西澳大利亞州野生動(dòng)植物和公園管理局

峽谷和天然橋—澳大利亞托蒂拉普國(guó)家公園

西澳大利亞州野生動(dòng)植物和公園管理局

1 峽谷和天然橋的概念平面圖概念平面展示了所有設(shè)計(jì)要素，包括停車(chē)場(chǎng)、野餐聚會(huì)區(qū)、道路系統(tǒng)和眺望臺(tái)。The Gap and Natural Bridge concept plan Concept plan showing all design elements including parking, picnic and gathering areas, path network and lookouts.

國(guó)家公園的設(shè)計(jì)存在多方面的限制條件，受制于許多未知的復(fù)雜因素。風(fēng)景園林能夠?qū)@些限制因素有所回應(yīng)，即與場(chǎng)地相互滲透，由經(jīng)驗(yàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)，并且往往受社會(huì)政治所控制，包括為旅游業(yè)提供具有吸引力的設(shè)施。

峽谷和天然橋位于西澳大利亞州奧爾巴尼市的托蒂拉普國(guó)家公園（Torndirrup National Park），它的重建是為了創(chuàng)造一條壯觀(guān)而體驗(yàn)豐富的游覽路徑，在規(guī)避游客安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的同時(shí)，增加訪(fǎng)客的容量并提高可達(dá)性，這需要解決建造環(huán)境惡劣及海岸高度腐蝕的問(wèn)題。

2 峽谷眺望臺(tái)實(shí)體模型峽谷眺望臺(tái)實(shí)體模型由泡沫、醋酸材料、卡紙和鋁構(gòu)成。使用3D激光測(cè)量技術(shù)進(jìn)行巖土勘測(cè)和模型生成。The Gap Lookout physical model Physical model of the Gap Lookout concept constructed from foam, acetate, card and aluminium. A 3D laser survey was used for geotechnical investigations and used to generate the model.

3 峽谷和天然橋鳥(niǎo)瞰圖從空中看，花崗巖場(chǎng)地的形態(tài)與不銹鋼扶手、混凝土道路和模塊化的格柵板所形成的硬朗線(xiàn)條相互呼應(yīng)。輪椅可以通過(guò)道路到達(dá)各個(gè)眺望臺(tái)。Aerial view over the Gap and Natural Bridge From the air the jointed granitic site is mimicked by the strong lines of the stainless steel handrail, the jointed concrete paths and modular grating panels. The path alignments allow wheelchair access to both lookouts.

4 由場(chǎng)地向西觀(guān)賞的鳥(niǎo)瞰圖游客可以站在峽谷眺望臺(tái)上，從距離懸崖面以外4m的地方觀(guān)賞37m以下的海面。海面翻涌時(shí)站在眺望臺(tái)上仍可感受到激起的浪花。Site overview looking west The Gap Lookout allows visitors views from 4m past the cliff face and 37m above sea level. In large swell the sea sprays water jets up towards the lookout.

5 峽谷眺望臺(tái)鳥(niǎo)瞰圖眺望臺(tái)在端點(diǎn)處放大，游客可以透過(guò)底部的矩形格柵觀(guān)賞腳下波濤洶涌的海面。5個(gè)長(zhǎng)條形懸臂結(jié)構(gòu)橫梁（10.7m長(zhǎng)）可支撐觀(guān)景臺(tái)。Aerial view over the Gap Lookout Rectangular shaped grating with larger openings at the front of the lookout allows views through to the surging ocean below. Five slender box beams cantilever 10.7m to support the viewing deck.

場(chǎng)地原有3m寬的平臺(tái)和狹窄的道路，作為奧爾巴尼地區(qū)的主要旅游勝地，卻無(wú)法承載每年24萬(wàn)人次的游客量。人們常在場(chǎng)地尋找完美的觀(guān)景視角和更好的觀(guān)景體驗(yàn)，而場(chǎng)地內(nèi)常出現(xiàn)波濤洶涌、強(qiáng)風(fēng)、巨浪以及濕滑的片麻巖和花崗巖跌落和崩塌現(xiàn)象，存在著未知的危險(xiǎn)，目前已發(fā)生多起重傷和死亡事件。

為了降低場(chǎng)地的危險(xiǎn)性并逐步完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，該項(xiàng)目在場(chǎng)地內(nèi)部構(gòu)架了一個(gè)道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)，使用2個(gè)安全的懸臂結(jié)構(gòu)組成整個(gè)場(chǎng)地的核心節(jié)點(diǎn)。37m高的懸崖之下就是波濤洶涌的大海，人們?cè)谶@樣的峽谷空間體驗(yàn)邂逅。如何化解人工構(gòu)筑物與壯美景觀(guān)之間的沖突至關(guān)重要，這需要結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)出其精妙之處和可信度。雖然項(xiàng)目實(shí)質(zhì)目的是進(jìn)行場(chǎng)地干預(yù)，但應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)游客、老人、流動(dòng)人群、殘疾人和對(duì)園區(qū)感興趣的家庭等各類(lèi)到訪(fǎng)者仔細(xì)周到的照顧[1]。

