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        EGFR-TKI治療S768I突變非小細胞肺癌的研究進展*

        2017-12-21 01:08:25段樺綜述崔慧娟審校
        中國腫瘤臨床 2017年22期
        關(guān)鍵詞:阿法厄洛吉非

        段樺 綜述 崔慧娟 審校

        ·綜 述·

        EGFR-TKI治療S768I突變非小細胞肺癌的研究進展*

        段樺①②綜述 崔慧娟①審校

        肺癌是死亡率較高的惡性腫瘤之一,近年來非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治療進展迅速,尤其是表皮生長因子受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)的問世,使得攜帶EGFR基因敏感突變患者的中位無進展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)達到27.7個月,但部分不常見的EGFR突變對TKI的應答效果尚不十分明確。S768I突變是EGFR20外顯子攜帶的不常見突變之一,發(fā)生率為1%~2%。本文對不同代EGFR-TKI治療S768I單一或復合突變的研究進行綜述,旨在為臨床決策提供思路。

        EGFR-TKI20外顯子 S768I突變 治療進展

        根據(jù)2012年全球腫瘤流行病統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)(Globocan 2012)統(tǒng)計[1],2012年全球新發(fā)和死亡癌癥患者分別為1 410萬、820萬例,其中肺癌患者分別為124萬、109萬例,并且無論是發(fā)達國家或欠發(fā)達國家,肺癌均為男性死亡的主要原因。2015年來自中國的數(shù)據(jù)同樣表明肺癌是癌癥死亡的主要原因[2]。肺癌按照病理類型可以分為非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)和小細胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)。近年來,NSCLC治療進展迅速,尤其是分子靶向藥物的應用使其療效大幅提高,其中表皮生長因子受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)為代表性藥物。歐洲和北美國家約10%~20%的NSCLC患者攜帶EGFR突變,東亞國家的發(fā)生率更高,達到50%~60%[3-4]。表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)敏感突變包括19外顯子缺失突變和21外顯子L858R錯義突變。有研究顯示[5],攜帶EGFR敏感突變的NSCLC患者接受吉非替尼一線治療后中位無進展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)達到27.7個月。EGFR不敏感突變主要包括G719X、S768I、L861Q和20外顯子插入[6],據(jù)統(tǒng)計發(fā)生率為4%~13%[7]。2015年LUX-LUNG系列研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],8例攜帶S768I突變的患者服用二代絡(luò)氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)阿法替尼后均達到部分緩解(partial remission,PR),再次引起學術(shù)界對S768I突變的關(guān)注。

        EGFR20外顯子的氨基酸位點為762~823,插入突變的發(fā)生人群與經(jīng)典EGFR突變類似,以女性、非吸煙者、腺癌者多見,約占所有EGFR突變的5%[9],點突變主要包括T790M突變和S768I突變,其中S768I突變的發(fā)生率僅為1%~2%[10-11]。S768I在基因序列上,第768號密碼子由疏水的異亮氨酸代替親水的絲氨酸,因異亮氨酸的空間阻力比絲氨酸大,從而使得周圍臨近結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,且S768I突變還會影響S768與N700及Y764之間的氫鍵作用,導致間距增加,從而使TKI對EGFR的親和力部分改變,造成療效的差異[12]。從2006年開始,陸續(xù)有EGFR-TKI治療S768I突變的個案報道和臨床研究,但治療效果存在差異,目前尚無明確結(jié)論。本文從第一、二、三代TKI治療S768I突變的角度對臨床研究進行綜述,旨在對臨床決策有所啟迪。

