韋 超， 夏訓(xùn)峰， 王京剛， 王麗君， 呂慧瑜， 張 穎

1.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院， 國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)地下水污染過(guò)程模擬與控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 北京 100012 2.北京化工大學(xué)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院， 北京 100029

回轉(zhuǎn)窯熱解氣化爐處理生活垃圾特性

韋 超1,2， 夏訓(xùn)峰1*， 王京剛2， 王麗君1， 呂慧瑜2， 張 穎1

1.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院， 國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)地下水污染過(guò)程模擬與控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 北京 100012 2.北京化工大學(xué)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院， 北京 100029

熱解氣化爐； 熱解氣化； 預(yù)熱空氣溫度； 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)

在國(guó)內(nèi)，目前常用的氣化技術(shù)是采用固定床和流化床氣化，以常溫或預(yù)熱溫度不高的普通空氣或富氧空氣作為氣化劑[23]. 高溫空氣氣化技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)與研究還處于萌芽時(shí)期. 為緊跟國(guó)際研究前沿，縮短我國(guó)在高溫空氣氣化技術(shù)方面與國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)的差距，積極開(kāi)展高溫空氣氣化技術(shù)的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)，將具有十分重要的意義. 目前，關(guān)于高溫預(yù)熱空氣氣化技術(shù)的研究及報(bào)道集中在固定床和流化床，而關(guān)于回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐[24]的相關(guān)研究甚少.

鑒于此，該試驗(yàn)采用福建農(nóng)村地區(qū)生活垃圾(與城市生活垃圾相比規(guī)模小)作為研究對(duì)象，根據(jù)村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾分散性處理模式，在小型回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解干餾氣化爐中對(duì)村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾氣化特性進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究. 分別考察預(yù)熱空氣溫度[25]和過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)[26]對(duì)村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾的熱解氣化特性的影響，分析其熱解氣化燃?xì)夂?、氣態(tài)污染物濃度及焦油的成分，并對(duì)熱解氣化產(chǎn)生的飛灰和底渣中的重金屬含量進(jìn)行分析，以期為村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾小型回轉(zhuǎn)窯式[27]熱解氣化爐的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行提供參考.

1 材料方法

1.1樣品采集

采集經(jīng)過(guò)篩選、破碎、磁選及干燥后的進(jìn)爐垃圾，垃圾的工業(yè)成分分析得到水分、揮發(fā)分、灰分、固定碳的含量分別為21.8%、39.6%、26.2%、12.4%. 垃圾經(jīng)元素分析得到C、H、N、S含量分別為35.3%、2.78%、0.800%、0.210%. 垃圾的熱值為9.10 MJ/kg.

試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)如下：

a) 熱解氣化試驗(yàn). 將垃圾樣品經(jīng)過(guò)地秤稱量后，運(yùn)送到垃圾儲(chǔ)藏室進(jìn)行滲濾處理. 經(jīng)過(guò)滲濾處理的垃圾先通過(guò)人工篩選，把較大塊的金屬以及泥磚等難以燃燒的物質(zhì)分揀出來(lái)，初步提高了垃圾的燃燒效率. 人工篩選后的垃圾經(jīng)鏈?zhǔn)絺魉蛶屯鶟L筒篩，經(jīng)過(guò)3個(gè)滾筒篩的篩選后的垃圾送入到垃圾儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)}放置、滲濾. 儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)}放置一段時(shí)間的垃圾送往破碎機(jī)進(jìn)行充分破碎. 然后，將儲(chǔ)藏室的垃圾送往干燥滾筒干燥處理，干燥后的垃圾送往回轉(zhuǎn)窯式垃圾熱解氣化爐處理. 熱解燃?xì)饨?jīng)水封除塵[28]以及電捕焦[29]處理后通往二燃室再燃燒，燃燒后的煙氣經(jīng)凈化系統(tǒng)處理后排放到大氣中.

