房坤,沈俊林,汪俊萍,李威
顳葉癲癇患者靜息態(tài)fMRI功能連接強(qiáng)度的研究
房坤,沈俊林,汪俊萍,李威*
目的采用基于全腦體素水平的靜息態(tài)功能磁共振成像(restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)功能連接強(qiáng)度(functional connectivity strength,F(xiàn)CS)方法分析顳葉癲癇(temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE)患者腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)水平改變。材料與方法對30例TLE患者(TLE組)和27名年齡、性別和受教育程度相匹配的健康志愿者(正常對照組)進(jìn)行rs-fMRI數(shù)據(jù)采集及行為學(xué)測評。對rs-fMRI數(shù)據(jù)后處理,得到全腦FCS圖。兩組被試間年齡、受教育年限等各項(xiàng)臨床基本資料以及各項(xiàng)神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測評結(jié)果的差異采用雙樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較,兩組間性別的差異采用卡方檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較。采用一般線性模型比較TLE組與正常對照組全腦FCS的差異。采用線性相關(guān)分析評價(jià)組間差異腦區(qū)的FCS值與行為學(xué)評分的關(guān)系。結(jié)果與正常對照組相比,TLE組在左側(cè)顳上回、右側(cè)顳上回、右側(cè)額上回以及右側(cè)額中回等腦區(qū)FCS值顯著減低(P<0.05,錯(cuò)誤發(fā)現(xiàn)率法校正)。TLE患者貝克抑郁自評量表評分與右側(cè)額上回FCS值呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.433,P=0.024);特質(zhì)焦慮問卷評分與左側(cè)顳上回FCS呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.434,P=0.024)。結(jié)論本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者多個(gè)腦區(qū)的全腦功能連接強(qiáng)度明顯降低,有助于進(jìn)一步揭示顳葉癲癇發(fā)病的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。
癲癇,顳葉;磁共振成像,功能;功能連接
癲癇是由不同病因引起的腦功能障礙性疾病和綜合征,以腦部神經(jīng)元異常過度放電所致的突發(fā)的和短暫的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失常為突出表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)癲癇致癇灶的部位以及神經(jīng)元放電擴(kuò)散的范圍,患者可表現(xiàn)為不同程度的感覺、運(yùn)動(dòng)、精神、自主神經(jīng)等功能障礙。顳葉癲癇(temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE)是一種常見的難治的耐藥性癲癇,也是手術(shù)治療癲癇的常見類型[1]。有多位學(xué)者通過研究證實(shí),TLE患者常具有致癇灶內(nèi)及灶外腦結(jié)構(gòu)以及功能[2]的異常。近年來,隨著腦功能成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,靜息態(tài)功能磁共振成像(restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging,rsfMRI)被廣泛應(yīng)用于TLE的研究中[3-5]。研究表明,TLE病變早期即可出現(xiàn)腦區(qū)之間功能連接模式的變化[6]。然而,既往研究多是基于感興趣區(qū)的功能連接,該方法的局限性是不能從全腦體素水平大尺度地反映功能連接特征[7]。功能連接強(qiáng)度(functional connectivity strength,F(xiàn)CS)是一種基于全腦體素水平的檢測全腦功能連接的數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的方法,能全面評價(jià)大腦的內(nèi)在功能性[8]。本研究采用FCS方法分析TLE患者腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)水平改變,探索靜息狀態(tài)下TLE患者功能連接異常。
