鄧 勇, 蔣亞輝, 萬 焰, 楊和榮, 于春水, 黃 娟
(1遂寧市中心醫(yī)院皮膚科,四川 遂寧 629000; 2四川省人民醫(yī)院血液科, 四川 成都 610041)
血小板源性生長因子受體α影響過氧化氫誘導的黑素細胞凋亡*
鄧 勇1, 蔣亞輝1, 萬 焰1, 楊和榮1, 于春水1, 黃 娟2△
(1遂寧市中心醫(yī)院皮膚科,四川 遂寧 629000;2四川省人民醫(yī)院血液科, 四川 成都 610041)
目的探討血小板源性生長因子受體α(PDGFRα)對過氧化氫(H2O2)誘導的黑素細胞凋亡的影響。方法以黑素細胞PIGI為研究對象,分別用不同濃度的H2O2作用后,用MTT法檢測細胞活力,并計算半數(shù)抑制濃度。經(jīng)H2O2處理的PIGI細胞轉(zhuǎn)染空載體pCMV6或PDGFRα過表達載體pCMV6-PDGFRα,以不做轉(zhuǎn)染的細胞為空白對照,RT-qPCR和Western blot檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效率。用半數(shù)抑制濃度的H2O2作用于過表達PDGFRα的PIGI細胞,MTT法檢測細胞活力,繪制細胞生長曲線;流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡情況;Western blot檢測細胞中p38、磷酸化p38(p-p38)和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平;二氯二氫熒光素二乙酸酯(DCDHF-DA)法檢測細胞中活性氧簇(ROS)水平。結(jié)果H2O2作用后PIGI細胞生長減慢,細胞凋亡率升高,細胞中ROS水平、p-p38和cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平升高(P<0.05),H2O2的半數(shù)抑制濃度為0.7 mmol/L。PDGFRα過表達載體能夠成功上調(diào)PIGI細胞中PDGFRα的mRNA和蛋白水平(P<0.05)。過表達PDGFRα后經(jīng)過H2O2處理的PIGI細胞存活率升高(P<0.05),細胞凋亡率下降(P<0.05),細胞中的ROS水平下降(P<0.05),p-p38和cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論PDGFRα能夠抑制H2O2誘導的黑素細胞凋亡,部分逆轉(zhuǎn)H2O2對黑素細胞增殖的抑制作用,降低細胞中的ROS水平,其作用機制可能與p-p38和cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平的變化有關(guān)。
黑素細胞; 血小板源性生長因子受體α; 細胞凋亡; 過氧化氫
白癜風是一種常見的皮膚病,以皮膚上的白斑為主要特征。目前白癜風的發(fā)病機制尚不十分明確,黑素細胞缺失是其發(fā)病的主要原因。造成黑素細胞損傷的原因有很多,包括免疫學說、生化假說和神經(jīng)假說等,其中氧化應(yīng)激與黑素細胞損傷密切相關(guān)[1-2]。有研究表明,在白癜風患者損傷的表皮處發(fā)現(xiàn)其過氧化氫的濃度是正常表皮的1 000倍[3-5]。
血小板源性生長因子受體α(platelet-derived growth factor receptor α,PDGFRα)基因在遺傳性白癜風患者中的突變率明顯高于正常人,說明該基因可能與白癜風的發(fā)生有關(guān)[6]。除此以外,后續(xù)研究報道稱PDGFRα能夠減弱細胞氧化損傷,因此PDGFRα可能與黑素細胞氧化損傷有關(guān)[7-8]。本研究通過體外構(gòu)建黑素細胞氧化損傷模型,并過表達黑素細胞中PDGFRα水平,探討PDGFRα對氧化損傷誘導的黑素細胞凋亡的作用,以期為探討白癜風的發(fā)病機制奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1細胞和主要材料
黑素細胞PIGI購自于中國科學院細胞庫。
二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)蛋白濃度檢測試劑盒和細胞RNA提取試劑盒均購于碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)、DMEM培養(yǎng)基和M-254培養(yǎng)基均購自于Sigma;胎牛血清購于杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司;PDGFRα和β-肌動蛋白(β-actin)引物由上海生工合成;抗PDGFRα單克隆抗體、β-actin單克隆抗體、p38單克隆抗體、磷酸化p38(p-p38)單克隆抗體和cleaved caspase-3單克隆抗體均購自于CST;活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量檢測試劑盒購自于上海翊圣生物科技有限公司;空載體(pCMV6)和PDGFRα過表達載體(pCMV6-PDGFRα)購于Origene;Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑購自于Invitrogen。
2方法
2.1黑素細胞氧化損傷模型構(gòu)建 黑素細胞PIGI在含5%胎牛血清的M-254培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)條件為37 ℃、5% CO2。PIGI細胞以每孔5 000個細胞的密度接種到96孔細胞培養(yǎng)板中,每孔設(shè)置6個復(fù)孔,培養(yǎng)48 h后,吸除細胞培養(yǎng)液,在對照(control)組中加入含有5%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,H2O2組細胞培養(yǎng)基中加入不同濃度的H2O2,使其終濃度為0、0.2、0.4和0.8 mmol/L,培養(yǎng)24 h。