b) 不同預(yù)熱空氣溫度下過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)窯熱解氣化特性的影響試驗(yàn). 根據(jù)熱解氣化爐處理垃圾的熱解氣化段溫度為700 ℃左右，試驗(yàn)設(shè)置預(yù)熱空氣溫度為常溫(25 ℃)、100、200、500、700 ℃，研究回轉(zhuǎn)窯熱解氣化爐[30]中過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)(a)對(duì)氣化氣的影響. 垃圾在小型回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐中模擬研究設(shè)定的過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)變化范圍為0.4～1.0. 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)變化間距為0.2，分別收集熱解氣化氣進(jìn)行氣體含量的分析，計(jì)算熱解氣化氣中各種氣體的含量百分比.

c) 焦油含量分析試驗(yàn). 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，空氣預(yù)熱溫度為500、700 ℃條件下，采集該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐中產(chǎn)生的焦油進(jìn)行分析測(cè)試.

d) 重金屬含量分析試驗(yàn). 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4以及空氣預(yù)熱溫度為500 ℃條件下，收集該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐中產(chǎn)生的底渣、飛灰進(jìn)行重金屬離子含量[31]的分析測(cè)試.

1.2試驗(yàn)裝置及方法

村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾熱解氣化裝置見(jiàn)圖1. 采用該裝置測(cè)定垃圾熱解氣化特性時(shí)，準(zhǔn)確控制進(jìn)氣量是關(guān)鍵，也是難度最大的問(wèn)題. 該試驗(yàn)采用控制變量方法研究村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾的熱解氣化特性，此小型回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐處理量為2 t/d，進(jìn)料速率為80 kg/h.

檢測(cè)方法、儀器及檢出限如表1所示.

圖1 村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾熱解氣化裝置Fig.1 Pyrolysis gasification unit of rural garbage

檢測(cè)項(xiàng)(以ρ計(jì),mg∕m3)檢測(cè)方法使用儀器檢出限∕(mg∕m3)顆粒物重量法,參照GB∕T16157—1996《固定污染源排氣中顆粒物測(cè)定與氣態(tài)污染物采用方法》自動(dòng)煙塵測(cè)量?jī)x(SMG100,益康RBR公司,德國(guó))2SO2HJ∕T57—2000《固定污染源排氣中二氧化硫的測(cè)定定電位電解法》自動(dòng)煙塵測(cè)量?jī)x(SMG100,益康RBR公司,德國(guó))1HClHJ∕T27—1999《固定汚染源排氣中氯化氫的測(cè)定硫氰酸汞分光光度法》大氣采樣器〔UV1601北京北分瑞利分析儀器(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司〕0.01NOxHJ693—2014固定汚染源氮氧化物的測(cè)定定電位電解法自動(dòng)煙塵測(cè)量?jī)x(SMG100,益康RBR公司,德國(guó))1CO非分散紅外吸收法自動(dòng)煙塵測(cè)量?jī)x(SMG100,益康RBR公司,德國(guó))1Pb原子吸收分光光度法原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(AA-7000,島津公司,日本)0.002Cd原子吸收分光光度法原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(AA-7000,島津公司,日本)0.001Hg原子吸收分光光度法原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(AA-7000,島津公司,日本)0.0005As原子吸收分光光度法原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(AA-7000,島津公司,日本)0.01Cu原子吸收分光光度法原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(AA-7000,島津公司,日本)0.1

續(xù)表1

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)對(duì)垃圾熱解氣化燃?xì)獬煞值挠绊?/p>

由圖2可見(jiàn)，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、0.6、0.8時(shí)，熱解可燃?xì)怏wφ(CO)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加逐漸減少. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(CO)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加逐漸增加，此時(shí)熱解氣化爐以燃燒為主. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，熱解氣化產(chǎn)生的φ(CO)最大(變化范圍為9.02%～6.03%)，隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，φ(CO)逐漸減少.

圖2 不同預(yù)熱空氣溫度下熱解氣化可燃?xì)獬煞肿兓疐ig.2 Variation of pyrolysis gasification gas composition under different preheated air temperature

以上趨勢(shì)說(shuō)明，隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加氣化φ(CO)減少，高溫預(yù)熱空氣條件下，不利于CO的生成；隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，φ(CO)幾乎忽略不計(jì)，熱解氣化產(chǎn)物以CO2為主. 隨著預(yù)熱空氣系數(shù)的增大，氧氣量增大，CO燃燒轉(zhuǎn)化為CO2的化學(xué)反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[33]，φ(CO)的增加有助于提高熱解汽化爐燃燒段的溫度，使得熱解產(chǎn)生的炭黑等小分子有機(jī)物燃燒更充分. CO2的生成如式(1)(2)所示.