收集2015年6月至2016年8月就診于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院的TLE患者。參考2005年國際抗癲癇聯(lián)盟制定的診斷癲癇和癲癇綜合征的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]、Frsncesca Pittau[10]TLE的入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和Manford等[11]制定的TLE診斷條件,共入組30例TLE患者,均為右利手,其中男17例,女13例,年齡14~55歲,平均(27.43±9.15)歲。所有入組患者均符合以下條件:(1)臨床發(fā)作癥狀提示致癇灶位于顳葉;(2)發(fā)作期或發(fā)作間期內(nèi)腦電圖提示致癇灶位于顳葉;(3)常規(guī)顱腦MRI檢查陰性。同期從社區(qū)招募27名健康志愿者,均為右利手,其中男14例,女13例,年齡18~50歲,平均(27.26±8.00)歲。TLE組與正常對照組間年齡(P=0.94)、性別(P=0.72)、受教育年限(P=0.20)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(見表1)。本研究經(jīng)本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過,受試者均被告知研究內(nèi)容,并簽署知情同意書。
對TLE患者行國立醫(yī)院癲癇發(fā)作嚴(yán)重程度量表(national hospital seizure severity scale,NHS3)、簡易智能精神狀態(tài)量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、貝克抑郁自評量表(beck depression inventory,BDI)、狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮問卷(state-trait anxiety inventory,STAI)評估。
采用GE公司Discovery MR750 3.0 T MRI掃描儀,8通道高分辨率頭顱線圈。所有受試者均行3D高分辨T1WI結(jié)構(gòu)像掃描和靜息態(tài)fMRI掃描。3D高分辨率T1WI結(jié)構(gòu)像采用顱腦容積成像序列,掃描參數(shù):TR=8.2 ms,TE=3.2 ms,TI=450 ms,反轉(zhuǎn)角12°,F(xiàn)OV 256 mm×256 mm,矩陣256×256,層厚1.0 mm,層數(shù)188,間隔0。靜息態(tài)fMRI采用單次激發(fā)回波平面成像序列,掃描參數(shù):TR=2000 ms,TE=45 ms,反轉(zhuǎn)角90°,F(xiàn)OV 240 mm×240 mm,層厚4.0 mm,層數(shù)32,間隔0.5 mm,采集180個(gè)時(shí)相,成像范圍覆蓋全腦。掃描時(shí)要求被試閉眼、呼吸均勻、身體保持不動(dòng)、盡量不要有任何思維活動(dòng)且保持清醒狀態(tài)。
采用基于Matlab2012平臺的統(tǒng)計(jì)參數(shù)圖SPM8軟件對圖像進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,包括圖像格式轉(zhuǎn)換、時(shí)間層校正、頭動(dòng)校正、空間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、去線性漂移、帶通濾波(0.01~0.08 Hz)、回歸無關(guān)信號(頭動(dòng)參數(shù)、白質(zhì)、腦脊液及全腦信號)等步驟。
對預(yù)處理后的圖像進(jìn)行FCS分析。首先,計(jì)算所有體素對之間時(shí)間序列的相關(guān)系數(shù)r,構(gòu)建全腦功能連接矩陣。然后,為了增強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)分布的正態(tài)性,對相關(guān)值r值進(jìn)行Fisher r-to-z變換轉(zhuǎn)化成z值。最后,對于每一個(gè)體素通過計(jì)算該體素與全腦其他灰質(zhì)體素的功能連接總和得到FCS圖。將相關(guān)性閾值設(shè)為r=0.2,以消除由于噪聲影響所產(chǎn)生的弱相關(guān)[12]。
采用一般線性模型分析兩組被試間FCS的差異,F(xiàn)CS作為因變量,組別作為自變量,將年齡、性別、教育程度作為協(xié)變量。多重比較校正采用錯(cuò)誤發(fā)現(xiàn)率法(false discovery rate,F(xiàn)DR)[13],體素水平統(tǒng)計(jì)閾值P<0.05,簇大小>30個(gè)體素。在TLE患者組中,將具有組間差異腦區(qū)的FCS值與行為學(xué)評分進(jìn)行偏相關(guān)分析,以性別、年齡和教育程度作為協(xié)變量,P<0.05認(rèn)為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
TLE組與正常對照組間BDI差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.39),在MMSE、STAI、狀態(tài)焦慮問卷(state anxiety inventory,S-AI)、特質(zhì)焦慮問卷(trait anxiety inventory,T-AI)之間的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),見表2。
一般線性模型分析顯示,與正常對照組相比,TLE組在左側(cè)顳上回(BA40、42)、右側(cè)顳上回(BA38)、右側(cè)額上回(BA8)、右側(cè)額中回(BA10)4個(gè)腦區(qū)FCS值顯著下降(P<0.05,F(xiàn)DR校正),見圖1,表3。
表1 兩組人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)及臨床參數(shù)Tab.1 Demographic data and clinical parameters of two groups
