撫順市第一中學(xué) 周瑜
清原第二高中 王輝
非謂語動詞是高中英語語法中非常重要的一部分,也是每年高考的必考內(nèi)容,因此學(xué)好非謂語動詞是很有必要的。非謂語動詞部分知識繁雜,是高中生認為最難掌握的考點之一。要想在高考中正確答題,首先要掌握非謂語動詞的功能,即不定式、分詞、動名詞分別在句子中作什么成分,然后掌握作同一種成分時,不定式、分詞、動名詞的區(qū)別。英語語法將動詞的形式概括為6種:原形、單三、過去式、to do形式、doing形式和done形式。前三種可獨立作謂語,被稱為“謂語動詞”,后三種不可獨立作謂語,被稱為“非謂語動詞”。下面對非謂語動詞形式進行總結(jié):
非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)構(gòu)成:
類別 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)t o d o t o b e d o n e/t o h a v e b e e n d o n e d o i n g 一般式d o i n g完成式 h a v i n g d o n e一般式t o d o進行式 t o b e d o i n g完成式 t o h a v e d o n e b e i n g d o n e h a v i n g b e e n d o n e d o n e / /
非謂語動詞的句法功能:
成分形式主語 賓語 賓補 表語 定語 狀語不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √動名詞 √ √ √ √分詞 √ √ √ √
1.修飾序數(shù)詞,最高級,no, all, any 等限定的中心詞一般用不定式。例如:
She was the first woman to win the prize.
He was the best man to do the job.
2.不定式一般被動式(to be done)作定語時的動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后,表示 “將要”?,F(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式(being done)的動作通常和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,表示“正在”。過去分詞一般被動式(done)通常表示已經(jīng)完成的動作,表示“已經(jīng)”。例如:
The party to be held next Friday will be interesting.
The party being held now is interesting.
The party held yesterday was interesting.
1.不定式主要是作目的、結(jié)果和原因狀語。
To make himself heard,he had to raise his voice.(目的)
Jim went to school only to find there was nobody there.(結(jié)果)
Ⅰam sorry to hear that.(原因)
2.分詞主要是作時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步和伴隨狀語。分詞作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致,和句中主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。
When walking in the street,Ⅰsaw my teacher.(主動)(時間)
When offered help, you should say “Thank you.”(被動)(時間)
Writing carelessly,he left out an important word.(主動)(原因)
Blamed by her teacher, Lucy was unhappy.(被動)(原因)
Working hard, you are sure to succeed.(主動)(條件)
Taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(被動)(條件)
The man fell over his own feet,rolling down the slope.(主動)(結(jié)果)
Though working hard, he still failed.(主動)(讓步)
Having been told many times,he still made a mistake.(被動)(讓步)
He sat at the desk, thinking deeply.(主動)(伴隨)
不難看出,doing形式與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生。having done形式與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。done形式與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。being done形式與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生,一般多作原因狀語置于句首。having been done形式與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,且先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。
3.不定式作原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語和現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別。
當(dāng)一些表示喜、怒、哀、樂的形容詞作表語,后面一般跟不定式作原因狀語。例如:
Ⅰam very happy to see you here.
Jim was glad to hear the news.
現(xiàn)在分詞則沒有上述用法,只表示正常的原因。例如:
Not knowing what to do,the boy went to his father for advice.
不定式作結(jié)果狀語多表示出乎意料,事與愿違的結(jié)果。例如:
He hurried to the airport only to be told the star had left.
而現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語則表示正常的結(jié)果。例如:
An earthquake happened in Sichuan,causing many deaths.
在帶有enough或too的句子里,也常用不定式作狀語。例如:
He is old enough to go to school.
She was too tired to do the work.
4.有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語,其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。有獨立結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)時,不考慮句子主語與作狀語的動詞的主被動關(guān)系。常見的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有:generally speaking,frankly speaking, judging from/by, considering,taking...into consideration, to tell you the truth,supposing, providing, given, provided that, compared to/with等。例如:
Judging from his accent, he is from the north.
Considering your health,you should have a rest.
To tell you the truth, Ⅰdon't like him.
5.非謂語動詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和主句主語保持一致。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語,在句子中作狀語,被稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。獨立主格前如果有with,這種結(jié)構(gòu)被稱為with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
Ⅰt being Sunday, we didn't need to go to school.
The test finished, we began our holiday.
Weather permitting,we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.
With all the work finished,we went home happily.
With so many books to read, Ⅰhave no time to play with my friends.