(1)

(2)

當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、0.6、0.8時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(H2)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加逐漸增加，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，φ(H2)增幅最大(增加了7.14%)，并且φ(H2)比重達(dá)到最大值. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(H2)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加先增加后減少，并且φ(H2)減少幾乎可以忽略，同時(shí)也證明了熱解氣化由氣化轉(zhuǎn)向了燃燒. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，熱解氣化φ(H2)相對(duì)較大(預(yù)熱空氣溫度為700 ℃時(shí)體積分?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到了7.10%)，隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，φ(H2)相對(duì)減少. 以上趨勢(shì)說(shuō)明，預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加，熱解氣化φ(H2)增加，高溫預(yù)熱空氣條件下，有利于H2的生成；隨過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，φ(H2)減少.

φ(H2)的減少，意味著水蒸汽含量的增大，過(guò)量水蒸汽含量會(huì)降低垃圾熱解氣化的效率，適宜的H2O(蒸汽體積)/B(B為生活垃圾質(zhì)量)[34]有利于垃圾的熱解氣化反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行，當(dāng)水蒸汽含量高于一定值時(shí)會(huì)抑制垃圾熱解氣化反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行；水蒸汽含量會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)影響H2及其他可燃?xì)怏w的生成，從而影響熱解氣化效率.

當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、0.6時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(CH4)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加逐漸減少，此時(shí)預(yù)熱空氣溫度升高不利于CH4的產(chǎn)生. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.8時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(CH4)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加逐漸增加；當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(CH4)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加先增大后減小；當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，熱解氣化可燃?xì)怏wφ(CH4)相對(duì)較大. 以上結(jié)果說(shuō)明，φ(CH4)受到過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)及預(yù)熱空氣溫度雙重因素的影響. 總體來(lái)說(shuō)，隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由熱解氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，熱解氣化可燃?xì)猞?CH4)減少. 隨著φ(H2)與φ(CO)的增加，甲烷化反應(yīng)[35]增強(qiáng)，反應(yīng)如式(3)～(5)所示.

2CO+2H2→CH4+CO2

(3)

CO+3H2?CH4+H2O

(4)

CO2+4H2→CH4+2H2O

(5)

CO和H2的生成也會(huì)促進(jìn)甲烷化反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行，CO和H2的生成與甲烷化反應(yīng)之間互相促進(jìn)、互相影響. 因此探究出合適的工藝條件使得這三種物質(zhì)生成含量相對(duì)較大對(duì)熱解氣化反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行有意義，從而提高能源利用率.

綜上，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化可燃?xì)饪偤肯鄬?duì)較大，對(duì)垃圾的熱解氣化有利. 相比于“爐排爐、流化床爐工藝”，“回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝”利用氣化可燃?xì)馊紵?，減少了熱量的流失，無(wú)需外援加熱，提高了垃圾熱能的利用. 因此，“回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝”垃圾熱能利用率較高.

2.2過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)對(duì)垃圾熱解氣化污染物生成的影響

由圖3可見(jiàn)，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，污染物ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO)、ρ(NO2)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而逐漸減少，ρ(HCl)、ρ(N2O)、ρ(NH3)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大趨于不變，并且ρ(N2O)、ρ(NH3)相近，變化相似，變化趨勢(shì)線接近重疊. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.6時(shí)，污染物ρ(NO)、ρ(NO2)、ρ(HCl)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而逐漸減少，污染物ρ(SO2)、ρ(N2O)、ρ(NH3)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大趨于不變，并且ρ(N2O)可以忽略不計(jì)，ρ(SO2)與ρ(NH3)相近，變化相似，變化趨勢(shì)線接近重疊. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.8時(shí)，污染物ρ(NO)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而逐漸增加，污染物ρ(SO2)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而逐漸減小. 污染物ρ(HCl)、ρ(NO2)、ρ(N2O)、ρ(NH3)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而趨于不變，ρ(NH3)幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)，其中ρ(NO2)與ρ(N2O)相近，變化相似，變化趨勢(shì)線接近重疊. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，污染物ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO)、ρ(HCl)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而逐漸減小，污染物ρ(NO2)、ρ(N2O)、ρ(NH3)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的逐漸升高而趨于不變，ρ(NO2)與ρ(NH3)幾乎可以忽略不計(jì).