表2 兩組神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測量結(jié)果比較(分,Tab.2 Comparison of neuropsychological measurements of two groups (score,
表2 兩組神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測量結(jié)果比較(分,Tab.2 Comparison of neuropsychological measurements of two groups (score,
注:NHS3:國立醫(yī)院癲癇發(fā)作嚴(yán)重程度量表;BDI:貝克抑郁自評量表;MMSE:簡易智能精神狀態(tài)量表,該指標(biāo)TLE組被試30例,對照組27名;STAI:狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮問卷;S-AI:狀態(tài)焦慮問卷;T-AI:特質(zhì)焦慮問卷。
組別NHS3BDIMMSESTAIS-AIT-AI正常對照組NA5.26±2.4429.84±0.3790.15±6.8044.59±4.1445.56±3.18 TLE組9.80±3.605.87±2.8028.67±1.27100.50±9.7849.33±4.9251.50±5.70t值NA0.87-4.464.593.924.79P值NA0.39<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
表3 兩組被試FCS值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的腦區(qū)分布Tab.3 The distribution of brain areas with statistical significance in the difference of FCS value between the two groups
線性相關(guān)分析顯示,在TLE患者組中,貝克抑郁自評量表評分與右側(cè)額上回(BA8)的FCS值呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.433,P=0.024),見圖2A;特質(zhì)焦慮評分與左側(cè)顳上回(BA40、42)的FCS值呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.434,P=0.024),見圖2B。
人腦作為一個(gè)整體,各腦區(qū)之間存在著緊密的聯(lián)系,任何一項(xiàng)認(rèn)知活動(dòng)都是依賴多個(gè)腦區(qū)之間的相互協(xié)同作用完成的。靜息態(tài)功能連接主要考察不同腦區(qū)低頻血氧水平依賴信號隨時(shí)間變化而同步活動(dòng)的程度,反映了腦區(qū)之間的功能整合情況[14]?;诟信d趣區(qū)的功能連接不能同時(shí)反映多個(gè)腦區(qū)自發(fā)活動(dòng)信號的同步性,易造成研究結(jié)果的偏倚[15]。近年來出現(xiàn)的FCS方法能夠基于體素水平對全腦功能連接特征進(jìn)行無偏觀察,有效克服了基于感興趣區(qū)的功能連接方法的不足[8]。本研究采用FCS方法對TLE患者全腦水平功能連接的改變進(jìn)行探索,發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者左側(cè)顳上回、右側(cè)顳上回、右側(cè)額上回、右側(cè)額中回4個(gè)腦區(qū)FCS值顯著下降。
圖1 TLE組較對照組FCS值降低的腦區(qū),包括左側(cè)顳上回(A)、右側(cè)顳上回(B)、右側(cè)額上回(C)、右側(cè)額中回(D),彩色刻度為功能連接強(qiáng)度值Fig. 1 Compared with the control group, FCS value of the TLE group decreased in the following cerebral region: left superior temporal gyrus (A), right superior temporal gyrus (B), right superior frontal gyrus (C),right middle frontal gyrus (D), color scale for functional connection strength.
圖2 A:TLE患者組,右側(cè)額上回的FCS值與BDI評分呈負(fù)相關(guān)的散點(diǎn)圖(r=-0.433,P=0.024);B:TLE患者組,左側(cè)顳上回的FCS值與T-AI呈負(fù)相關(guān)性的散點(diǎn)圖(r=-0.434,P=0.024)Fig. 2 A: In the TLE group, the scatter diagram of FCS value of the right frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the BDI score (r=-0.433,P=0.024); B: In the TLE group, the scatter diagram of FCS value of left superior temporal gyrus was negatively correlated with T-AI (r= -0.434,P=0.024).