2.2H2O2對細胞活力影響 按照方法2.1處理PIGI細胞,培養(yǎng)24 h后,每孔中加入MTT溶液(5 g/L)20 μL,孵育4 h后,棄去上清液,加入二甲基亞砜,振蕩反應(yīng)10 min,觀察結(jié)晶物溶解后,酶標儀檢測490 nm的吸光度(A)值,以0 mmol/L組為陰性對照組,以不加入細胞的組為空白對照組,計算細胞存活率。細胞存活率(%)=(H2O2處理細胞A值-空白組A值)÷(對照細胞A值-空白組A值)×100%。
2.3細胞轉(zhuǎn)染 取造模成功的PIGI細胞,接種到6孔細胞培養(yǎng)板中,接種密度為2×108/L,觀察細胞融合度達到60%時,進行細胞轉(zhuǎn)染。取5 μL的Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑和95 μL的DMEM混合后記為A液,分別取2 μg的pCMV6和pCMV6-PDGFRα與96 μL的DMEM混合,記為B液,將A液和B液混合,放在室溫下靜置15 min,加入到細胞中,5 h后更換細胞培養(yǎng)液。將轉(zhuǎn)染pCMV6和pCMV6-PDGFRα后的黑素細胞PIGI分別記為陰性對照(negative)組和PDGFRα組,以不做處理的細胞記為空白對照(control)組。
2.4RT-qPCR檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效果 取control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞,培養(yǎng)24 h后,按照細胞RNA提取試劑盒提取細胞總RNA,用紫外分光光度計檢測提取的RNA的濃度和純度。RT-qPCR定量分析PDGFRα的mRNA表達水平。結(jié)果采用2-ΔΔCt法定量分析,內(nèi)參照為β-actin。兩步法反應(yīng)程序為:95 ℃預(yù)變性14 min; 95 ℃變性10 s, 60 ℃退火30 s, 72 ℃延伸120 s, 35個循環(huán); 72 ℃總延伸360 s。PDGFRα的上游引物為5’-GGCCCCATTTACATCATCAC-3’,下游引物為5’-CATAGCTCCGTGTGCTTTCA-3’;β-actin的上游引物為5’-AGCGAGCATCCCCCAAAGT-3’,下游引物為5’-GGGCACGAAGGCTCATCATT-3’。
2.5Western blot檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效果 取control組、ne-gative組和PDGFRα組細胞,培養(yǎng)24 h后,加入細胞裂解液,放在冰上裂解30 min后,4 ℃、12 000 r/min離心15 min,吸取蛋白上清液,用BCA蛋白定量試劑盒檢測蛋白濃度。取蛋白樣品與Loading Buffer混合后,在100 ℃煮沸5 min。取變性蛋白樣品加入上樣孔中,每孔中加入50 μL,電泳初始電壓為80 V,終末電壓為120 V,蛋白凝膠分離膠為12 %,濃縮膠為6%。電泳結(jié)束后,取出蛋白凝膠,4 ℃轉(zhuǎn)印至PVDF膜上,用5 %脫脂奶粉在室溫封閉60 min,依次與 I 抗(500倍稀釋,4 ℃過夜)、II 抗(1 000倍稀釋,室溫反應(yīng)60 min)反應(yīng)后,轉(zhuǎn)移至暗室中,滴加顯色液,曝光后,以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,分析PDGFRα的蛋白相對表達水平。
2.6PDGFRα對細胞增殖的影響 取control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞,用0.7 mmol/L的H2O2加入細胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h,以不轉(zhuǎn)染且不經(jīng)過H2O2處理的PIGI細胞為normal組,按照方法2.2中步驟檢測細胞存活率。同時將PIGI細胞接種于24孔板中,每孔加入2 000個細胞,每隔1 d對細胞進行計數(shù),培養(yǎng)4 d后,繪制生長曲線,實驗重復(fù)3次,取均值。
2.7流式細胞術(shù)檢測PDGFRα對細胞凋亡的影響 取control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞,加入含有0.7 mmol/L的H2O2的細胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h,以不轉(zhuǎn)染且不經(jīng)過H2O2處理的PIGI細胞為normal組,調(diào)整細胞濃度為5×108/L。收集1 mL的細胞懸液,加入500 μL的結(jié)合緩沖液充分懸浮細胞,在細胞中分別加5 μL的Annexin V-FITC/PI,在避光環(huán)境中反應(yīng)20 min。流式細胞儀檢測細胞凋亡情況。
2.8Western blot檢測p38、p-p38和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平 取control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞,加入含有0.7 mmol/L的H2O2的細胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h,以不轉(zhuǎn)染且不經(jīng)過H2O2處理的PIGI細胞為normal組,按方法2.5,Western blot檢測細胞中p38、p-p38和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平,實驗重復(fù)3次。