當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4和1.0時(shí)，污染物生成量相對(duì)較小，并且經(jīng)2.1節(jié)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，垃圾熱解產(chǎn)生可燃?xì)怏w生成量相對(duì)較大. 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4且預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500、700 ℃時(shí)，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝運(yùn)行工況的煙氣達(dá)到了GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚燒污染控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的要求.

2.3過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)和預(yù)熱空氣溫度對(duì)焦油及重金屬生成的影響

預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500、700 ℃下焦油中各組分所占比例變化情況如表2所示，當(dāng)過(guò)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，空氣預(yù)熱溫度為500 ℃下焦油中不含有非苯環(huán)類物質(zhì)和1個(gè)苯環(huán)類物質(zhì). 而在過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.6、0.8、1.0時(shí)，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為700 ℃下焦油中非苯環(huán)類物質(zhì)所占比例小于預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃下的值. 在過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.6和0.8時(shí)，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為700 ℃下焦油中1個(gè)苯環(huán)類物質(zhì)所占比例小于預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃下的值，但過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，情況與之相反. 同樣，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，預(yù)熱空氣溫度500 ℃下焦油中不含有2個(gè)苯環(huán)和3～4個(gè)苯環(huán)類物質(zhì). 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為1.0時(shí)，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為700 ℃下焦油中2個(gè)苯環(huán)類物質(zhì)所占比例小于預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃下的值，當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為其他值時(shí)，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為700 ℃下焦油中2個(gè)苯環(huán)和3～4個(gè)苯環(huán)類物質(zhì)所占比例都大于預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃下的值. 所以當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃時(shí)，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐焦油生成量較小.

過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)焦油中各組分所占比例∕%非苯環(huán)1個(gè)苯環(huán)2個(gè)苯環(huán)3～4個(gè)苯環(huán)500℃700℃500℃700℃500℃700℃500℃700℃0.408.930010.63056.63022.760.622.3910.9227.0312.3036.0747.0414.4829.720.818.3210.0325.867.62038.0648.0317.7333.481.019.3015.7333.4254.1534.4012.7612.8517.34

根據(jù)固體廢物浸出毒性浸出方法[36]，且2.1節(jié)與2.2節(jié)所述的村鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾熱解氣化過(guò)程中氣態(tài)污染物生成含量相對(duì)較小的試驗(yàn)條件為過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、空氣預(yù)熱溫度為500 ℃. 因此將垃圾原樣在過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、空氣預(yù)熱溫度為500 ℃條件下的底渣、飛灰做重金屬含量的分析測(cè)試，共測(cè)試了六種重金屬——Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb. 測(cè)試結(jié)果與GB 18598—2001《危險(xiǎn)廢物填埋污染控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[37]的對(duì)比見(jiàn)表3. 根據(jù)檢測(cè)結(jié)果，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化爐熱解產(chǎn)生的爐渣作為制作環(huán)保磚的原料處理.

由表3中可見(jiàn)，垃圾原樣中ρ(Zn)較高，但這六種重金屬的含量均低于GB 18598—2001標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值. 底渣中ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cr)較高[38]，但也低于GB 18598—2001標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值. 飛灰中ρ(Pb)超過(guò)了GB 18598—2001限值，為17.400 mg/L，約為GB 18598—2001限值的3.5倍. 此外飛灰中Zn、Cd、Cu的含量也較高，其中ρ(Zn)接近GB 18598—2001限值的1/2.

表3 檢測(cè)結(jié)果和GB 18598—2001標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)比的數(shù)據(jù)匯總

根據(jù)上述檢測(cè)結(jié)果，需要對(duì)該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，增加布袋除塵裝置，并增設(shè)活性炭吸附裝置，減少飛灰的外溢. 布袋除塵裝置收集的飛灰先經(jīng)過(guò)固化和穩(wěn)定化，然后送到垃圾填埋場(chǎng)進(jìn)行安全填埋處理.

