(kuò)大目前過(guò)于局促的戶(hù)型面積；為每套公寓提供陽(yáng)臺(tái)；減少公寓內(nèi)的隔斷；更新基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，包括所有衛(wèi)生間；借助廚房花園、小活動(dòng)場(chǎng)和聚會(huì)空間來(lái)營(yíng)造更好的公共空間。

因?yàn)榭坡o(wú)法為福特住宅內(nèi)的居民提供300套臨時(shí)居所，所以改造工程必須在不完全遷移居民的情況下開(kāi)展。然而，每戶(hù)居民都需要搬一次家，從舊房搬入一個(gè)改造后的新房。為了提高住房的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值，設(shè)計(jì)必須盡量增加住房的容積率。因此，所有房屋在3層的基礎(chǔ)上被加蓋為了4層(部分還被加建到了5層)。

這樣一來(lái)，福特住宅區(qū)就在原來(lái)的300套住宅的基礎(chǔ)上多出了6300m2的居住面積（81套新公寓），達(dá)到了20,500m2的總居住面積。新的產(chǎn)權(quán)持有者們獲得了新的可靈活布置的居住公寓、寬敞的陽(yáng)臺(tái)和落地窗。

從節(jié)能的角度看，該項(xiàng)目也達(dá)到了相當(dāng)可觀的效果：高效的外墻、地下室和屋頂隔熱；新裝的吸熱玻璃門(mén)窗；能量流失控制措施；每戶(hù)加裝了換氣系統(tǒng)，頂層還加裝了熱回收系統(tǒng)；由冷凝式燃?xì)饧夹g(shù)和太陽(yáng)能提供的暖氣和熱水，其中，真空太陽(yáng)能板被安裝在南向的屋頂上（1150m2）； 45,000L儲(chǔ)量的地板下能源中央存儲(chǔ)池；供暖能耗減少85%；CO2排放量減少94%。

5 剖面/Section

對(duì)舊有建筑施工過(guò)程的調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，住宅樓的頂層屋頂無(wú)法承受額外的重量。因此，加建采用了交叉層接木結(jié)構(gòu)方案。懸挑部分伸出原建筑屋頂45cm，不僅創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)1000m2的附加居住空間，還調(diào)和了新舊建筑之間的立面形式關(guān)系（其色彩設(shè)計(jì)受到了地中海風(fēng)格的影響，為住宅區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出嶄新的面貌）。預(yù)制的木結(jié)構(gòu)框架在裝配前就已經(jīng)裝有了窗戶(hù)、室內(nèi)飾面和兩層室外抹灰。預(yù)制構(gòu)件的最長(zhǎng)邊為12m。長(zhǎng)80m的公寓街塊用1周時(shí)間搭建完成，其間包含從拆除原有屋頂?shù)酵瓿赡窘Y(jié)構(gòu)框架搭建的全部過(guò)程。

這樣的施工方案還實(shí)現(xiàn)了舊有建筑改造與新加的四層體塊加建的并行施工。在舊有建筑部分的施工結(jié)束之后，管道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施才與加層部分相連接。因此，舊建筑的改造工程得以獨(dú)立于加層的建造工程。

由于舊有建筑的頂層沒(méi)有設(shè)置規(guī)則的樓梯交通，改造項(xiàng)目還為建筑加裝了一個(gè)新的大型木制豎向交通系統(tǒng)。

除去室外設(shè)施的施工，11個(gè)街塊的改造工程總共耗時(shí)18個(gè)月?！酰◤?jiān)Ｏ?譯）

6 外景/Exterior view

7 五層平面渲染/Rendering flat 4th floor

8 建造中/Under construction

The settlement was built in the early fifties as workman's dwellings for the Ford factory which is only 3 km away. The estate is a grown urban quarter(in Cologne “Veedel”) at the northern gate to the city centre. The open space, with a number of old trees,provides space for activities of the neighbourhood residents. Since the 1950s nothing has been done or modernised except the replacement of wooden windows with PVC windows in the 70s.

The complex was made of 11 blocks of flats from the early 50s for 14,211m2 of living area: in total 300 flats with an average of 47m2 each, heated with single coal-burning stoves; only a few got mini balconies; the sanitary and the electric installations were obsolete. The complex had to be totally renovated or demolished and built anew.

The aim of developing the estate was to change the quarter into a modern, highly energy efficient housing estate. The main goals were: change very small flats into family flats by merging 3 to two flats; providing balconies; reduce barriers in the flats; renew the technical installations including all bathrooms; develop open space with kitchen gardens, playgrounds and meeting points.

As it was impossible in Cologne to find 300 alternate flats to move the residents, a renovation without moving the inhabitants totally to another area had been decided. The idea was that every resident had to move once, from the old flat to a renovated one. To increase the value of the object, the plot area had to be upgraded to a maximum of living space in proportion to the area of the property. The solution was the heightening of the 3-storey buildings by a 4th level (and a partial 5th floor).

So, more than 6300m2 of living space (81 new flats) was added to the 300 existing flats, the total becomes more than 20,500m2 area for habitation.New flexible flats for new stakeholders were created,as well as generous balconies and "French windows".

From the point of view of energy conservation,significance outputs have been achieved: highly efficient insulation of external walls, basement and top floor ceilings; new windows and doors with heat absorbing glass; reduction of energy loss; provision of air ventilation systems for each flat, with heat recovery in the top floor flats. Heating and warm water supply by gas condensing boiler technology and solar power comprised: installation of vacuum solar panels on south facing roofs (1150m2); central storage of energy of the solar panels in under floor tanks with 45,000L volume; reduction of heating energy demand by 85%;reduction of CO2emission by 94%.

As a result of the investigation of the construction of the existing buildings, it was found that the highest ceiling was not capable of withstanding additional load. The solution was a cross-laminated timber construction. Bridging the last ceiling with an overhang of 45cm. This overhang not only created 1,000m2 additional living space, in relation to the level below, but also generated a solution for the changeover between the facade of the old and the new building parts(with colour design inspired by Mediterranean ambiance highlighting the new appearance of the estate). The prefabricated timber frame construction was delivered including the windows, the finished surface on the inside and the first two layers of plaster on the outside. It came to a maximum length of 12 metres. The whole construction for an 80m block of flats took about one week to erect, from the deconstruction of the roof to finishing the timber frame construction.

This construction method also allowed the renovation of the existing building without constant access to the fourth floor construction. Only when the renovation of the existing part of the building was finished, were the line sections (conduits)connected between the existing building and the new storey. So independent of the erection of the new storey, the renovation could be done.

As the last level of the existing building did not have a regular stairway, a new access in massive timber construction has been created.

The total construction time for all 11 blocks of flats took 18 months, excluding the outdoor facilities. □

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

業(yè)主/Client: LEG Wohnen NRW GmbH

建筑、結(jié)構(gòu)工程、建筑工程物理、質(zhì)量監(jiān)管/Architects,Structural Engineering, Building Physics, Quality Assurance Management: Archplan有限公司/Archplan GmbH

建筑面積/Gross Floor Area: 25,600m2

造價(jià)/Cost: € 26,995,000

施工時(shí)間/Construction: 2008-2010

攝影/Photos: Archplan GmbH

9 施工圖平面/The plan for detailed engineering