2.9ROS含量的檢測 取control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞,用含0.7 mmol/L H2O2的細胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h后,以不轉(zhuǎn)染且不經(jīng)過H2O2處理的PIGI細胞(normal組)為內(nèi)參照,按照試劑盒說明書的步驟,用二氯二氫熒光素二乙酸酯(2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate,DCDHF-DA)法檢測細胞中ROS水平。
3統(tǒng)計學處理
所得的實驗數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學軟件分析。數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標準差(mean±SD)表示,2組數(shù)據(jù)比較用t檢驗,多組之間比較用單因素方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1過氧化氫對細胞活力的影響
經(jīng)0、0.2、0.4和0.8 mmol/L的H2O2處理后,PIGI細胞的存活率依次為(100.61±9.33)%、(82.63±3.71)%、(64.38±8.30)%和(47.36±5.21)%。0.2、0.4和0.8 mmol/L的H2O2處理后細胞存活率較0 mmol/L H2O2作用組明顯降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖1。經(jīng)計算,H2O2的半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)為(0.72±0.06)mmol/L,因此后續(xù)選用0.7 mmol/L的H2O2處理PIGI細胞。
Figure 1. The effect of H2O2on the viability of the PIGI cells. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 mmol/L group.
圖1H2O2對PIGI細胞活力的影響
2轉(zhuǎn)染效果的檢測
Control組、negative組和PDGFRα組中PDGFRα的mRNA水平依次為 1.00±0.08、1.01±0.11和2.91±0.34,蛋白水平依次為0.21±0.05、0.20±0.08和0.58±0.07。這提示PIGI細胞轉(zhuǎn)染PDGFRα過表達載體后,細胞中PDGFRα的mRNA和蛋白水平均明顯高于control組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01),而轉(zhuǎn)染空載體后細胞中PDGFRα mRNA和蛋白水平與control組相比沒有差異,見圖2。
Figure 2. The expression of PDGFRα in transfected PIGI cells. A: the relative mRNA expression levels of PDGFRα; B: the representitive images of Western blot for determining the protein levels of PDGFRα and the quantitative analysis. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vscontrol group.
圖2RT-qPCR和Westernblot檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效果
3PDGFRα對細胞生長的影響
Normal組、control組、negative組和PDGFRα組的細胞存活率依次為(100.81±9.12)%、(50.72±4.91)%、(51.92±5.25)%和(70.92±4.31)%。Control組、negative組和PDGFRα組細胞存活率明顯低于normal組(P<0.01),PDGFRα組細胞存活率明顯高于control組(P<0.01),見圖3。過表達PDGFRα后細胞存活率升高,說明過表達PDGFRα能夠部分逆轉(zhuǎn)H2O2對細胞的生長抑制作用。
4PDGFRα對細胞凋亡的影響
Normal組、control組、negative組和PDGFRα組的細胞凋亡率依次為(6.32±1.08)%、(19.58±1.13)%、(19.84±1.14)%和(12.65±1.17)%。Control組、negative組和PDGFRα組凋亡率明顯高于normal組(P<0.01);PDGFRα組凋亡率明顯低于control組(P<0.01),見圖4。這提示H2O2處理后細胞凋亡增多,而過表達PDGFRα能夠抑制H2O2誘導的PIGI細胞凋亡。
Figure 3. The effect of PDGFRα on the cell proliferation. A: the cell growth curve; B: the changes of cell viability. Mean±SD.n=3.&P<0.05vsnormal group;*P<0.05vscontrol group.
