劉波, 徐俊青, 趙埴飚, 賈崇富
·心血管影像學(xué)·
雙期心臟CT成像在左心耳自發(fā)顯影(≥2級)中的診斷價值
劉波, 徐俊青, 趙埴飚, 賈崇富
目的以經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖(TEE)為金標準,探討雙期心臟CT(CCT)定性及定量評估2級以上左心耳自發(fā)顯影(LAASEC)的臨床價值。方法本院明確診斷房顫且行CCT及經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖(TEE)兩項檢查的住院患者267例。以TEE為金標準,計算CCT定性評估LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值(PPV)、陰性預(yù)測值(NPV)及診斷符合率。測量左心耳(LAA)及升主動脈(AA)CT值,計算LAA/AA ,繪制LAA/AA的ROC曲線。結(jié)果TEE診斷LAASEC 0~1級患者共192例,CCT陰性162例(84.4%),陽性30例(15.6%)。LAASEC 2~4級75例,CCT全部為陽性。以TEE為金標準,CCT定性檢測LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度、特異度、PPV、NPV及符合率分別為100.0%、84.4%、71.4%、100.0%及88.8%。LAA/AA最佳截斷點為0.524時,CCT評價LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度、特異度、PPV、NPV及符合率分別為98.7%、92.7%、84.1%、99.4%及94.4%。結(jié)論雙期CCT在評估LAASEC(≥2級)方面具有重要的臨床排除和預(yù)警價值。當CCT首期左心耳部無充盈缺損時,可以排除2~4級LAASEC的可能,避免不必要的TEE檢查。
自發(fā)顯影; 心臟CT; 經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖; 房顫; 左心耳
自發(fā)顯影(spontaneous echo contrast,SEC)是在超聲觀察下的一種無明顯輪廓可緩慢回旋活動的煙霧樣低回聲影[1],其形成機制是由于血流速度緩慢,剪切應(yīng)力減小導(dǎo)致纖維蛋白原介導(dǎo)的紅細胞聚集所致[2]。自發(fā)顯影常見于房顫患者左心耳部[3],研究表明,左心耳自發(fā)顯影(left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast,LAASEC)是房顫患者心源性血栓及血栓栓塞事件的獨立預(yù)警因素[4-6],高級別較低級別LAASEC更容易導(dǎo)致血栓栓塞事件的發(fā)生[5]。因此早期發(fā)現(xiàn)高級別LAASEC對指導(dǎo)抗凝治療、減少栓塞并發(fā)癥具有重要的臨床意義。
經(jīng)食道超聲心動圖(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)是目前診斷LAASEC的金標準[7],其缺點是侵入性、費時、耐受性差及操作者依賴性強。心臟CT成像(cardiac CT,CCT)已廣泛用于房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)前評估[8-12]。多項研究證實CCT雙期掃描評估左心耳血栓具有極佳的敏感度及陰性預(yù)測值(NPV)[13-17]。但應(yīng)用CCT評估LAASEC,尤其高級別LAASEC的研究較少見。本研究即以TEE為金標準,探討CCT定性及定量評估2級以上LAASEC的臨床價值。
材料與方法
1.研究對象
搜集2014年1月-2016年6月本院明確診斷房顫且均行CCT及TEE兩項檢查的住院患者的病例資料。排除標準:左心耳血栓,先天性心臟病,人工機械瓣膜或既往有深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞病史,CCT及TEE兩項檢查間隔gt;10天,圖像錯層、對比劑充盈欠佳等圖像質(zhì)量較差者。共267例患者納入研究。男160例,女107例,年齡33~92歲,平均(63.0±9.1)歲。其中持續(xù)性房顫患者138(51.7%)例,陣發(fā)性房顫129(48.3%)例;高血壓患者156(58.4%)例;糖尿病患者67(25.1%)例;腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血者45(16.9%)例。CCT及TEE檢查的間隔時間為(1.7±1.8)天。
2.TEE檢查方法及圖像分析
采用HP Sonos 5500型彩色多普勒血流顯像儀,多平面經(jīng)食管超聲探頭頻率為4~7 MHz,增益調(diào)至適當水平進行TEE檢查。探頭于距門齒25~35 cm的食管中段處,多軸向掃描左心水平切面并清晰顯示左心耳,然后于多個角度及不同深度行0~180°連續(xù)掃描,最大限度顯示左心耳結(jié)構(gòu)及其內(nèi)部回聲。