3 結(jié)論

a) 該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝中，熱解氣化φ(CO)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增加而減少，高溫預(yù)熱空氣條件下，不利于CO的生成；隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，φ(CO)增加. 熱解氣化φ(H2)隨著預(yù)熱空氣溫度的增大而增加，高溫預(yù)熱空氣條件下，有利于H2的生成；隨過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由熱解氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，φ(H2)減少.

b) 該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝中，φ(CH4)受到過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)及預(yù)熱空氣溫度雙重因素的影響. 總體來(lái)說(shuō)，隨著過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的增大，熱解氣化爐反應(yīng)由熱解氣化轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒，熱解氣化可燃?xì)猞?CH4)減少.

c) 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4時(shí)，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝產(chǎn)生的可燃?xì)饪偤肯鄬?duì)其他過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)工況條件較大，對(duì)垃圾的熱解氣化有利. 當(dāng)過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4，預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃時(shí)，該回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝煙氣中污染物排放低于GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚燒污染控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的相關(guān)限值，并且回轉(zhuǎn)窯式熱解氣化工藝焦油產(chǎn)量最小.

d) 垃圾原樣在過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)為0.4、預(yù)熱空氣溫度為500 ℃下對(duì)底渣、飛灰進(jìn)行重金屬含量的分析測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示，底渣、飛灰和垃圾原樣中的重金屬含量大部分在GB 18598—2001《危險(xiǎn)廢物填埋污染控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的控制范圍內(nèi)，而飛灰中的鉛含量遠(yuǎn)高于GB 18598—2001限值，需要經(jīng)過(guò)處理后才能排放.

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Gasification and Pyrolysis Characteristics of Household Garbage in a Rotary Kiln Gasifier

WEI Chao1,2, XIA Xunfeng1*, WANG Jinggang2, WANG Lijun1, Lü Huiyu2, ZHANG Ying1

1.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China 2.College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China

Fixed-bed gasification has low gas heat value, low gasification efficiency, small fuel scope and complex pretreatment at room temperature. The influence of different preheated air temperature and excess air coefficient for municipal solid waste in a small, rotary kiln pyrolysis gasifier was studied with the control variable method. The result showed that the preheated air temperature rising is helpful for pyrolysis and gasification, but there are some limitations. When the temperature exceeded 600 °C, the garbage gasification gas decreased obviously. The garbage reached the maximum value and gasification efficiency and minimized the tar yield when the excess air coefficient was 0.4. The heavy metal contents in slag, fly ash and garbage were investigated at the conditions of excess air coefficient 0.4 and air preheating temperature 500 °C. The lead content in fly ash was much higher than the value in GB 18598- 2001StandardforPollutionControlontheSecurityLandfillSiteforHazardousWastes, indicated a need for processing before being emitting. Dioxin sampling analysis results were below the value in GB 18485- 2014StandardforPollutionControlontheMunicipalSolidWasteIncineration. The results showed that the best excess air coefficient of the rotary kiln pyrolysis gasification process was 0.4, and the optimum air preheating temperature was 500 °C. Under the optimum conditions, the tar production, fly ash and coke slag heavy metal content was small, and dioxin levels were less than 0.1 ng/m3.

pyrolysis and gasification furnace; pyrolysis and gasification; preheated air temperature; excess air coefficient

2016-10-23

：2017-06-06

國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)(2015ZX07103- 007- 03)

韋超(1989-)，男，山東臨沂人，wcgd523090@163.com.

*責(zé)任作者，夏訓(xùn)峰(1968-)，男，浙江蒼南人，研究員，博士，主要從事農(nóng)村生活污染控制技術(shù)研究，xiaxunfengg@sina.com

X705

：1001- 6929(2017)09- 1471- 08

ADOI：10.13198/j.issn.1001- 6929.2017.02.69

韋超,夏訓(xùn)峰,王京剛,等.回轉(zhuǎn)窯熱解氣化爐處理生活垃圾特性[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)研究,2017,30(9):1471- 1478.

WEI Chao,XIA Xunfeng,WANG Jinggang,etal.Gasification and pyrolysis characteristics of household garbage in a rotary kiln gasifier[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(9):1471- 1478.