由于該地塊不規(guī)則且高低不平，因此需要選擇合適的建造形式以增強(qiáng)其通達(dá)性，路徑表面與其隱藏結(jié)構(gòu)都至關(guān)重要。經(jīng)考慮，結(jié)構(gòu)與場(chǎng)地的交界處使用雙面2205不銹鋼巖石錨點(diǎn)，以削減巖石的醒目特征。

6 于峽谷眺望臺(tái)向西北觀(guān)景經(jīng)由坡道下到峽谷的懸崖邊緣，游客的體驗(yàn)逐漸增強(qiáng)。為保證坡道不受環(huán)境腐蝕，采用光滑的雙面拋光不銹鋼材料。Looking north-west on the Gap LookoutThe visitor experience is enhanced by a ramp descending into the Gap past the cliff edge. Smooth polished duplex stainless steel was used to withstand the corrosive environment.

7 向南觀(guān)集散廣場(chǎng)和遠(yuǎn)處的峽谷眺望臺(tái)為紀(jì)念場(chǎng)地內(nèi)部巖石的形成歷史，集散廣場(chǎng)的混凝土路面紋理采用9億年前羅迪尼亞超大陸的圖樣。Looking south over Gathering Area with the Gap Lookout beyondThe gathering area has textured concrete displaying a graphic of the supercontinent Rodinia, (900 million years ago), which is when site rock was formed.

8 穿過(guò)集散廣場(chǎng)向西為危險(xiǎn)提示牌和講解牌Looking west over Gathering Area to the interpretive and visitor risk signs集散廣場(chǎng)使用大量噴砂混凝土展示了羅迪尼亞超大陸的圖樣。一旁的指示牌為游客介紹The gathering area concrete graphic has labels of the land masses of the了大陸的演變進(jìn)程。supercontinent Rodinia sandblasted into the concrete. Adjacent signs give visitors information about the processes leading to its current formation.

9 向東北方向觀(guān)高架人行道、混凝土路徑和天然橋眺望臺(tái)Looking north east over the elevated walkway and concrete paths towards the Natural Bridge lookout beyond

10 穿過(guò)高架的人行道向南側(cè)望向觀(guān)景區(qū)Looking south over the elevated walkway towards the viewing area

施工質(zhì)量是項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)與規(guī)劃的核心，也是建成后立即投入為游客服務(wù)的關(guān)鍵。如植被的選擇、儲(chǔ)存和繁殖，臨時(shí)建筑的安置，利用卵石保護(hù)巖石表面并重建植物群落。優(yōu)先使用已經(jīng)人為干預(yù)的區(qū)域，拆除舊的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并對(duì)場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行恢復(fù)。

在景觀(guān)團(tuán)隊(duì)、工程團(tuán)隊(duì)、翻譯團(tuán)隊(duì)和當(dāng)?shù)匦袠I(yè)之間建立教學(xué)關(guān)系也十分重要。專(zhuān)業(yè)間的互惠將轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)場(chǎng)地和現(xiàn)狀的高度尊重。

2016年4月場(chǎng)地重新開(kāi)放后的第一年，來(lái)自當(dāng)?shù)亍⒅蓦H和國(guó)際的游客游覽量超過(guò)36萬(wàn)。該場(chǎng)地使國(guó)家公園更具吸引力，再次受到了游客的青睞，也因當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的不斷推進(jìn)而更具活力。

主要景觀(guān)及建筑設(shè)計(jì)、標(biāo)識(shí)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、施工監(jiān)理：

西澳大利亞州野生動(dòng)植物和公園管理局

客戶(hù)及內(nèi)部項(xiàng)目管理：西澳大利亞州野生動(dòng)植物和公園管理局

結(jié)構(gòu)、土木和巖土工程，施工管理：GHD私人有限公司

施工：BGC施工部

合同管理：西澳大利亞州建設(shè)管理和工作部門(mén)（財(cái)政部）

項(xiàng)目區(qū)位：西澳大利亞州，奧爾巴尼市，托蒂拉普國(guó)家公園

設(shè)計(jì)年份：2013—2014年

建成時(shí)間：2016年5月6日

項(xiàng)目面積：3 600m2

照片來(lái)源：西澳大利亞州野生動(dòng)植物和公園管理局

翻譯：張希

校對(duì)：王晞月

11 向南觀(guān)斜坡式高架人行道，也是通往峽谷眺望臺(tái)的輪椅通道Looking south over the ramped elevated walkway which provides wheelchair access to the the Gap lookout

12 由峽谷眺望臺(tái)向南觀(guān)，約60名游客在懸崖邊緣停留Looking south at the Gap Lookout with approximately 60 visitors suspended over the cliff edge

[1] Beatrice Galilee. Invasions in the Landscape[J/OL]. Abitare, 2009.（2009-03-24）.http://www.abitare.it/en/ architecture/2009/03/24/invasions-in-the-landscape-2/.