采用雙盲法,由兩名經(jīng)驗豐富的超聲科醫(yī)師分析TEE圖像,依據(jù)回聲強度及分布范圍對LAASEC進行分級。若兩名醫(yī)師結(jié)果有爭議,則請另一名超聲醫(yī)師共同研判,并得出最終結(jié)論。分級標準如下:0級,無煙霧狀回聲(正常組);1級為輕度,指超聲心動圖在高增益狀態(tài)下見到的僅持續(xù)片刻的稀疏血流回聲信號;2級為輕-中度,指較輕度略強的呈渦流狀的稀疏血流回聲信號,且不需要提高增益;3級為中度,指在整個心動周期中均可見的渦流狀稠密血流回聲信號;4級為重度,指在常規(guī)甚至低增益狀態(tài)下即可觀測到煙霧狀非常稠密的血流回聲信號。
3.CCT成像技術(shù)及分析
采用Siemens Somatom Definition Flash 128層雙源CT掃描儀行CCT掃描。范圍自氣管隆突水平至心臟膈面。采用碘對比劑示蹤法,在主動脈弓部管腔內(nèi)設(shè)置興趣區(qū)(ROI)并監(jiān)測其CT值,當ROI的CT值gt;100 HU 時,延遲6 s自動觸發(fā)CCT掃描。若左心耳有充盈缺損,延遲30 s行二期掃描。采用Ulrich雙筒高壓注射器經(jīng)肘前靜脈行對比劑(優(yōu)維顯300)三期注射,第一時相對比劑45~55 mL,流率5.0~5.5 mL/s;第二時相對比劑25~35 mL,流率3.5~4.0 mL/s;第三時相生理鹽水30 mL,流率4.0 mL/s。掃描模式為回顧性心電門控序列。準直寬度2×64×0.6 mm,轉(zhuǎn)速0.28 s/r,重建層厚和間隔分別為0.75 mm和0.5 mm。 所有圖像傳送至Syno工作站。采用雙盲法,由兩名經(jīng)驗豐富的心血管影像診斷醫(yī)師在工作站上觀察左心耳CT圖像,自由調(diào)整窗寬和窗位至最佳顯示窗觀察是否存在充盈缺損。若兩名醫(yī)師結(jié)果有爭議,則請另一名醫(yī)師共同研判,并得出最終結(jié)論。診斷標準:正常者表現(xiàn)為首期CCT左心耳均一對比劑填充;SEC表現(xiàn)為首期CCT左心耳類三角形相對低密度區(qū),即充盈缺損,延遲期對比劑均一填充(圖1)。血栓表現(xiàn)為首期和延遲期均充盈缺損。選擇首期CT圖像的最大層面左心耳(LAA)(有充盈缺損者選擇充盈缺損區(qū))和同層面升主動脈(AA),興趣區(qū)(≥1 cm)測量兩個部位CT值,并計算LAA/AA值。
4.統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差表示。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,多組間兩兩比較采用 LSD(方差齊)或Dunnett'S T3(方差不齊)法進行顯著性檢驗。截斷點、敏感度及特異度的確定采用受試者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線。以Plt;0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
267例房顫患者中,TEE診斷LAASEC 0~1級、2級、3級和4級患者分別為192例、26例、32例和17例。192例LAASEC 0~1級患者中,CCT陽性30例(15.6%),陰性162例(84.4%); LAASE 2~4級患者共75例,CCT全部診斷為陽性。以TEE為金標準,CCT定性檢測LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度、特異度、PPV、NPV及診斷符合率分別為100.0%、84.4%、71.4%、100.0%及88.8%。
TEE診斷LAASEC 0~1級、2級、3級和4級患者的LAA/AA值分別為0.86±0.18、0.28±0.13、0.24±0.13和0.18±0.09,隨著LAASEC分級程度的增加,LAA/AA值逐步下降,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=216.88,Plt;0.001)。其中,0~1級與2、3和4級LAASEC間差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001),而2級與3級、3級與4級間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均gt;0.05)。2級與4級LAASEC 間差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。以LAASEC≥2級為陽性事件,繪制LAA/AA的ROC曲線(圖2)。LAA/AA的曲線下面積為0.976。根據(jù)約登值,LAA/AA最佳截斷點為0.524時,CCT評價LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度、特異度、PPV、NPV及符合率分別為98.7%、92.7%、84.1%、99.4%及94.4%。