圖3PDGFRα對細胞生長的影響
Figure 4. The effect of PDGFRα on the apoptosis of PIGI cells. Mean±SD.n=3.&P<0.05vsnormal group;*P<0.05vscontrol group.
圖4PDGFRα對細胞凋亡的影響
5PDGFRα對細胞中ROS水平的影響
Normal組、control組、negative組和PDGFRα組的ROS水平依次為1.01±0.14、3.30±0.25、3.31±1.10和2.79±0.14。Control組、negative組和PDGFRα組的ROS水平均高于normal組(P<0.01);PDGFRα組水平低于control組(P<0.05),見圖5。這表明過表達PDGFRα能夠部分抑制H2O2導致的ROS水平升高。
6PDGFRα對細胞中p38、p-p38和cleavedcaspase-3蛋白水平的影響
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,control組p-p38和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平明顯高于normal組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);PDGFRα組p-p38和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平明顯低于control組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。H2O2能夠誘導PIGI細胞中p-p38和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平升高,而過表達PDGFRα的PIGI細胞經(jīng)H2O2處理后細胞中的p-p38和cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平下降。提示PDGFRα可能通過調(diào)節(jié)p-p38和cleaved caspase-3影響PIGI細胞的凋亡,見圖6、表1。
Figure 5. The effect of PDGFRα on the generation of ROS in the PIGI cells. Mean±SD.n=3.&P<0.05vsnormal group;*P<0.05vscontrol group.
圖5PDGFRα對細胞ROS水平的影響
Figure 6. The effect of PDGFR α on the protein levels of p38, p-p38 and cleaved caspase-3 in the PIGI cells determined by Western blot.
圖6PDGFRα對細胞中p38、p-p38和cleavedcaspase-3蛋白水平的影響
表1p38、p-p38和cleavedcaspase-3的相對表達量
Table 1. The relative expression levels of p38, p-p38 and cleaved caspase-3 (Mean±SD.n=3)
Groupp?p38p38Cleavedcaspase?3Normal0.15±0.030.99±0.100.12±0.01Control0.29±0.07&0.98±0.120.23±0.04&Negative0.30±0.02&1.00±0.090.24±0.06&PDGFRα0.17±0.02&?0.99±0.140.13±0.03&?
&P<0.05vsnormal group;*P<0.05vscontrol group.
白癜風的發(fā)病機制與氧化應(yīng)激的關(guān)系密切。氧化應(yīng)激作用于黑素細胞,導致黑素細胞凋亡或者破壞后,在炎癥因子和抗原等作用下可引起機體的免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng),導致白癜風的發(fā)生[9-15]。PDGFRα是PDGF的受體之一,有酪氨酸激酶活性,能夠在骨骼、心臟、肺臟和性腺等發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用,在中風、癌癥和糖尿病等疾病的發(fā)生中也發(fā)揮重要作用[16-19]。有研究表明,過氧化氫刺激后黑素細胞中PDGFRα表達水平隨著H2O2濃度的升高而升高,對于黑素細胞自噬具有抑制作用[20]。
本研究運用了不同濃度的H2O2刺激黑素細胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)H2O2刺激后的黑素細胞存活率下降,計算其半數(shù)抑制濃度為0.7 mmol/L,后續(xù)實驗中選用0.7 mmol/L的H2O2刺激黑素細胞。本研究還成功構(gòu)建了過表達PDGFRα的黑素細胞,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達PDGFRα后的黑素細胞經(jīng)H2O2刺激后細胞凋亡有所減少,細胞增殖能力增加,提示過表達PDGFRα能夠抑制H2O2誘導的黑素細胞凋亡,拮抗H2O2對黑素細胞的增殖抑制作用。
細胞凋亡機制十分復(fù)雜,是受到一系列基因的嚴格調(diào)控的共同結(jié)果。目前公認的與細胞凋亡有關(guān)的基因主要有caspase蛋白家族,該蛋白家族在受到凋亡信號的刺激后能夠迅速活化,引起caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng),誘導細胞凋亡發(fā)生[21-25]。其中caspase-3是caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng)中執(zhí)行凋亡的蛋白,其活化后標志著凋亡進入不可逆的階段[26-27]。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),過氧化氫刺激后的黑素細胞中caspase-3活化水平升高,而過表達PDGFRα后能夠有效降低過氧化氫處理后的黑素細胞中caspase-3活化水平。這提示,PDGFRα能夠作用于caspase-3活化水平影響H2O2誘導的黑素細胞凋亡。
正常情況下,細胞內(nèi)的ROS水平處于動態(tài)平衡當中,當細胞內(nèi)ROS水平異常升高時能夠?qū)е录毎麅?nèi)蛋白和DNA等損傷,破壞細胞的正常平衡,引起疾病的發(fā)生[28-32]。白癜風的發(fā)生與黑素細胞氧化應(yīng)激損傷有關(guān),而氧化應(yīng)激是機體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的ROS與生物機體內(nèi)活性介質(zhì)的清除及組織損傷修復(fù)能力遭到破壞的結(jié)果[33-35]。本研究結(jié)果表明,H2O2作用后黑素細胞中ROS水平升高,而過表達PDGFRα能夠降低H2O2誘導的ROS水平異常升高。