1.感官動詞 see, watch, observe, look at, hear,listen to,notice等和使役動詞have后面的賓補有下列情況:不定式作補足語強調(diào)的是一個動作的全過程,且賓語與補足語之間存在邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。-ing形式作補足語強調(diào)的是正在進行的動作,賓語與補足語之間也存在邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。過去分詞作補足語強調(diào)動作完成,有時沒有一定的時間性,只表示賓語與補足語之間存在邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。例如:
Ⅰsaw him blame his son just now.(主動,完成)
Ⅰsaw him blaming his son whenⅠpassed by his room.(主動,正在進行)
Ⅰwant to have my hair cut.(被動,完成或沒有一定時間性)
使役動詞let后加復(fù)合賓語時,當(dāng)賓語與補足語在邏輯上為主動關(guān)系時,賓語補足語用動詞原形;當(dāng)賓語與補足語在邏輯上為被動關(guān)系時,補足語用“be+done”。 例如:
Don't let your child get up late.
Let your homework be finished immediately.
2.get, have 表示使、讓、叫之意時,后接三種形式作賓補。
(1)讓某人去做某事
have sb.do sth.
get sb.to do sth.
My mom had me go to the shop and buy some vinegar.
(2)have sb.doing 讓某人持續(xù)做某事
get sb.doing 讓某人開始行動起來
The mother had her son playing the piano for 2 hours.
The boss got his workers working after a short rest.
(3)have sth.done=get sth.done
Ⅰwill have/get my radio repaired tomorrow.
有些表示主觀意愿或打算的動詞,后面必須跟不定式作賓語。 如:agree, ask, attempt, choose,decide, demand, determine, desire, expect, fail,happen, hope, intend, manage, offer, pretend,promise, plan, refuse, want, wish 等。
They decided to set up a team.
He failed to get the work finished on time.
有些動詞的后面則必須接doing形式作賓語。如:allow, advise, appreciate, admit, avoid, ban,bear, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, envy, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve,keep, mind, miss, oppose, practice, permit, prevent, risk, resist, quit, suggest等。
We don't allow smoking here.
Do you mind opening the window for me?
還有下列這些特殊情況考試時要注意:
1.need, want, require 在表示“需要被”時,后面即可以接doing形式,也可以接to be done形式。
The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.
The car wants washing.=The car wants to be washed.
2.某些動詞既可以接不定式,又可以接doing,但意義上有區(qū)別。 如:forget, remember, regret,mean, stop, try等。
Ⅰmean to go to the US.(打算)
Missing the busmeanswaiting foranother hour.(意味著)
Ⅰoften regret helping such a person.(后悔)
Ⅰregret to tell you that you failed the exam.(遺憾)
3.a(chǎn)llow, permit, advise, forbid 后面可接兩種形式。 即 “allow, permit, advise, forbid+for sb.to do”或 “allow, permit,advise,forbid+doing”。例如:
We don't allow playing football here.
We don't allow you to play football here.
尤其要注意被動結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
You are not allowed to play football here.
4.某些短語中的to是介詞,后面需接doing形式,不要跟不定式的to混淆。常見的此類短語有:devote...to, get down to, get used to, get accustomed to, get close to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, refer to, turn to等。
Let's get down to doing our work.
He got close to being killed yesterday.
5.還有一些高考中常見的固定句型。如:
Ⅰt is no use/good doing...
There is no sense/point (in) doing...
have trouble/difficulty/problems (in)doing...
have fun doing...
spend time (in) doing...
Ⅰt is no use discussing the matter again and again.
There is no point reading novels in class.
1.不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,不定式多用主動形式,這是因為句中往往在形容詞后省略了for sb./sth.,不定式的主被動取決于sb./sth.例如:
The book is difficult to read.
這句話有些同學(xué)認為book和 read之前應(yīng)該存在動賓關(guān)系。但其實完整的句子應(yīng)該是:The book is difficult for me to read.
再比如:English is easy to learn.
The fish is nice to eat.
Ⅰt is difficult for the rubbish to be collected.
2.注意以下表達的意義區(qū)別
developing countries 發(fā)展中國家
developed countries 發(fā)達國家
a frightened expression 感到害怕的表情
a frightening expression 令人害怕的表情
3.分詞的邏輯主語決定著分詞的使用形式(現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞),但它在句中沒有固定的位置,學(xué)會找出邏輯主語在做題時是非常重要的。
作定語時,分詞的邏輯主語是被修飾的詞。若邏輯主語和分詞是主動關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞;若邏輯主語和分詞是被動關(guān)系,則用過去分詞。例如:
Do you know the man giving the lecture now?
The novels written by Mark Twain are interesting.
作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。若邏輯主語和分詞是主動關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞;若邏輯主語和分詞是被動關(guān)系,則用過去分詞。例如:
The boy sat in a chair, reading a book.
Given more help, Ⅰcould have succeeded.
若分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語不是同一個人或物,則要用從句或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)代替分詞短語作狀語。
正確:Ⅰt being Sunday, we didn't need to go to school.
錯誤:Being Sunday, we didn't need to go to school.
作賓補時,分詞的邏輯主語是賓語。若賓語是賓補動作的發(fā)出者,則用現(xiàn)在分詞;若賓語是賓補動作的承受者,則用過去分詞。例如:
Ⅰfound a sign tied to a tree.
Ⅰfound a man lying in bed.