        1 第一代EGFR-TKI治療S768I突變NSCLC

        1.1 單一S768I突變

        EGFR-TKI對于敏感突變?nèi)巳嚎陀^緩解率(objective response rate,ORR)高達70%~80%,一線無進展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)可達9~14個月[13]。但對于S768I突變,目前的研究結(jié)果并不一致。Pallan 等[14]、Weber等[15]、Lund-Iversen 等[16]和Leventakos等[17]分別報道1例或2例攜帶單一S768I突變的病例,服用厄洛替尼或吉非替尼后均疾病進展(progression of disease,PD),部分患者甚至死亡,提示S768I突變對一代TKI不敏感。2017年Longo等[18]報道1例初發(fā)L858R突變后繼發(fā)S768I突變的病例,該患者一線口服吉非替尼有效,當出現(xiàn)PD時繼續(xù)服用吉非替尼則無效,說明S768I突變對吉非替尼應答差,并由此推測S768I突變可能是肺腺癌EGFR耐藥的新機制。以上研究均說明一代TKI對S768I突變敏感性差,并且多為原發(fā)耐藥。但同時有研究顯示出良好的應答效果,如2010年Masago等[19]報道1例S768I突變對一代TKI應答良好的病例,該患者二線口服吉非替尼評效PR,截止報道日期PFS為461 d,已經(jīng)接近敏感突變,說明S768I突變對一代TKI可能存在一定敏感性。另一項報道[20]也表達類似觀點,1例分別于2001年和2003年行肺部病灶切除的患者,兩次病理均為單一S768I突變,2005年肺部出現(xiàn)新轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,未重新檢測病理的情況下口服厄洛替尼并取得療效,2013年病情再次出現(xiàn)進展后行肺部病灶切除,基因檢測示S768I和T790M突變,因為T790M為最常見的一代TKI耐藥突變,說明厄洛替尼取得療效是因為選擇性抑制S768I的結(jié)果。另外兩項研究中,患者PFS分別達到8.6[21]、8.8個月[22],接近敏感突變,Zhang等[23]報道1例患者獲得31個月PFS,遠超敏感突變。另外,F(xiàn)ASTACT-2研究中1例患者服用厄洛替尼后生存期達到近5年[24]。可見一代TKI對S768I突變可以取得良好的治療效果,并且維持時間較長。另外,Chiu等[25]研究共納入6例攜帶S768I單一突變的患者,分別口服吉非替尼或厄洛替尼,結(jié)果2例出現(xiàn)PD,該研究說明S768I突變對一代TKI治療效果存在不穩(wěn)定性。

        上述研究共涉及18例攜帶單一突變的患者,服用一代TKI后評效PR或疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)的患者為10例,PD為8例,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)為55.56%,說明S768I突變對于一代TKI具有一定敏感性,但是整體疾病緩解率仍低于敏感突變,說明S768I較敏感突變對一代TKI應答差。

        1.2 S768I合并其他突變

        1.2.1 合并19、21外顯子敏感突變 S768I為不敏感突變,當與敏感突變合并時是否影響TKI療效值得研究,部分研究者進行了臨床觀察,Yang等[26]、Wu等[27]、Leventakos等[17]、Beau-Faller等[28]均觀察1 例 S768I+L858R突變的患者,服用吉非替尼或厄洛替尼后均評效為PR或SD。Zhu等[22]觀察2例患者,1例S768I+L858R患者為SD,但1例S768I+19DEL患者為PD。

        以上6例合并敏感突變患者中5例有效,ORR為50%~66.7%,DCR達到83.3%,與敏感突變相近,說明S768I突變不影響敏感突變的應答效果。

        另外,Zhang等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)11例攜帶S768I突變患者(4例單一突變,5例為S768I+G719X,2例為S768I+L858R)口服一代TKI藥物后,DCR達到90.0%,ORR達到27.3%,mPFS為8.0個月。Cheng等[21]收集10例攜帶S768I突變的病例(單一突變3例,合并19DEL突變3例,合并L858R突變4例),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)2例PR,5例SD,3例PD,ORR為20%,DCR為70%,mPFS為2.7個月,以上兩項研究均納入單一S768I突變的患者,所以O(shè)RR和PFS均低于敏感突變,進一步說明S768I突變對一代TKI的應答較差。