圖1 左心耳自發(fā)顯影。a) 首期CCT圖像示左心耳類三角形充盈缺損,CT值約111HU; b) 延遲期CCT圖像示左心耳對比劑均勻填充; c) TEE圖像示左心耳類三角形濃密血流回聲信號影。
圖2 以LAASEC(≥2級)為陽性事件的LAA/AA的ROC曲線,AUC為0.976。
討論
本研究對267例房顫患者的雙期CCT檢查進行定性及定量分析,以TEE為金標準, CCT定性評估LAASEC(≥2級)的敏感度及NPV均達到100%。結(jié)合對LAA/AA指標的定量分析(最佳截斷點為0.524),其特異度和PPV分別提高至92.7%和84.1%。
心房顫動(簡稱房顫)是老年人群中最常見的一種心律失常[18]。房顫患者左心房無效性收縮致血液的排出量降低,血液在心房內(nèi)凝滯淤結(jié),壓力提高,使左心房變大;尤其左心耳特殊形態(tài)及內(nèi)部豐富肌小梁更易導(dǎo)致血液排空延遲,血液淤滯即LAASEC形成。LAASEC是近期的心源性血栓及血栓栓塞事件的獨立預(yù)警因素[4-6],尤其是高級別SEC患者發(fā)生腦栓塞的可能性更大。Patel等[8]研究認為高級別SEC組(2.5±0.9)較低級別SEC組(1.4±0.5)更容易發(fā)生血栓栓塞事件(Plt;0.01)。經(jīng)12個月歲隨訪,22例(17%)患者經(jīng)MRI證實新發(fā)有腦缺血灌注的征象。而低級別SEC組在觀察期間僅5例(4%)患者發(fā)展為無癥狀腦梗塞。因此本研究把0~1級LAASEC歸為“正?!弊笮亩1狙芯恐?,TEE診斷0~1級LAASEC房顫患者192例,162例(84.4%)在CCT上表現(xiàn)為陰性,其中,1級LAASEC患者79例,僅22例(27.8%)CCT首期圖像上顯示左心耳部充盈缺損影 ,可見1級LAASEC在CCT上的檢出率不高,價值有限。其原因可能與1級LAASEC定義為TEE高增益下僅持續(xù)片刻的動態(tài)稀疏血流回聲信號影有關(guān),而CCT為LAA一過性顯像,可能未采集到LAA真正的“片刻”充盈缺損。而TEE診斷2~4級LAASEC患者75例,在CCT首期圖像上均表現(xiàn)為左心耳部的充盈缺損影,而延遲期均勻充盈。反之,筆者認為,當首期CCT顯示LAA均勻充盈時,亦可完全排除2~4級的LAASEC患者。因此,雙期CCT在檢出2~4級LAASEC方面具有重要的臨床排除價值,避免不必要的TEE檢查。
另外,大多數(shù)研究認為LAA/AA這一指標利用同層面升主動脈CT值作校正,消除了個體差異,提高了此指標診斷LAASEC的準確性,優(yōu)于其他如左心房耳部CT值指標[8,17,19-21]。因此,筆者亦采用LAA/AA指標對不同級別的LAASEC進行定量研究,結(jié)果顯示,隨著LAASEC嚴重程度的增加,LAA/AA值逐步下降,其中2級及其以上下降尤為明顯。進一步對LAA/AA指標繪制ROC曲線,結(jié)果顯示,當LAA/AA最佳截斷點為0.524時,雙期CCT評價LAASEC(≥2級) 的特異度和PPV較定性分析時明顯提高,分別為92.7%和84.1%。且敏感度及NPV仍保持在高水平。因此,筆者認為對雙期CCT定性分析的同時,結(jié)合定量分析提高了檢測LAASEC(≥2級)的診斷符合率,具有較強的臨床排除和預(yù)警價值。Kim等[17]對223例房顫患者行TEE和CCT檢查,以TEE為金標準,結(jié)果顯示,CCT定性診斷4級LAASEC及血栓的特異度及PPV分別為85%及31%,結(jié)合定量分析,當以LAA/AA=0.25為截斷點時,特異度及PPV尤其PPV明顯增加,分別為96%及75%。Patel等[8]研究亦顯示,CCT定性診斷3~4級SEC及血栓的敏感度和NPV分別為50%及95.1%,結(jié)合定量分析均升高至100%。這可能是因為定量分析避免了觀察者依賴經(jīng)驗及人為調(diào)整窗寬、窗位等主觀因素的影響。
本研究的局限性:CCT及TEE兩項檢查存在一定的間隔時間,可能導(dǎo)致LAASEC分級程度的改變。但本研究排除了間隔gt;10天的患者,且平均間隔時間僅為(1.7±1.8)天,降低了兩項檢查期間LAASEC的進展的可能性。此外,本研究為單中心研究,CCT定量評估LAASEC(≥2級)的價值需前瞻性多中心大樣本量研究的進一步證實。
總之,定性結(jié)合定量分析雙期CCT在檢測LAASEC(≥2級)具有重要的臨床排除和預(yù)警價值。當CCT首期左心耳部無充盈缺損時,可以排除2~4級LAASEC的可能,避免不必要的TEE檢查。