TLE是神經(jīng)元異常放電損害影響到整個(gè)或部分顳葉的局限性癲癇[10-11],有研究表明顳上回(BA38)是參與TLE發(fā)作的起始部位[16]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者雙側(cè)顳上回FCS值顯著下降,與TLE患者的病理改變相符合。并且還發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者右側(cè)額上回和右側(cè)額中回FCS值顯著下降。Haneef等[17]以海馬為種子點(diǎn)對TLE患者的默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬與前額葉皮質(zhì)(包括額上回、額中回)連接明顯減弱。Zhang等[18]對海馬硬化的內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲癇患者探索時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),包括顳葉、額葉和頂葉在內(nèi)的多個(gè)腦區(qū)功能連接減弱。因此筆者認(rèn)為上述腦區(qū)參與了癇樣放電,并且癇樣放電造成了廣泛的腦區(qū)功能損傷。
有研究顯示TLE更易伴有情緒方面的問題[19],在本研究中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者T-AI評分高于正常志愿者,于是將TLE患者FCS下降的腦區(qū)與T-AI評分進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)顳上回的FCS值與特質(zhì)焦慮評分呈負(fù)相關(guān)。顳葉的前部為精神皮質(zhì)區(qū),人類的情緒和精神活動(dòng)與顳葉也有著緊密的聯(lián)系。當(dāng)顳葉發(fā)生病變時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)精神障礙。盡管在TLE患者和正常人兩組中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)BDI評分的差別,但是筆者將TLE患者FCS下降的腦區(qū)與BDI評分進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)BDI評分與右側(cè)額上回的FCS值呈負(fù)相關(guān)。額上回作為前額葉的重要組成部分,George等[20]認(rèn)為前額葉與情緒和記憶過程密切聯(lián)系,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為[21],抑郁等多種情緒障礙與額葉功能失調(diào)有關(guān)。另有研究人員通過對抑郁癥患者的情緒網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行研究,以杏仁核為種子點(diǎn)與全腦進(jìn)行功能連接時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)前額葉功能連接減弱,并且經(jīng)藥物治療后抑郁癥狀得到緩解的同時(shí),功能連接減弱的腦區(qū)也逐漸恢復(fù)正常[22-23]。因此,筆者認(rèn)為可以依據(jù)FCS值異常反映TLE患者可能存在的潛在的神經(jīng)心理問題。
本研究存在以下不足:本研究FCS組間比較的結(jié)果與既往研究有部分不一致,這可能是數(shù)據(jù)處理方法不同造成的,如本研究是基于體素水平,而既往研究多基于感興趣區(qū)水平;本研究病例數(shù)較少,可能存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的偏移,改進(jìn)方法是進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量;并且一些患者使用過抗癲癇藥物進(jìn)行治療,這對結(jié)果也有一定的影響。
綜上所述,本研究探討了TLE患者的靜息態(tài)FCS特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)了功能連接下降的腦區(qū),這些功能損傷的腦區(qū)對于理解癲癇的發(fā)生發(fā)展及行為學(xué)改變具有非常重要的作用,對從全局角度剖析TLE的病理機(jī)制具有一定的意義,能為今后的癲癇診治提供一定的幫助。
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A functional connectivity strengths study in temporal lobe epilepsy based on resting-state fMRI
FANG Kun, SHEN Jun-lin, WANG Jun-ping, LI Wei*
Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
Objective:Voxel-based whole brain functional connectivity strengths(FCS) map was used to investigate resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) brain network abnormalities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).Materials and Methods:30 patients with TLE and age, gender and years of education matched 27 normal controls (NC) were included to take rs-fMRI examination and behavioral assessment. The rs-fMRI data were processed and FCS maps were calculated. The differences of clinical basic data of groups, such as age, yeas of education, and the differences of neuropsychological test results were compared between the two groups by using two-samplettest. In addition, the differences in gender between the two groups were compared byChi-squaredtest. General linear model was used to compare the FCS difference between TLE group and NC group. Linear correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between cognitive function score between FCS values of brain regions with group differences in TLE patients.Results:Compared to NC group, TLE group had significantly decreased FCS values in brain regions including left superior temporal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus (P<0.05, FDR corrected). FCS values in the right superior frontal gyrus was correlated negatively with the Beck Depression Inventory scores (r=-0.433,P=0.024), In addition, FCS values in the left superior temporal gyrus was negatively correlated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores (r=-0.434,P=0.024).Conclusion:These findings suggest multiple brain regions of the whole brain functional connectivity strengths significantly decrease in TLE patient,which may help to further reveal the neural mechanism of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsy, temporal lobe; Magnetic resonance imaging, functional; Functional connectivity
7 Apr 2017, Accepted 10 May 2017
作者單位:
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院放射科,天津300052
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號:81601476)
李威,E-mail:18622621188@163.com
2017-04-07
接受日期:2017-05-10
R445.2;R742.1
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.06.002
房坤, 沈俊林, 汪俊萍, 等. 顳葉癲癇患者靜息態(tài)fMRI功能連接強(qiáng)度的研究.磁共振成像, 2017, 8(6): 408-412.
*Correspondence to: Li W, E-mail: 18622621188@163.com
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was part of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81601476).