        1.2.2 合并18外顯子突變 S768I突變除了聯(lián)合敏感突變外,也常和其他突變同時出現(xiàn),并且發(fā)生雙突變的概率較單突變的概率高,文獻報道常與G719、E709、T790M、L861R位點突變聯(lián)合[29],G719突變位于EGFR18外顯子,主要包括G719A、G719X、G719S突變,約占97%[30]。Svaton 等[31]和Lund-Iversen等[16]均報道1例攜帶S768I+G719X突變的患者,服用吉非替尼后病灶縮小,PFS分別達到8、14個月。Chiu等[25]研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)5例攜帶該突變的患者同樣評效為PR。Kobayashi等[32]、Leventakos等[17]、Zhu 等[22]均觀察2例攜帶S768I+G719突變的患者,均達到PR。但是并非多數(shù)研究均為陽性結(jié)果,Wu等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1例攜帶S768I+G719A的患者服藥5周后即迅速病情進展。既往研究表明[30,33],單一G719突變對一代TKI的ORR達到35%~40%,低于敏感突變,但上述合并G719突變病例共12例,僅1例PD,ORR高達92.8%,甚至高于敏感突變,說明S768I突變與G719突變合并對一代TKI的應答效果好,可能與二者相互作用有關(guān),但目前尚缺乏深入的機制研究。

        1.2.3 合并其他不常見突變 2006年Asahina等[34]報道1例S768I+V769L雙突變的患者,該患者一線口服吉非替尼6周后PD,后改為雙藥化療PR,因為目前尚缺乏V769L突變的體內(nèi)研究數(shù)據(jù),說明S768I突變對吉非替尼為原發(fā)耐藥。Cheng等[35]研究中1例攜帶S768I+G724S突變的患者,二線服用厄洛替尼后SD,PFS達到24.2個月。G724突變是EGFR致癌突變,有研究表明其與經(jīng)典的肺癌EGFR突變不同,其對西妥昔單抗敏感,但對小分子激酶抑制劑不敏感[36],說明厄洛替尼通過選擇性抑制S768I發(fā)揮療效。Klughammer等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn) TRUST 研究中 1例攜帶S768I+V774M的亞裔女性生存期達到1 106 d。V774M突變?yōu)槿橄侔┲锌赡芎喜⒌闹掳┗颍伟┲胁⒉怀R姡?7]。以上研究S768I合并的突變與TKI療效不確切,即TKI主要是作用于S768I突變,但應答效果不一致。

        2 第二代TKI治療S768I突變NSCLC

        2.1 單一S768I突變

        由Yang等[8]研究的LUX-LUNG引起廣泛關(guān)注,該研究中僅1例單一突變患者,服用阿法替尼后有效。Heigener等[20]和Yang等[38]研究中同樣僅1例攜帶單一S768I突變,均評效SD。Kobayashi等[39]報道1例攜帶S768I突變的肺癌患者,因腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移引起腸梗阻,阿法替尼作為11線治療后癥狀消失,復查CT腫塊減小,隨訪1年未復發(fā)。Russo等[40]報道1例S768I繼發(fā)T790M突變的個案,該患者一線阿法替尼治療同樣有效,但3個月后迅速發(fā)生耐藥,并于循環(huán)DNA中查到T790M突變,但具體機制尚不明確。上述共5例單一突變患者,均治療有效,DCR高達100%,甚至高于一代TKI,說明S768I突變可能對二代TKI更敏感,缺點是樣本量較小,亟需后續(xù)研究證實。

        2.2 S768I合并19、21外顯子敏感突變

        經(jīng)典的LUX-LUNG研究[8]除1例單一突變,2例S768I+L858R突變患者同樣獲得PR。Zhu等[22]研究中,1例患者攜帶S768I合并L858R突變,服用阿法替尼后,評效SD。以上3例患者的ORR為67%,DCR達到100%,說明S768I對二代TKI應答良好,同時不影響敏感突變的應答。

        2.3 S768I合并18外顯子突變

        2016年Tanizaki等[41]報道1例S768I+G719C突變以及KRAS基因E49K突變的患者,經(jīng)阿法替尼治療后血清腫標明顯下降,復查PET-CT顯示骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶明顯縮小。上述LUX-LUNG研究有5例攜帶S768I+G719X突變的患者,均評效為PR,上述6例患者ORR、DCR達到100%。說明S768I合并G719突變對二代TKI也有很好的敏感性。