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Objective:Taking transesophageal echography (TEE) as gold standard,to study the clinical value of dual-phase cardiac CT (CCT) in the quantitative evaluation of left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast (LAASEC) (≥2 grade).Methods267 patients with atrial fibrillation undertook both CCT and transesophageal echo (TEE) examination.Using TEE as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value (NPV),positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of CCT in the quantitative evaluation of LAASEC were studied.In addition,the CT value of left atrial appendage (LAA) and ascending aorta (AA) were measured,then the ratio of CT values (LAA/AA) was calculated,and ROC of LAA/AA was drawn.ResultsOf the 267 patients,totally 162 patients were diagnosed as Grade 0~1 LAASEC by TEE,the CCT diagnosis was negative in 162 patients (84.4%),and positive in 30 patients (15.6%).A total of 75 patients were diagnosed as Grade 2~4 LAASEC by TEE,which were all positive on CCT.Taking TEE as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV,NPV and accuracy of CCT in displaying LAASEC was 100.0%、84.3%、71.4%、100.0% and 88.1% respectively.On the basis of ROC curve,using the optimal cutoff value as 0.542 for the LAA/AA ratio,quantitative identification of LAASEC (≥grade 2) yielded the sensitivity,specificity,PPV NPV and accuracy as 98.7%,92.7%,84.1%,99.4% and 93.7% respectively.ConclusionDual-phase CCT has significant values in exclusion and warning of LAASEC (grade 2~4) in clinical practice.When no filling defect was displayed in early-phase of CCT,Grade 2~4 spontaneous display of LAASEC could be ruled out and unnecessary TEE could be prevented.
Spontaneous echo contrast; Cardiac CT; Transesophageal echocardiography; Atrial fibrillation; Left atrial appendage
273500 山東,兗礦集團總醫(yī)院放射科(劉波、趙埴飚);273165 山東,山東曲阜市中醫(yī)院CT室(徐俊青);116011 遼寧,大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心臟CT檢查科(賈崇富)
劉波(1981-),男,山東省平邑縣人,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事CT及MRI影像診斷工作。
賈崇富,E-mail:wzx1128@163.com
R814.42; R541.75
A
1000-0313(2017)11-1152-04
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.11.011
Valueofdual-phasecardiacCTscanninginthediagnosisofleftatrialappendagespontaneousechocontrast(≥2grade) LIU Bo,XU Jun-qing,ZHAO Zhi-biao,et al.Department of Radiology,Yankuang Group General Hospital,Shandong 273500,China
2017-04-22)