細胞凋亡除了受到細胞內(nèi)ROS水平和caspase蛋白家族等的影響外,細胞內(nèi)信號通路的傳導也參與細胞凋亡過程[13,36-37]。p38信號通路參與心肌細胞、癌細胞、骨骼細胞、膠質(zhì)細胞和表皮細胞等多種細胞的生長和凋亡過程,p38磷酸化后能夠促進細胞凋亡的發(fā)生[38-40]。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),H2O2刺激后黑素細胞中p38磷酸化水平升高,而過表達PDGFRα后細胞中p38磷酸化水平有所降低。
綜上所述,PDGFRα能夠抑制H2O2誘導的黑素細胞凋亡,拮抗H2O2對黑素細胞增殖的抑制作用,抑制H2O2誘導的細胞中ROS水平升高,其作用機制可能與p38信號通路有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果為后續(xù)進一步研究白癜風的發(fā)病機制提供了實驗依據(jù)。本研究只對PDGFRα的作用機制進行了初步探討,后續(xù)會繼續(xù)深入研究PDGFRα對黑素細胞氧化損傷的作用機制。
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(責任編輯: 林白霜, 羅 森)
Effects of PDGFRα on melanocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide
DENG Yong1, JIANG Ya-hui1, WAN Yan1, YANG He-rong1, YU Chun-shui1, HUANG Juan2
(1DepartmrntofDermatology,CentralHospitalofSuiningCity,Suining629000,China;2DepartmentofHematology,ThePeople’sHospitalofSichuanProvince,Chengdu610041,China.E-mail:xingdubu596707@163.com)
AIM: To investigate the effects of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) on melanocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).METHODSMelanocyte PIGI was used as the research object. After exposed to H2O2at different concentrations, the cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The PIGI cells were transfec-ted with empty vector pCMV6 orPDGFRαover-expression vector pCMV6-PDGFRα. The transfection efficiency was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The effect of H2O2on the viability of the PIGI cells after over-expression ofPDGFRαwas measured by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels of p38, p-p38 and cleaved caspase-3 in the cells were detected by Western blot. DCDHF-DA was used to estemate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells.RESULTSThe viability of PIGI cells decreased after exposed to H2O2(P<0.05), and the half maximal inhibitory concentration of H2O2was 0.7 mmol/L. Transfection withPDGFRαover-expression vector successfully induced high expression of PDGFRα at mRNA and protein levels in the PIGI cells, and increased the viability of the cells with H2O2treatment (P<0.05). Over-expression ofPDGFRαdecreased the apoptotic rate of PIGI cells treated with H2O2(P<0.05), and the level of ROS in the cells (P<0.05). The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and p-p38 were also decreased (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONPDGFRα inhibits the apoptosis of melanocytes induced by H2O2, partially reverses the growth inhibition of melanocytes by H2O2, and decreases the ROS level. The mechanism may be related to regulating the protein levels of p-p38 and cleaved caspase-3 in the cells.
Melanocytes; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α; Apoptosis; Hydrogen peroxide
1000- 4718(2017)11- 2060- 07
2017- 05- 15
2017- 07- 20
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No. 81500173)
△通訊作者 Tel: 18108189376; E-mail: xingdubu596707@163.com
R758.4; R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.11.022