        3 第三代TKI治療S768I突變NSCLC

        第三代TKI是治療T790M突變的藥物,目前針對S768I突變的研究僅限于體外實驗,2016年Tanizaki等[41]開展了細胞實驗,2組Ba/F3細胞分別表達L858R和S768I突變,均給予7種不同的EGFRTKI(2種一代TKI,3種二代TKI,2種三代TKI),通過觀察藥物的IC50及IC50比值(L858R/S768I)判定療效,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)表達S768I和L858R突變的細胞組對于阿法替尼治療的IC50分別為0.82和0.25,結(jié)果相近并遠小于第一、三代TKI,說明S768I突變對阿法替尼最敏感,并且敏感性等同于L858R突變,但是對一代TKI(厄洛替尼、吉非替尼)、三代TKI(奧希替尼)均不敏感。同年Banno等[42]開展了類似的實驗,3組Ba/F3細胞分別表達L861Q、S768I和L858R突變,均給予第一、二、三代TKI(厄洛替尼、阿法替尼、奧希替尼),結(jié)果提示S768I突變對二代(阿法替尼)敏感,對一代(厄洛替尼)和三代(奧希替尼)均不敏感。

        此外,僅針對第一、二代TKI也有部分體外研究,早期實驗[43]結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)表達S768I突變的細胞與野生型細胞相比,對吉非替尼的耐藥現(xiàn)象更明顯。2009年Kancha等[44]利用Ba/F3細胞進行藥敏實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)S768I突變對吉非替尼和厄洛替尼不敏感,均表明S768I突變對一代TKI敏感性差。此外,Kobayashi等[11]實驗再次證實與一代TKI相比,S768I對阿法替尼最敏感。

        4 結(jié)語

        S768I突變屬于EGFR20外顯子不常見突變之一,從上述的研究來看,單一S768I突變對于二代TKI的應答效果優(yōu)于第一、三代,提示臨床可以首選以阿法替尼為代表的二代藥物。同時S768I突變常與其他突變同時存在,在DCR方面,復合復變優(yōu)于單一突變,并且當S768I突變與敏感突變同時出現(xiàn)時,并不影響敏感突變的應答率,這與既往研究[28,45]相符,但具體機制尚不明確,可能與突變基因的相互作用有關(guān)。值得注意的是,當S768I突變與G719突變同時出現(xiàn)時,第一、二代TKI均可以取得良好的DCR,阿法替尼的皮疹發(fā)生率和程度比一代TKI重,所以為避免不可耐受的皮膚不良反應,臨床可以推薦同時攜帶S768I和G719突變的患者選用一代TKI。鑒于目前尚無EGFR-TKI治療S768I突變的大樣本臨床研究,同時本綜述的樣本量較小,后續(xù)亟需開展大樣本量的前瞻性或回顧性研究,進一步明確EGFR-TKI對S768I突變的治療效果以及明確不同突變之間的作用機制。

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        Progress on EGFR-TKI in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with S768I mutation

        Hua DUAN1,2,Huijuan CUI1

        1Department of Oncology of Integrative Medicine,China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China;2Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China

        Huijuan CUI;E-mail:cuihj1963@sina.com

        Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high mortality rates.In recent years,considerable progress on the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has been achieved.Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)improves the median progression free survival of patients with sensitive mutations to 27.7 months.However,the therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKI on uncommon mutations remains unknown.S768I mutation is an insensitive mutation in the EGFR20 exon,and its incidence rate ranges from 1%to 2%.In this review,the effect of different generation EGFR-TKI on single or complex S768I mutation during treatment is discussed.

        epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,exon,S768I mutation,advances

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.22.824

        ①中日友好醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合腫瘤內(nèi)科(北京市100029);②北京中醫(yī)藥大學

        *本文課題受北京市科委首都特色應用研究項目(編號:Z151100004015168)資助

        崔慧娟 cuihj1963@sina.com

        This work was supported by the Capital Application Research of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.Z151100004015168)

        (2017-07-20收稿)

        (2017-09-08修回)

        (編輯:孫喜佳 校對:鄭莉)

        段樺 專業(yè)方向為中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療肺癌。

        E-mail:duanhua1992@bucm.edu.cn

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