13 沿混凝土路徑和停坐場(chǎng)地向西看路徑設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)有盲板，以緩和地面巖石的不規(guī)則表面。上方頂板產(chǎn)生的陰影線(xiàn)營(yíng)造出浮雕的美感。Looking west along the concrete path and seating node The paths were designed with a blinding slab to take up the irregularities in the rocky ground surface, while a top slab above creates a shadow line and floating aesthetic.

The critical constraints of design in national parks are multifaceted with many unseen complexities. Landscape architectural responses in these settings are trans fi xed with site, driven by the experiential and often governed by socio-political ambitions including the provision of 'drawcard' facilities for tourism.

At The Gap and Natural Bridge in Torndirrup National Park, Albany, the redevelopment sought to create a spectacular and rewarding visitor experience whilst responding to visitor risk, a need to increase visitor capacity and improve their access, overcome a confronting construction environment and address a highly corrosive coastal setting.

A key tourism attraction for the Albany area, the sites previous 3m wide platforms and narrow paths failed to cater for the 240 000 visits each year. This left the uninitiated endangering themselves seeking the perfect viewing angle and a heightened experience amid a site often characterised by rough oceans, high winds, sea spray and slippery gneiss and granodiorite rock subject to fall and collapse. Several serious injuries and deaths have occurred.

14 向西觀(guān)天然橋眺望臺(tái)，南海上海浪拍打著礁石Looking west over the Natural Bridge Lookout with the Southern Ocean waves crashing beyond

15 向西觀(guān)天然橋眺望臺(tái)天然橋眺望臺(tái)通過(guò)懸臂架空在自然排水線(xiàn)和峭壁邊緣不穩(wěn)定的巖石之上。Looking west over the Natural Bridge LookoutThe Natural Bridge Lookout cantilevers over natural drainage line and over unstable rock at the cliff edge.

16 向西南方向觀(guān)天然橋眺望臺(tái)Looking south-west to the Natural Bridge Lookout

17 從野餐區(qū)向南看場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)有的巨石被重新塑形后，作為座椅放置在野餐區(qū)中預(yù)制混凝土桌旁?？瓷先ハ裨絹?lái)越多的巖石沿著斜坡滑落，自然地融入場(chǎng)地之中。Looking south at the picnic areaBoulders from site were shaped and placed as seats next to precast concrete tables in the picnic area. It appears that the rock beyond has tumbled down the slope into the design.

18 從峽谷另一邊向西觀(guān)眺望臺(tái)及島嶼Looking west from the other side of the Gap towards the lookout with islands beyond

Designed to balance risk with reward and conscious of sanitisation resulting from increased infrastructure, the project conceived a network of pathways grafted to site culminating in two secure cantilevered structures. At The Gap this enables visitors to experience an encounter in space beyond the precipice standing 37 metres above the crashing ocean below. Negotiating the tension between the presence of an alien structure and a sublime landscape is paramount. The structures need to embody both subtlety and con fi dence in order to succeed. They aim to intervene but to exude only thoughtful and careful curation of the tourists, elderly, ambulant, disabled and interested families[1]across the site.

Augmenting access across the irregular and rugged nature of the features required a responsive built form where detail was as critical above finished floor level as it was below. Considered interfaces with the site ranged from duplex 2205 stainless steel rock anchors to rebates highlighting rock form and character.

Constructability was central to design and project planning essential to have a 'tourism ready product' immediately after construction. Retrieval, storage and propagation of vegetation, placement of a temporary construction access track and repurposing boulders preserved the rock surface and re-established vegetation communities. Existing disturbed areas were used in preference and old infrastructure removed and site rehabilitated.

Establishing a pedagogical relationship between the landscape architecture team, the engineering team, the interpretation team and local trades was essential. Mutual professional benefit translated into a highly considered response to site and brief.

More than 360 000 locals, interstate and international tourists have visited in the first year following reopening in April 2016. The site has again been embraced by those visiting and promoted by local businesses for its enrichment of the national park experience.

19 從峽谷另一邊向西北方向觀(guān)眺望臺(tái)以及37m以下的南海Looking north-west from the other side of the Gap towards the lookout with the Southern Ocean 37 metres below

Principal Landscape Architecture and Architectural Design, Sign Design, Construction Supervision: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia Client and Internal Project Management: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

Structural, Civil and Geotechnical Engineering, Construction Management: GHD Pty Ltd

Construction: BGC Construction

Contract Management: Building Management and Works Western Australia (Department of Finance)

Location: Torndirrup National Park, Albany, Western Australia

Design Year: 2013—2014

Date of Completion: 6th May 2016

Area: 3 600m2

Photo Credits: Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

Translator: ZHANG Xi

Proofreader: WANG Xi-yue

The Gap and Natural Bridge—Torndirrup National Park, Australia

Department of Parks and Wildlife Western Australia

（編輯/劉藍(lán)藍(lán) 陳雨茜）